Late Campanian-early Maastrichtian Research Articles

Craniomandibular anatomy of a juvenile specimen of Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917 clarifies issues in ontogeny and biogeography

ABSTRACT Edmontosaurus regalis is a hadrosaurid represented by abundant fossil material from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian of what is now Alberta, Canada. Despite its prevalence, juvenile craniomandibular elements of E. regalis are poorly known. A newly collected partial skeleton from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, UALVP 60425, represents a small saurolophine with a partial skull (skull length ∼500 mm). It can be referred to Edmontosaurini based on the presence of a postorbital fossa and anteroposteriorly long frontals that lack a dorsally oriented nasal contact and contribute significantly to the orbital margin. Despite its small size and presumed immaturity, UALVP 60425 is assigned to E. regalis based on a horizontal shelf on the postorbital process of the jugal. The deep postorbital fossa that, in part, diagnoses E. regalis is acquired during growth. UALVP 60425 shares many features with the Alaskan Prince Creek saurolophine (Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis); both show consistent anatomical differences in the lacrimal, jugal, and postorbitals from E. annectens throughout their growth series. New data from UALVP 6025 supports referring the Alaskan saurolophine material to Edmontosaurus cf. regalis in the absence of large-sized cranial material from the Prince Creek Formation.

Analysis of shell anomalies in the Spanish upper cretaceous basal pan-pleurodire Dortoka vasconica (Dortokidae).

The study of pathological bone modifications of extinct organisms of lineages, which are still living today, in combination with extant representatives, allows to infer data about population dynamics, lifestyle, and diseases they were subject to. Pathological studies in turtles are extensive; however, these contributions are mainly focused on extant representative records of survival rates or on non-skeletonized material, and do not generally include morphological descriptions, illustrations, or data concerning their etiology and pathogenesis. As a consequence, paleopathology in turtles remains relatively poorly understood, especially considering extinct forms. In this context, we herein analyze marks of possible pathological origin recognized in two disarticulated plastral plates of the Spanish freshwater basal pan-pleurodiran turtle Dortoka vasconica (Dortokidae), from its type locality, the Upper Cretaceous (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) fossil site of Laño 1 (Treviño County, Burgos, Spain). As a result, information regarding the possible etiology, pathogenesis, and stages of healing of the marks studied here are provided. A probable infectious origin is recognized as the etiology in both plates, these marks being considered as pathologies. This study contributes to our understanding of pathologies in extinct turtle taxa, specifically a stem-pleurodiran turtle.

Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian Vertebrates From The James Ross Basin, West Antarctica: Updated Synthesis, Biostratigraphy, And Paleobiogeography.

The Snow Hill Island Formation (SHIF; late Campanian - early Maastrichtian) crops out in the northeast of the Antarctic Peninsula and constitutes the basal part of the late Campanian-early Maastrichtian sedimentary succession of the James Ross Basin (NG Sequence). Its major exposures occur at the James Ross and Vega islands. Several fossil-bearing localities have been identified in the SHIF providing a valuable fauna of invertebrates and vertebrates, and flora. Our study focuses on the vertebrate fauna recovered at Gamma and Cape Lamb members of the SHIF. The marine vertebrate assemblages include chondrichthyans, actinopterygians, and marine reptiles (elasmosaurid plesiosaurs and mosasaurs). A diverse terrestrial vertebrate assemblage has been reported being characterized by dinosaurs (sauropod, elasmarian ornithopods, nodosaurid ankylosaur, and a paravian theropod), pterosaurs and birds. Most SHIF dinosaurs share close affinities with penecontemporaneous taxa from southern South America, indicating that at least some continental vertebrates could disperse between southern South America and Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous. The Snow Hill Island Formation provides the most diverse Late Cretaceous marine and continental faunas from Antarctica. The present study summarizes previous and new vertebrate findings with the best actualized stratigraphical framework, providing a more complete fauna association and analyzing further perspectives.

Evolutionary diversification of taiwanioid conifers: evidence from a new Upper Cretaceous seed cone from Hokkaido, Japan

A single cylindrical seed cone 2 cm long, 1.1 cm wide has been found preserved in a calcium carbonate marine concretion from the Hakobuchi Formation (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) of Hobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. The cone, attached to a bent peduncle lacking leaves, has helically arranged bract/scale complexes that arise at right angles from the cone axis in the middle of the cone. The cone axis, ca. 1 mm wide, has a broad cylinder of secondary vascular tissue, and lacks a continuous resin canal system. Bract-scale complexes are laminar, cordate-orbiculate, and upturned distally, consisting primarily of bract tissue with no visible scale tip. The vascular trace to the bract/scale complex originates as a rod that divides laterally into several traces at the level of seed attachment. A single resin canal originates at the base of the bract-scale complex abaxial to the vascular strand, but more distally there are up to ca. 15 large resin canals that form a single row. Two to three inverted winged seeds are attached adaxially near the cone periphery. Cone structure and vascularization are most similar to those in the Cupressaceae, Subfamily Taiwanioideae, differing from living Taiwania cryptomerioides by having up to three seeds/scale rather than two, an abruptly upturned bract tip, in details of bract/scale vasculature, and a cone peduncle lacking leaves. This cone is described as Mukawastrobus satoi Stockey, Nishida and Rothwell. Together with previously described Early to Late Cretaceous taiwanioid seed cones from Mongolia and Hokkaido the new species demonstrates that the taxonomically diagnostic characters of such conifers are as subtle as those of Cretaceous and Cenozoic sequoioid Cupressaceae. This realization emphasizes that evolutionary diversification and turnover among taiwanioid conifers during the Cretaceous and Paleogene are probably far greater than currently recognized.

Updating titanosaurian diversity (Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Spain: the fossil sites of Laño and Chera

Three titanosaurian sauropods are well-known from the Campanian-Maastrichtian of the Ibero-Armorican Island (southwestern Europe): Lirainosaurus astibiae from Spain, and Ampelosaurus atacis and Atsinganosaurus velauciensis from France. However, a higher titanosaurian diversity has been suggested for this island, a hypothesis that has gained traction in recent years as a result of new discoveries in fossil sites from Spain and southern France. An estimation of the titanosaurian diversity in the late Campanian-early Maastrichtian of the Iberian Peninsula is made here on the basis of the available information from the three fossil sites that have yielded the best preserved fossil remains: Lano (Condado de Trevino), Chera (Valencia), and Lo Hueco (Cuenca). The results confirm the hypothesis of a higher titanosaurian diversity in the Iberian Peninsula: from one to, at least, three taxa. Moreover, we also suggest the presence of two different titanosaurian morphotypes in the site of Chera, with one of them representing Lirainosaurus

Characteristics of Radiolarian Evolution in the Campanian and Maastrichtian and Prospects for Detailed Stratigraphy

The Campanian and Maastrichtian radiolarian assemblages are known from many regions of the Tethyan Superrealm. Unfortunately, only some of them are reliably dated and completely studied as paleontological assemblages. The analysis of evolution of radiolarians is based on Campanian to Maastrichtian assemblages from Crimea, Cyprus, and Serbia properly dated and studied in detail with addition of data from California, Turkey, the World Ocean, and other regions. It is concluded that renewal of assemblages took place in the Campanian and Maastrichtian relatively slowly. The biodiversity was slowly reduced at the generic level. The history of radiolarian evolution in the end of the Late Cretaceous can be subdivided to several stages: late Santonian–early Campanian, early Campanian–late Campanian, late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, and late Maastrichtian.

Paleontological discoveries in the Chorrillo Formation (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina

The first fossil remains of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and palynomorphs of the Chorrillo Formation (Austral Basin), about 30km to the SW of the town of El Calafate (Province of Santa Cruz), are described. Fossils include the elasmarian (basal Iguanodontia) Isasicursor santacrucensis gen. et sp. nov., the large titanosaur Nullotitan glaciaris gen. et sp. nov., both large and small Megaraptoridae indet., and fragments of sauropod and theropod eggshells. The list of vertebrates is also composed by the Neognathae Kookne yeutensis gen. et sp. nov., two isolated caudal vertebrae of Mammalia indet., and isolated teeth of a large mosasaur. Remains of fishes, anurans, turtles, and snakes are represented by fragmentary material of low taxonomical value, with the exception of remains belonging to Calyptocephalellidae. On the other hand, a remarkable diversity of terrestrial and freshwater gastropods has been documented, as well as fossil woods and palinological assemblages. The Chorrillo Formation continues south, in the Las Chinas River valley, southern Chile, where it is called Dorotea Formation. Both units share in their lower two thirds abundant materials of titanosaurs, whose remains cease to appear in the upper third, registering only elasmarians (Chorrillo Formation) and hadrosaurs (Dorotea Formation). Above both units there are levels with remains of invertebrates and marine reptiles. It is striking that the dinosaurs of the lower two thirds of the Chorrillo and Dorotea formations are represented by large basal titanosaurs and Megaraptoridae coelurosaurs, being the Saltasaurinae and Aeolosaurinae sauropods and Abelisauridae theropods totally absent. In contrast, these taxa are dominant components in sedimentary units of central and northern Patagonia (e.g., Allen, Los Alamitos, La Colonia formations). Such differences could reflect, in part, a greater antiquity (i.e., late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) for the Chorrillo fossils, or, more probably, different environmental conditions. Thus, knowledge of the biota of the southern tip of Patagonia is expanded, particularly those temporarily close to the K-Pg boundary.

Late Cretaceous marine arthropods relied on terrestrial organic matter as a food source: Geochemical evidence from the Coon Creek Lagerstätte in the Mississippi Embayment.

The Upper Cretaceous Coon Creek Lagerstätte of Tennessee, USA, is known for its extremely well-preserved mollusks and decapod crustaceans. However, the depositional environment of this unit, particularly its distance to the shoreline, has long been equivocal. To better constrain the coastal proximity of the Coon Creek Formation, we carried out a multiproxy geochemical analysis of fossil decapod (crab, mud shrimp) cuticle and associated sediment from the type section. Elemental analysis and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of kerogenized carbon in the crabs and mud shrimp; carbon isotope (δ13 C) analysis of bulk decapod cuticle yielded similar mean δ13 C values for both taxa (-25.1‰ and -26‰, respectively). Sedimentary biomarkers were composed of n-alkanes from C16 to C36 , with the short-chain n-alkanes dominating, as well as other biomarkers (pristane, phytane, hopanes). Raman spectra and biomarker thermal maturity indices suggest that the Coon Creek Formation sediments are immature, which supports retention of unaltered, biogenic isotopic signals in the fossil organic carbon remains. Using our isotopic results and published calcium carbonate δ13 C values, we modeled carbon isotope values of carbon sources in the Coon Creek Formation, including potential marine (phytoplankton) and terrestrial (plant) dietary sources. Coon Creek Formation decapod δ13 C values fall closer to those estimated for terrigenous plants than marine phytoplankton, indicating that these organisms were feeding primarily on terrigenous organic matter. From this model, we infer that the Coon Creek Formation experienced significant terrigenous organic matter input via a freshwater source and thus was deposited in a shallow, nearshore marine environment proximal to the shoreline. This study helps refine the paleoecology of nearshore settings in the Mississippi Embayment during the global climatic shift in the late Campanian-early Maastrichtian and demonstrates for the first time that organic δ13 C signatures in exceptionally preserved fossil marine arthropods are a viable proxy for use in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.

The formation conditions of the burial site of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs and plants in the Kakanaut River basin (Koryak Highlands, Northeastern Asia)

The stratigraphic position of layers containing plant and animal remains in the Koryak Highlands (Northeast Asia) is under discussion. Their age is defined as late Campanian–early Maastrichtian. Plant-bearing and bone-bearing rocks represent cemented basaltic tephra. The former contain a small amount of xenogenic material and slightly rounded volcaniclastic material, which indicates its insignificant transportation. Ash particles in bone-bearing rocks are even less rounded. Among them, there are no rock fragments of other composition. Large bones and their fragments, as xenoliths, are chaotically distributed in the rock matrix as if floating in mass of ash material. This burial site was probably formed in a continental environment as a result of the gravitational and eolian transportation of the terrigenous material. The burial of small dinosaur bones and teeth occurred during the deposition of a small stream of a semiliquid water-ash mixture. This work presents a possible mechanism of the formation of burial sites, taking into consideration proposed conditions of the life and reproduction of dinosaurs in the Late Mesozoic Arctic.

A Small Body Sized Non-Aristonectine Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with Comments on the Relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic Elasmosaurids

Abstract. The systematics of the Late Cretaceous non-aristonectine elasmosaurids from Argentinean Patagonia are poorly known as there is no valid species currently recognized. Here a new non-aristonectine elasmosaurid: Kawanectes lafquenianum nov. comb. from the late Campanian—early Maastrichtian Allen Formation is diagnosed. K. lafquenianum is a distinctively small-body sized non-aristonectine elasmosaurid characterized by caudal vertebrae with marked laterally projected parapophyses, presence of pelvic bar, high ratio (∼1.2) between humerus/femur length and a large posterodistal projection of the humerus which bears a posterior accessory articular facet. A phylogenetic analysis recovered K. lafquenianum closely related with Morenosaurus stocki, Vegasaurus molyi, and Aristonectinae, showing the relationships between the elasmosaurids from Patagonia, Western Antarctic, and the Pacific coast of the USA. K. lafquenianum is part of the fauna of the coeval Allen and La Colonia formations that also comprises i...

The youngest sauropod evidence in Europe

Titanosaur sauropods constituted one of the major dinosaur faunal components in Europe along the latest Cretaceous. Although they were abundant in the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, titanosaurs apparently demised in terms of diversity and abundance in the late Maastrichtian Ibero-Armorican domain. Thus, any finding in this crucial period provides new clues to understand the biodiversity trend of the group prior to the K–Pg boundary. Here, we report the occurrence of a vertebral element attributed to a titanosaur in fluvial deposits dated as uppermost Maastrichtian (C29r chrone). The specimen corresponds to the right posterior part of a posterior cervical vertebra. CT-scan and histological analyses revealed high pneumatisation with laminar structures composed of compact bone, strongly remodelled with at least three generations of secondary osteons. These evidences suggest a relatively advanced age for the individual at death. Given that the partial vertebra was recovered from the uppermost portion of the late Maastrichtian, it might represent the youngest evidence for titanosaur sauropods in Europe discovered so far. Further, alongside to other remains (i.e. eggshells and footprints), the studied partial vertebra provides evidence for the persistence of this taxonomic group at the very end of the Cretaceous in southwestern Europe.

Sauropod and theropod dinosaur tracks from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza (Argentina): Trackmakers and anatomical evidences

New findings of dinosaur ichnites from Agua del Choique section (Mendoza Province, Argentina) provides ichnological and anatomical information about the Cretaceous sauropods and theropods. Around 330 tracks distributed in six footprint levels were identified in this area, one of most important of South America. Two ichnocenoses are located in different paleoenvironmental contexts. In the Anacleto Formation (early Campanian) around 20 titanosaurian tracks were found in floodplain and ephemeral channel deposits. Herein, one pes track shows three claw impressions and this is congruent to two new titanosaur specimens recently discovered in Mendoza Province that have articulated and complete pedes. In this context, for the first time to titanosaurs, ichnological evidences are supported by skeletal elements. In the Loncoche Formation (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) titanosaurian tracks of Titanopodus mendozensis are abundant (around 310 tracks) and were produced by titanosaurs that walked in a very wet substrate of tidally dominated deltas related with the first Atlantic transgression for northern Patagonia. In this facies association, three different trydactl tracks indicate the presence of small theropods (1–2 m long), expanding the knowledge about the faunistic components that lived in these marine marginal environments.

A paleoceanographic model for the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian sedimentation in the Polish Carpathian Flysch basin based on nannofossils

Abstract The study is a qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of calcareous nannofossils in marlstone and calcareous mudstone beds in a 4.6-m thick section of the Kropivnik Fucoid Marls (Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian) in the Skole nappe of the Polish Outer Carpathians. This turbiditic succession is conspicuous by its short-term alternation of marlstone-rich and siliciclastic-rich packages, ca. 1 m thick. A model for paleoceanographic control on sedimentation is proposed on the basis of nannofossil assemblages in the studied section. The nannofossils form assemblages of mixed synsedimentary taxa derived from diverse marine environments, differing in trophy, water temperature and distance from land. The mixing occurred due to submarine resedimentation processes. The nannofossils indicate that the siliciclastic-rich packages were deposited during periods of lowered water temperature, decreased calcareous nannoplankton production and oligotrophic to mesotrophic water conditions, which corresponded to the sea-level fall and lowstand. Anti-estuarine circulation and downwelling due to arising shelf-break front are inferred as the factors responsible for oligotrophy. In contrast, in the marlstone-rich packages, the calcareous nannofossils indicate sedimentation during periods of significantly increased calcareous nannoplankton production, which corresponded to the sea-level rise and highstand. The increased nannoplankton production is attributed to estuarine circulation and upwelling. The changes in sea level and water circulation conform to the climate changes postulated independently for the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian.

A New Species of Meiolaniform Turtle and a Revision of the Late Cretaceous Meiolaniformes of South America

A new species of meiolaniform turtle, Trapalcochelys sulcata gen. nov. sp. nov. is described, based on material from the late Campanian—early Maastrichtian Allen Formation, Patagonia (Argentina). The postcranial remains recovered are described macroscopically (e.g., external morphology) and microscopically (e.g., histological sections of the shell). Trap alcochelys sulcata gen. nov. sp. nov. shares with other meiolaniforms the presence of sulci strongly curved anteriorly among marginal scales, and dermal bones ornamented with small foramina. This new species differs from the other Late Cretaceous meiolaniform from Patagonia —Patagoniaemys gasparinae— in the general size and in the shape of neural 1. The shell-bone histology is characterized by a diploe structure, in which well developed internal and external compact bone layers frame an area of cancellous bone. Compact bone is mostly composed by interwoven structural fiber bundles. The abundance of structural fibers in the internal cortex and the presence of large pipe-like vascular spaces in the cancellous bone are the most distinctive histological features observed for T. sulcata. All meiolaniform turtle remains of the Upper Cretaceous of South America are exhaustively revised. The known South American record of Upper Cretaceous meiolaniforms is restricted to Argentina and in this revision six localities with outcrops bearing these fossils have been identified. Meiolaniforms are confirmed as a component of the late Campanian—early Maastrichtian South American Allenian tetrapod assemblage.

Squamate finding in “Lo Hueco” (Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, Cuenca Province, Spain): the second non-marine pythonomorph lizard

Two squamate vertebrae were discovered in the site of “Lo Hueco” (Cuenca, Spain; Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian), which has yielded a rich and diversified fossil fauna. Their anatomical and microanatomical features are described. They reveal that these vertebrae probably belong to a new genus of Pythonomorpha. This taxon corresponds to the second non-marine pythonomorph lizard hitherto described. Anatomical, microanatomical and sedimentological data suggest a terrestrial or amphibious mode of life. This discovery raises questions about the evolutionary history of pythonomorph lizards in non-marine deposits.

The distribution of calcareous nannofossils in the late Santonian–Late Maastrichtian deposits in the southwest of Iran (Khuzestan Province)

The first data on the distribution of calcareous nannofossils in the Behbehan section, the Kuh-e-Rish, are considered. According to the distribution of nannofossils, the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the section are subdivided into nine biostratigraphic zones. CC17 (Calculites obscurus zone) indicate the Late Santonian. Biozones CC18 (Aspidolithus parcus zone), CC19 (Calculites ovalis zone), CC20 (Ceratolithoides aculeus zone), CC21 (Quadrum sissinghii zone), and CC22 (Quadrum trifidum zone) represent the Campanian. Biozone CC23 (Tranolithus phacelosus zone) indicate the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian. Biozones CC24 (Reinhardtites levis zone) and CC25 (Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis zone) suggest the Middle and Late Maastrichtian, respectively. In the late Late Maastrichtian, due to decreasing in water depth at the study area, Nephrolithus frequens zone (CC26) defined in Tethysian domain was not recognized. The boundary between Gurpi–Pabdeh Formations represented a non-depositional period from the late Late Maastrichtian to the end of Early Paleocene. Also, it seems that predominant conditions of the sedimentary environment of Neotethys basin with the presence of index species calcareous nannofossils specified, which itself indicates that the warm climate and high depth of the basin in Late Santonian to Late Maastrichtian, in low latitudes has been prevalent.

Late Cretaceous alveolinaceans (larger foraminifera) of the Caribbean palaeobioprovince and their stratigraphic distribution

Architectural analysis of the Late Cretaceous alveolinaceans of the Caribbean palaeobioprovince has made it possible to separate four genera: Praechubbina, Chubbinella gen. nov., Chubbina and Caribalveolina. The first three genera belong to the family Rhapydioninidae, while the fourth is placed in the family Alveolinidae. Two species, Praechubbina breviclaustra and P. oxchucensis sp. nov., represent the primitive genus Praechubbina, while the species cardenasensis and obesa, previously ascribed to this genus, must be reassigned respectively to Chubbinella gen. nov. and Caribalveolina. The species Chubbina jamaicensis, C. macgillavryi and C. fourcadei sp. nov. complete the inventory of Chubbina. The alveolinid genus Caribalveolina comprises two species, C. obesa and C. michaudi. Caribbean alveolinaceans include two successive assemblages. The lower assemblage is characterized by Praechubbina oxchucensis, P. brevisclaustra, Chubbinella cardenasensis and Caribalveolina obesa. The upper assemblage is represented by the genus Chubbina, with C. fourcadei, C. jamaicensis and C. macgillavryi, and Caribalveolina michaudi. The age of the lower assemblage is uncertain (probably Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian), while the upper assemblage has been dated by strontium isotope stratigraphy as Late Maastrichtian. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:88A5CA4D-3D6F-42E9-BEE8-EF3F7B3BA85F

Contribution to the stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Cretaceous aquifers, SE Sinai, Egypt

Eight formations were recognized in WadiWatir area, SE Sinai; Malha Formation (Early Cretaceous), Galala Formation (Late Cenomanian), Abu Qada Formation (Early Turonian), Buttum Formation (Early Turonian), Wata Formation (Late Turonian), Matulla Formation (Coniacian-Santonian), Brown Limestone Formation (LateCampanian-Early Maastrichtian) and Sudr Chalk Formation (Early-Middle Maastrichtian). The planktonic foraminifera played the great role in age determination for the referred units, in addition to some benthonic foraminifera. Also, three microfacies types were identified; siliciclastic facies, mixed carbonate – siliciclastic facies and carbonate facies reflecting an oscillation of the Cretaceous sea from shoal to shallow marine and marine environments. The diagenetic processes (cementation, neomorphism, dolomitization, silicification, dissolution and compaction) show the impact of textural and mineralogical changes on the studied rock units, groundwater occurrences and possibilities. Furthermore, two main aquifers are dominant in the study area, Lower Cretaceous sandstones and Cenomanian-Turonian Limestones. The geomorphologic and geologic characteristics controlling the groundwater occurrences were discussed.

Calcareous nannofossils biostratigraphy of the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian Age, Block 16, Jiza’-Qamar Basin, Eastern Yemen

One hundred and thirty nine samples have been studied from the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian of three deep wells drilled in Jiza’-Qamar Basin, Eastern Yemen to determine the calcareous nannofossil zones and the age of the sediments. Forty-seven calcareous nannofossil species were identified and four biozones were determined in the present study (CC21–CC24). These biozones are assigned to the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian ages. Most of the studied species in this work refer to tropical–subtropical environment. The Campanian–Maastrichtian Boundary was determined in Al-Fatk well based on the last occurrence of Eiffelithus eximus and the last occurrences of Uniplanarius sissinghii and Uniplanarius trifidus.

Timing and implications of Late Cretaceous tectonic and sedimentary events in Jamaica

The Cretaceous succession in Jamaica can be divided into sedimentary packages bounded by major unconformities (synthems). On the base of biostratigraphy and ages derived from strontium isotope ratios, these unconformities have been dated as Early Santonian, Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian and Early Eocene. Each unconformity is also characterised by the widespread deposition of shallow water limestones, and a further shallow limestone depositional event occurred in the late Middle Campanian. Some unconformities can be related to known tectonic events (based on either Burke-type or Pindell-type models) that affected the Caribbean region. The Early Santonian event is widespread and occurred shortly after the creation of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province. The late Middle Campanian shallow water limestone event could correlate to the reversal of the Great Arc of the Caribbean in Burke-type models, but is unrepresented in Pindell-type models. The Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian unconformity is related to the first collision of the Caribbean Plate with North America in both Burke-type and Pindell-type models. The Early Eocene event is associated with the onset of rifting that controlled Tertiary depositional patterns across Jamaica.