Late Aug Research Articles

Rainout Shelter-Induced Water Deficit Negatively Impacts Peanut Yield and Quality in a Sub-Humid Environment

ABSTRACT Water deficit significantly reduces yield potential of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) worldwide. Availability of drought tolerant cultivars is essential, but their selection is difficult, in particular in environments where rainfall is unpredictable. This study investigated the response of eleven peanut genotypes to three water regimes and was aimed to determine if use of rainout shelters is a reliable selection method for drought tolerance in a sub-humid environment with unpredictable rainfall pattern. Water regimes were achieved by covering the plots from mid-July to early Sep with the rainout shelters and irrigating the plots to pre-determined levels: well-watered (WW) regime received full irrigation of 40 mm weekly, moderate deficit (MD) 17 mm weekly, and severe deficit (SD) only 40 mm in one “survival” irrigation in late Aug. Results showed that MD and SD reduced yield and grade for all genotypes. Compared with WW, economic value of all genotypes was 24% less under MD and 68% less under SD. Small seeded runner cultivars, ‘Florida 07′ and ‘Georgia 06G', had higher yield and grade than Virginia-type cultivars under deficit irrigation, in particular under SD. Among the Virginia-type, ‘Sugg' had highest yields under SD but was out yielded by ‘Bailey' and ‘Phillips' under MD. ‘Wynne' and ‘Spain' are the largest seeded Virginia-type cultivars; they performed poorest for yield and grade. The relative proportion of oleic fatty acid (C18:1) was less under SD compared to WW; and linoleic fatty acid (C18:2) and total saturated oils were more, but intensities depended on the genotype. Finally, the rainout setting provided comparative results with real farm peanut production in the region; this is important for breeding programs in Virginia and Carolinas, where rainfall unpredictability does not allow for drought screening in an open field setting.

Planting and harvest dates, and irrigation on fenugreek in the semi-arid high plains of the USA

Fenugreek can be grown for medicinal purposes, as a spice or as an annual hay. Most fenugreek production is in India; none is grown in the USA. Practices suitable for growing fenugreek in the U.S. High Plains is unknown. The objectives were to identify the irrigation need, and planting and harvest dates in western Nebraska. Fenugreek was planted from early May to early June and harvested from late Aug to early Oct. Irrigation consisted of none, 15 and 30cm. Height, flowering and fruiting, and seed and straw yields were measured. Later planting did not affect final height but delayed flowering and fruiting (late June to early Aug). Years differed due to weather variations. Seed and straw yields were greatest with later planting and with earlier harvest in 2013 and 2014. Irrigation affected yields primarily in 2013. The lowest yields were in 2015 when the agronomic parameters had the least effect probably due to the very wet spring conditions. For 2013 and 2014, maximum seed yields ranged from 1724 to 1886kgha−1, and maximum straw yields ranged from 4352 to 4981kgha−1 when planted late, irrigated and harvested in late Aug or early Sep. Recommendations are that when May is very dry, plant near 1 June, irrigate and harvest in late Aug or early Sep, when May is slightly wet, plant in late May, do not irrigate and harvest early Sep, and when May is very wet, do not plant for seed and do not irrigate.

Selection of tree roosts by male Indiana bats during the autumn swarm in the Ozark Highlands, USA

ABSTRACTWe identified 162 roosts for 36 male Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) across 3 study areas in the Ozarks of northern Arkansas, USA, during the autumn swarm (late Aug to late Oct, 2005 and 2006). Bats utilized 14 tree species; snags of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were the most utilized (30% of roosts) and pines were selected over hardwoods. Diameter of trees and snags used for roosting ranged from 7.8 cm to 68.6 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), but bats used trees ≥20 cm dbh at a greater proportion than their availability. Roosts were located in a number of different forested cover classes, including shelterwood and group selection stands that had undergone partial harvesting. Roosts in 2 of 3 study areas showed no differences in proportional use of forest cover classes versus availability of those classes. However, in one study area, mature forests (≥50 yr old) that had been burned once recently and stands burned multiple times over the past 10 years were used at a greater proportion than their availability, whereas mature forests that were not burned were used at a lower proportion than their availability. An examination of stand age data indicated that 98% of all roosts were located in stands ≥38 years old, suggesting that this is an important age threshold for roost selection in the Ozark Mountains. Bats in 2 study areas roosted at lower slopes in the higher elevation portions of the study areas, whereas no selection for topographic aspect were observed in all 3 study areas. Our data indicate that perceived habitat selection by a species may differ within the same geographic region and these differences could be due to factors such as differing selection among individuals, differences in juxtaposition of landscape components and cover types, and differing biological components such as the distribution of predators and predator densities. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

EVALUATION OF FOLIAR-APPLIED INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL PESTS OF SOYBEAN, 2013

We established a trial at the Northern Illinois Agronomy Research Center near DeKalb, IL, to evaluate the efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides to control insect pests of soybean. The experimental design was a RCB with four replications. The plot size for each treatment was 10 ft (four rows) x 20 ft. The trial was planted on 11 Jun using a 4-row, John Deere 7300 planter. Seeds were planted at a population of 150,000 seeds/acre in 30-inch rows at an approximate depth of 1 inch. The variety used for the trial was NK S31-L7. Insecticides and fungicides were applied on 8 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer and a four-row boom. TeeJet TTJ60-11002 spray tips were calibrated to deliver a volume of 20 gpa. Densities of corn rootworm beetles were determined by taking 20 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diameter sweep net. Densities of soybean aphids were determined by counting the total number of aphids on three plants in each plot. Densities of corn rootworm beetles were assessed on 8, 15, 22, and 29 Aug (0, 7, 14, and 21 DAT, respectively). Populations of soybean aphids were not detectable until late Aug; because of this, aphid densities were not evaluated until 22 Aug (14 DAT). Yields were estimated by harvesting the center two rows of each plot on 29 Oct. Weights were converted to bu/acre at 13% moisture. Data were analyzed using ARM 8, revision 8.5.0 (Gylling Data Management, Inc., Brookings, SD).

Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Flight Activity on a Golf Course in Central Alabama

Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), is a major agricultural insect pest that attacks a wide variety of cultivated plants (Crumb 1929). The insect is also a serious pest that feeds on creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds., the predominant turfgrass species on golf course putting greens. Feeding damage by black cutworm, especially older larvae (i.e., 4~6th instars) creates sunken pock-marks or suppressions, resulting in the reduction of uniformity and smoothness of putting green surfaces (Vittum et al. 1999). Although there was no significant relationship between black cutworm adult population and larval infestation on golf course putting greens (Hong & Williamson 2004), monitoring adult population can provide some insight on potential larval activities on putting greens (Potter 1998). Black cutworm is a migratory species (Showers 1997). In Wisconsin, moths are active in May through late Aug or early Sep (Hong & Williamson 2004), which is similar to the flight pattern observed in other northern areas (Levine et al. 1982). However, there is no flight activity during the winter in the northern United States. This is not surprising because generally black cutworm cannot overwinter north of Tennessee (Showers 1997). Of the few black cutworm flight activity studies on golf courses, most focused only on the northern areas. Thus, no references regarding black cutworm flight activity on a golf course are available for the southern United States where these insects overwinter and presumably have a longer flight period. The objective of our study was to investigate black cutworm flight activity on a golf course in the central Alabama. Black cutworm adults were monitored at the Grand National Golf Course, Opelika, Alabama. Two sticky traps (TRECE Inc., Salinas, California) baited with cap-type synthetic sex pheromone (TRECE; BCW 3141-25) were installed in trees at ca. 1.5 m above the turf surface (Hong & Williamson 2004) on 7 Apr 2010. The location of traps was less than 20 m from the creeping bentgrass, a preferred host, on putting greens. The traps and rubber septa containing the synthetic phero-

Phenology of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Florida Based on Attraction of Adult Males to Pheromone Traps

Research was conducted in Florida to assess the phenology of pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), based on numbers of adult males captured in traps baited with a synthetic pheromone. Trapping was conducted at 3 locations in east central Florida in ornamental plantings of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) infested by the mealybug, with traps hung directly within plants. Trapping was also conducted in southeast Florida near Miami in a tropical fruit tree planting. Males were highly attracted to traps baited with the lure, consistent with reports in the literature. Numbers of adult males captured in traps indicated that M. hirsutus was consistently most abundant during late summer and early fall with peak populations occurring anytime during late Aug through early Oct. Populations of M. hirsutus, based on captures of males, were consistently low during winter and spring from Jan through mid Apr.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND EVALUATION OF TWO TRAP TYPES FOR MONITORING GRAPE ROOT BORER VITACEA POLISTIFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) IN FLORIDA VINEYARDS

Abstract Sixteen vineyards from 4 grape-growing regions across Florida were evaluated for seasonal distribution and presence of grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis Harris (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), during 2003 and 2004. Vineyards consisted of both muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) and bunch grapes (Euvitis spp.). Grape root borer males were caught in all vineyards with Universal Moth Traps baited with female GRB pheromones, with higher captures in the northern and southern counties. Grape root borers began emerging in late Jun and early Jul in the Panhandle and southern regions. Emergence occurred in late Jul in the north-central region and in mid-Aug in the central region. Weekly trap catches indicated that peak GRB flights occurred during mid-to late Aug for the Panhandle region. In the north-central, central, and southern regions, peak flights occurred in the second and third week of Sep, coinciding with the period of grape harvest for muscadine grapes. The emergence period ceased with the ...

2005년 주요 농작물 병해 발생개황

In 2004, average temperature was higher, and rainfall was less than those of previous year, The diseases of rice, barley, pepper, chinese melon, apple and oriental pear were surveyed. Seedling diseases, leaf blast, sheath blight and bacterial blight of rice, phytophthova blight, virus diseases and anthracnose of pepper, and sudden wilt syndrome and powdery mildew of chinese melon grown in plastic greenhouse were severe. Especially, sheath blight and bacterial blight of rice occurred two times higher than those of previous year, Panicle blight of rice decreased about 4 times, compared with the previous year, presumed that the lower rainy days, rainfall and RH suppressed spread of the fungal pathogens to panicles of rice. Lower rainfall during mid- and late Aug caused three-times less occurrence of phytophtora blight of red-pepper than that of the previous year, Another diseases surveyed occurred similar or less than those of the previous year.

Results of an Experimental Shrimp Fishery in Chaleur Bay, Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence

Abstract Five surveys of coastal shrimp abundance and distribution were conducted aboard a commercial shrimp trawler between 25 Aug and 4 Nov 1997 to evaluate the potential for a commercial shrimp fishery in Chaleur Bay, southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. The net was equipped with a fish exclusion grate (25-mm bar spacing) to reduce fish bycatch. The initial target species was sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon Sepemspinosa, but very few were captured in the depths fished (20–82 m). The principal shrimp species captured were Aesop shrimp Pandalus montagui and Arctic argid Argis dentata. The catch rates of shrimp were too low to support a commercial shrimp fishery in Chaleur Bay. Average catch rates for Aesop shrimp ranged between 0.5 and 3.2 kg/h (whole animals, wet weight), and catch rates for Arctic argid ranged between 0.5 and 9.3 kg/h. Bycatch of fish was low (usually <10 kg/h) from late Aug to Oct but were excessive during early Nov when an average of 102 kg/h of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus and rainbow s...

Effect of Registered and Experimental Aphicides on Aphis Pomi, 1995

Abstract This experiment was conducted in a first leaf commercial ‘Scartlet’ orchard on M.7 rootstock near Malaga, WA. Plots consisted of single trees, with buffer trees between trees. Two shoots per tree were tagged, and all counts were taken from tagged shoots. The aphid population on the shoot was assessed by counting individual aphids on the most infested leaf on the shoot. Pre-treatment counts were used as a blocking factor for randomization. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 25 Jul. Post-treatment counts were taken ca. weekly until late Aug.

Test of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Aphid Control, 1994

Abstract This experiment was conducted in a 2-yr-old commercial ‘Gala’ orchard near Orondo, WA. Trees were planted in double rows. Plots consisted of groups of contiguous trees within a double row, with buffer trees between plots, and buffer rows between treated rows. Four trees per plot with aphid infestations were chosen, and one shoot per tree was tagged. The number of aphids on the most infested leaf was counted on tagged shoots. Pre-treatmerit counts were used as a blocking factor for randomization. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 15 Jul. Post-treatment counts were taken ca. weekly until late Aug.

Laboratory Screening of Bacillus Thvb1Ngiensis Tenebmo Against Adult Pecan Weevils, 1985

Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis tenehrio (B.t.t.) was screened in the laboratory against the pecan weevil. Pecans and adult pecan weevils were collected from an insecticide free orchard at Byron, Georgia in late Aug. Pecans were dipped in a solution gpl062g8 of B.t.t. and allowed to air dry. Two pecans free of punctures and five adult pecan weevils (3 males and 2 females) were placed in each of 6, 1 pt paper cans. Paper cans were inspected periodically until all adult weevils had died. Then pecans were examined for puncture scars and immature pecan weevils. Survivorship data were analyzed using binomial tests for equal probabilities.

The solar UV Mg II core-to-wing ratio from the NOAA9 satellite during the rise of solar cycle 22

The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV/2) instrument on the NOAA9 satellite monitors daily the solar UV spectral irradiance in the Mg II h and k lines. The core-to-wing ratio R(MgIIc/w) is presented for 27 May 1986 through 31 May 1988. R(MgIIc/w) has a minimum in both 27-day and 81-day running averages in early Jan 1987 with a secondary minimum in late Aug 1986. Strong 27-day solar-rotational variations peaked in Oct 1986, April and July 1987, and April 1988. The solar-cycle 22 rise in rotational minima started in Feb 1987 and increased to a more rapid rise in Nov 1987 through May 1988. The rotational peak of April 1988 was 4.4% higher than the solar cycle minimum 27-day average, which is a little less than half the decline in R(MgIIc/w) from NIMBUS7 from solar maximum to minimum during solar cycle 21.

Insecticide Efficacy Against Second Generation Corn Borers, 1986

Abstract This experiment was conducted in sprinkler-irrigated corn in Finney county, KS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 4 rows wide × 10 ft and 50 ft long. There were 2 sets of untreated check plots per replicate. The standard insecticide applications were made with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one nozzle directly over the row and 2 suspended on 18 inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delvan 100/140, 0.75 inch rain drop nozzles mounted &amp;gt;n the high clearance sprayer at tassel height between the rows. This system was calibrated to deliver 47 gal in 2.4 min for each plot (5430 gpa). This application was equivalent to a 0.2 inch irrigation on the 2 middle rows. For the high volume applications, the chemicals were added to 200 gal of water in the main tank of the sprayer and agitated by recirculation. Treatments were applied on 28 and 29 Jul. The timing of applications was based on the Kansas State University European corn borer model and the presence of corn borer eggs in the field. Corn borer evaluations were made in late Aug by dissecting 10 corn plants in each plot (5 consecutive corn plants in each of the center 2 rows). The number of plants infested with each species of corn borer was recorded. Corn borer and stalk rot were evaluated in late Sep by dissecting 20 plants in each plot (10 consecutive corn plants in each of the 2 center rows). Stalk rot was rated using a scale of 0 to 3; 0—no visible stalk rot; 1—stalk rot present in one node; 2—stalk rot in 2 nodes; and 3—stalk rot found in 3 or more nodes. The plants dissected for stalk rot were also rated for corn borer incidence. Corn grain yields were determined by hand harvesting 20 row-ft Prom each of the 2 center rows in each plot and correcting to 15.5% moisture. Spider mites were counted by visually searching every other leaf (one half plant) of 4 plants in each plot on 7 Aug. Mites were collected from plants in each plot with a small vacuum sampler and a subsample of about 20 mites per plot was mounted for microscopic determination of mite species.

Control of Combined Populations of Dioryctria Ponderosae and D. Tumicolella, Two Phloem Borers of Pine, 1984

Abstract Two insecticide treatments were evaluated for effectiveness in controlling a combined population of Dioryctria ponderosae and D. tumicolella in a 1.0 ha planting of ponderosa pine in the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, near Halsey, Nebraska. Trees were 2 to 3-m tall. Each treatment and an untreated control were replicated 10 times. The treatments were insecticide stem drenches sprayed to the point of runoff on the trunk and branches with 2-gal compressed air sprayers. Each insecticide was applied 4 times at 2 wk intervals beginning 22 Jun and ending 31 Jul. This period corresponds to the period when most first-instar D. ponderosae larvae are beginning to bore into the stems; D. tumicolella larvae are already in their tunnels. The number of larvae per tree was determined in late Aug by counting the number of new pitch masses produced by the insects.

Life History of the Redfin Shiner, Notropis umbratilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae), in Mississippi

Notropis umbratilis from Tallahalla Creek, Hinds County, Mississippi, was studied from May 1979 through May 1980. The study area and species associates are considered briefly. Data from 1979 and 1980 demonstrated a reproductive season extending from late April or early May into late Aug. All females 32 mm SL or larger were sexually mature. Counts of mature ova were correlated with female size and ranged from 219 to 887 for females 34-52 mm SL. Average size of unovulated mature ova in individual females ranged from 0.72-0.87 mm diameter with a grand mean of 0.81 mm. Most N. umbratilis live somewhat less than 11/2 years with some individuals living to about 2 years. Maturity occurs at about 1 year. Maximum size was 59 mm SL.

Control of Heliothis SPP. in Cotton, 1982

Abstract Two full season studies were conducted at the Red River Valley Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the efficacy of various commercial and experimental insecticides in controlling Heliothis spp. and boll weevils on cotton. Plots in the first test were 8 rows x 64.0 m (1.02 n centers). Plots in the second study were 4 rows x 30.5 m (1.02 m centers). Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of water with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatments in the first study were applied on Jul 27, Aug 3, 9, 18, 23 and 30. Guthion 2L (0.25 lb ai/acre) was added to the insecticides when weevil pressure warranted its addition. In the second test, insecticide applications were made on Jul 28, Aug 4, 10, 16, 24 and 31. No weevil material was added to the insecticide treatments in the second study. All plots in both tests were oversprayed with Azodrin 5 (0.5 lb ai/acre) for two-spotted mite on Aug 13. Following the sixth treatment in late Aug, both tests were oversprayed the remainder of the season following standard control practices. Yields were determined by mechanical harvest of the center 4 rows of each plot on Oct 20 and 21 in the first test and the center 2 rows of each plot on Oct 15 in the second study. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored following insecticide applications by examining 25 terminals and 25 squares/plot.

Area Control of Late-Season Nymphs with Acaricides, 1980-81

Abstract Wooded plots (80 ft-sq) in eastern OK infested with late-season nymphs were treated with acaricides in late Aug. These infestations of late-season nymphs consisted mostly of nymphs that had molted during summer from engorged larvae. The objective of these tests was to compare the efficacies of acaricides against newly molted nymphs to efficacies obtained previously against overwintered infestations of nymphs. Water-based formulations of acaricides (7.5 gal spray/a) were made with a motorized knapsack mist blower. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 blocks.

Apple, Early Mite Control, 1980

Abstract Test materials were applied to 15-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 psi and at a rate of 400 gal/A. The standard pesticide program (rates are per 100 gal) during the course of this test consisted of Phygon 50W (.25 lb) on 4 dates, captan 80W (I to 1.25 lb) on 6 dates, Epsom salts (15 lb) on Jun 3, 12, and 23, Solubor (I lb) on Jun 12 and 23, Imidan 50W (I lb) on Jun 3, 12, and 23, and Sevin 80W {.75 to 1.25 lb) on Jul 8, 23, and Aug 13. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 4 “Red Delicious” cultivars/ treatment. From each tree 25 leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was not severe until late Aug when the weather was both hot and dry. All motile mites recorded on Jun 5 were adults; there were 0.3 to 2.5 summer mite eggs/leaf on all plots not treated at tight cluster.

Apple, Summer Mite Control, 1980

Abstract Test materials were applied to 30-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 psi and at a rate of 300 gal/A. Spray dates were Aug 14 and 21; each material was applied on both dates. The pesticide program (rates are per 100 gal) during the course of this test consisted of captan 80W (I lb) and Sevin 80W (.75 lb) on Aug 13. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 “Golden Delicious” and 2 “Red Delicious” cultivars per treatment. From each free 25 leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was not severe until late Aug when the weather was both hot and dry. On the pre-spray date egg populations ranged from 15 to 27 eggs/leaf.