Late 19th Century Research Articles

Flora Tristán and María Nieves Y Bustamante, Two Moments In 19th Century Peruvian Literature

Peruvian literature of the 19th century has important representatives that have been studied by critics. Its contextual conditions are highlighted, especially with two transcendental historical events: the independence of Peru and the War of the Pacific. Flora Tristán published Peregrinaciones de una paria at a time when independence was being consolidated in Peru. Later, María Nieves y Bustamante published Jorge o el hijo del pueblo after the war with Chile. Both writers constitute two creative representations of historical moments of Peruvian society. The first based on a hybrid text: a mix of personal diary, travel chronicle and adventure novel; and the second, as a historical and romantic novel from the late 19th century in Peru. The objective of this essay is to explore the historical representation in the literature carried out by these two writers.

Determination of the role and factors of technopolis development in the economic security of the depressed regions

Purpose: is to develop the integrated approach to assessing and determining the role and factors of technopolis development in the context of improving economic security of the depressed region.Methods: to analyze the current state of technopolis development in the Russian Federation, the comprehensive multi-component methodological approach was developed, including qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as statistical methods of data interpretation. This approach was applied to assess the technopolis development of 14 science cities in Russia, the results of which were presented in the form of the composite index heat map. The source of initial data is Rosstat.Results:the study analyzed the evolution of the technopolis concept from the late 19th century to the present. This made it possible to identify the key factors influencing the transformation of scientific and innovation ecosystems. In particular, it was found that modern technopolises in Russia are often the result of renaming or transformation of existing science cities. In the context of economic security of the depressed regions, the factors influencing technopolis development were analyzed. Special attention was paid to the science city of Biysk, located in the largest depressive region of the country – Altai Krai.Conclusions and Relevance: the study showed that technopolises can act as catalysts of economic revival of the depressed regions. However, it also revealed the risks of creating socio-economic imbalances, which indicates the need for a differentiated approach when implementing technopolis projects in the such regions. The results of the study can be used to develop strategies for the management and development of technopolises, as well as to improve the economic security of the depressed regions. The main directions of further research may include analyzing the relationship between technopolis development and economic security, as well as the development of specific management and financing mechanisms.

MANUMISSION OF HOUSE SERFS: LEGISLATIVE NORMS AND EVERYDAY PRACTICES IN THE 18th CENTURY RUSSIA URBAN ENVIRONMENT

From the late 15th century until Peter the Great’s tax reform, there were kabala bondmen (kholopy), who had lost their freedom by debt and service bondages (kabalas), along with the “full” bondmen that existed from ancient times. The latter were inherited, while the former had to be set free aft er the death of their owner, having formalized a manumission record in the Kholopiy prikaz. The 1649 Sobornoe Ulozhenie clearly distinguished between these two categories of bondmen. From the beginning of the Great Northern War, Peter I ordered to enroll in the army house serfs (dvorovye) fit for military service and set free aft er the death of their owners. Lord’s men could also enroll in military service at will. After the extension of the per capita tax to the “boyar men” it was forbidden to enroll them in service, and the manumission of house serfs with manumission letters was resumed. Unlike legislative norms, the practical side of this widespread social phenomenon has not been adequately studied. The manumission records of house serfs in 1717–1780, preserved in the fonds of the Office of Justice in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents, as well as their petitions and the minutes of the Office of Justice allow us to elucidate the circumstances and procedure of manumission of house serfs, collisions that arose in this process, as well as the prospects of their further life. Manumission letters written at home were signed and sealed with the owner’s personal seal and certified by witnesses. In this case, they had to be registered in the serfdom institutions and then submitted to a Hofgericht (nadvorny court) or provincial chancellery to decide on the fate of the manumitted serf. Peter the Great’s tax reform contributed to the erasure of the distinction between old and kabala bondmen. The term kholop (bondman) was soon replaced by the term dvorovyi (house serf), and any house serf could be manumitted. Most of those manumitted again voluntarily signed up “forever” to the old or new master. The Manifesto of 17 March 1775 oriented the manumitted serfs to enter the petty bourgeoisie or merchant state and reflected the actual need to get rid of archaic forms of personal dependence.

Towards a Holistic Buddhist Eco-Ethics

The debate on Buddhist eco-ethics emerged in the late 20th century and continues to the present day, which fosters the intersection of Buddhist eco-ethics with environmental ethics. However, the current understanding of Buddhist eco-ethics still falls short of a holistic concept. To fill the gap, this paper argues that different macro perspectives should be considered in the process of developing a concept of holistic Buddhist eco-ethics. For this, we firstly attempt to clarify the dispute over the feasibility of Buddhist eco-ethics from the internal, external, and Buddhists’ perspectives. Then, we address the dispute concerning the classification of Buddhist eco-ethics, proposing a typology that accommodates different perspectives. Finally, two methods are suggested to mediate the dispute over Buddhist eco-ethics and justify its holistic concept, that is, regarding Buddhist eco-ethics as a form of virtue ethics and as a product of “engaged Buddhism.” Here, it is also emphasized to include Buddhists’ perspectives when mediating the dispute. Accordingly, we put forward a holistic concept for Buddhist eco-ethics that incorporates three main macro perspectives: ecological ethics in Buddhism, Buddhism in ecological ethics, and Buddhists’ environmental activities. It is hoped that the wisdom of Buddhist eco-ethics can help us forge a path towards a more harmonious and sustainable world in the near future.

MIKHAIL AND IVAN MOROZOV AS СOLLECTORS OF RUSSIAN ART

In the art history literature dealing with collectors Mikhail (1870– 1903) and Ivan (1871–1921) Morozov, researchers are primarily interested in the artistic stratum connected with European, mainly French, art. The issues of collecting Russian painting, the choice of certain Russian artists, refl ecting the tastes of collectors, the change of artistic preferences in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, almost never attracted the attention of scholars. This article attempts at determining the approach developed by brothers M.A. and I.A. Morozov in collecting Russian art. In this context, it seems logical to analyze some features of their collections: what names and works the Moscow collectors chose, whether it was conscious and deliberate or spontaneous (as the literature characterized the formation of the Russian part of the Morozovs’ collection). Unfortunately, researchers have not always found arguments in favor of the collectors’ choice of certain Russian masters. At the same time, experts convincingly prove that with regard to works by iconic figures of European art, the choice and purchases were carefully thought out, right down to “booking” in advance a place in the hall for a particular masterpiece. Another question is far from idle: can we talk about the common ground for the Morozovs’ aesthetic views and, accordingly, about a certain continuity in their collections? The analysis of their Russian part allows us to conclude that the collections broadly and voluminously represent the panorama of the main Russian art currents from early Plein Air to Impressionism, from the first World of Art works to Symbolism, from imitations of Cézanne and Gauguin to independent avant-garde experiments of Russian painting in the 1910s. One of the characteristic features of the collection of the younger brother, Ivan Morozov, was fi gurative (object) art, as he was not attracted to objectless painting.

Jet engines, wind turbines, and AI: community reactions to new sounds

When jet engine-powered commercial aircraft started flying in and out of airports in the mid-20th century, surrounding communities-often in rural areas-were exposed to unprecedented sound levels. A straight line can be drawn from the reactions of those communities to today's Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airport acoustical requirements. Community reactions to utility-scale wind energy facilities in the late 20th and early 21st centuries led to a bevy of local legislation around the United States, some of which has been insightful and helpful. More recently, society's ever-increasing demand for bits and bytes is introducing suburban areas to data centers-campuses of multi-story buildings requiring access to high volumes of cool air, fast Internet connections, and megawatts of electricity. Community reactions to the resulting environmental sound levels are again driving regulation and legislation. In all these cases, community reactions have driven the narrative. Instead of responding to community reactions, the noise control engineering community and their clients could be more proactive-the professionals could lead the narrative. Ideas about how to achieve this level of proactivity are discussed.

German Art of the 19th Century through the Lens of The Greek Literary Magazine Kleiō (Clio): Academic Formalism Versus Modernism

We examine the work of 19th-century German painters as presented in the Greek-language magazine Kleiō published in Germany in the late 19th century. Through an extensive catalogue of paintings, the article highlights the themes that preoccupied German painters during this period. It places particular emphasis on their approach, aesthetic preferences, the decisive role played by the Academies of Fine Arts, and their attitudes towards the modern movements developing in France during the 19th century. It explores the reasons for which Kleiō magazine promoted academic German painting to its Greek readership. It reports the particularly close relations between Greece and Germany during this period and the fact that many Greek painters completed their studies at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. Since for most of the 19th century, Germany was deeply influenced by the achievements of ancient Greek art, many German painters opposed modernism, instead upholding what they perceived to be the values and ideals of classical antiquity integrating them into German art

Universal Design for Learning and writing centres in South African higher education

Could a transformative, inclusive and emancipatory educational framework like the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) advance academic success for all? Could racism and dis/ableism be dismantled through such an emerging educational trend that offers a redefinition of dis/ability abolishing oppressive pedagogical practices that perpetuate constructed views of special needs, often negatively correlated with racial and intellectual superiority? Could such a framework that foregrounds physical, cognitive and linguistic injustices advance achievement beyond merely meeting academic literacy standards within higher education settings like writing centres in a post-Covid 21st-century South Africa? These critical questions are some of the tensions raised in this paper proposing a compelling, yet controversial attempt at advancing student learning and achievement within an expanded definition of disability offered by the UDL framework developed by Rose and Meyer at the Center for Applied Special Technology at Harvard University. While Covid-19 centred around a pandemic, this global catastrophe accelerated the technological thrust into virtual and blended learning mediums of learning and engagement. Yet, given the technological explosion of the mid- and late 20th century, in many ways education have headed towards this direction. Now more than ever, the awareness of the Universal Design for Learning within the role of the writing centre and academic literacy is especially critical, given the drive for technologically driven approaches to address issues of social justice. This paper seeks to understand the obstacles and opportunities of the UDL framework within the role of writing centres in post-Covid 21st-century South African higher education. Through professional insights as a qualified practising writing consultant both locally in South Africa and in the United States, this reflective critique on the emerging vociferous dialogue around the adoption of the Universal Design for Learning framework at higher education institutions in South Africa, and its implications for the role of the writing centre, are based on this author’s pragmatic, commonplace experiences as well as research studies conducted on UDL and the Harvard Review. It is hoped that this reflective paper may make visible some of the inherent juxtapositions Universal Design for Learning may hold for meeting individual students’ learning needs principled on its universal approach to learning success for all, affording opportunities for further research and critique.

Thirty Years of Progress in Our Understanding of the Nature and Influence of Fire in Carboniferous Ecosystems

Until the late 20th century, the idea of identifying wildfires in deep time was not generally accepted. One of the basic problems was the fact that charcoal-like wood fragments, so often found in sedimentary rocks and in coals, were termed fusain and, in addition, many researchers could not envision wildfires in peat-forming systems. The advent of Scanning Electron Microscopy and studies on modern charcoals and fossil fusains demonstrated beyond doubt that wildfire residues may be recognized in rocks dating back to at least 350 million years. Increasing numbers of studies on modern and fossil charcoal assemblages from the 1970s through the 1990s established the potential importance of wildfires in the fossil record, using Carboniferous examples in particular. Since the 1990s, extensive progress has been made in understanding modern wildfires and their byproducts. New techniques to study ancient charcoals have allowed considerable progress to be made to integrate modern and ancient fire studies, both before and after the evolution of mankind. Four important developments have made a reassessment of Carboniferous wildfires necessary: the recognition of the role of atmospheric oxygen in controlling the occurrence of wildfire; the development of new microscopical techniques allowing more detailed anatomical data to be obtained from charcoal; the integration of molecular studies with the evolution of fire traits; and new developments in or understanding of post-fire erosion/deposition systems.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Canadian Family Businesses: A Socioemotional Wealth Perspective

After having gained prominence in the late 20th century, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a critical business aspect, adopted widely across the corporate landscape. Although family firms play a significant global role, research on their relationship with CSR performance remains sparse and inconclusive. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by employing the primary classification of family firms, the socioemotional wealth perspective, and its FIBER model to examine their influence on CSR performance. The focus is on Canadian public companies listed on the S&P/TSX Composite Index from 2014 to 2022. Utilizing the NBC Canadian Family Index, the findings suggest that family firms exhibit superior CSR performance compared to their non-family counterparts. Further analyses indicate that family firms with greater control and influence by family members, those named after the family, those with strong emotional ties, and first-generation family firms tend to have enhanced CSR performance. By developing a socioemotional wealth score through FIBER dimensions to classify family firms, this study underscores the association of family firms with higher CSR performance, validating the robustness of the results.

Amerika Serikat sebagai Negara Adikuasa: Pengaruh dan Dominasi dari Akhir Abad ke-20 hingga Awal Abad ke-21

This research analyzes the role and influence of the United States as a superpower from the late 20th century to the early 21st century, focusing on military, economic, political, and cultural power. After the Soviet Union's collapse, the United States became the dominant force in international policy, with significant global power projection through a large defense budget and advanced technology. Economically, its influence is seen in the dollar's dominance and leading technology companies. Politically, the U.S. plays a central role in international organizations like the UN and NATO. Culturally, American media and technology have led to widespread "Americanization." Despite its influence, the U.S. faces criticism for unilateral policies and military interventions, along with domestic challenges such as economic inequality and racial tensions, and the rise of powers like China and Russia. This research provides insights into how the U.S. maintains its superpower status and addresses global challenges.

Decreasing incidence of celiac disease in Southern Sweden

Background The incidence of celiac disease (CD) has increased rapidly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, but there are recent reports of rates levelling off in countries with a high prevalence. The aim of this study was to investigate current trends in CD in southern Sweden. Patients and methods Children and adults diagnosed with CD by biopsy or serology in the region of Skåne, southern Sweden, from 2010–2022 were included. The home address was identified through registers to analyze temporal and geographical trends. Results A total of 3218 CD-patients were identified (52.2% children), the vast majority detected in clinical care but a few children by screening studies. The age-standardized incidence rate was 18.6 cases/105. The incidence decreased at a rate of −0.75 cases/105 (95% CI −1.14 to −0.35, p 0.002). The incidence among girls under 18 years almost halved throughout the study period, decreasing by −2.94 cases/105 (95% CI −4.59 to −1.29, p 0.002), while there only were small changes among men. The most common age of onset was 3–9 years. CD incidence varied by place of living and was more common in small towns than urban or rural areas. Conclusions The incidence of CD in southern Sweden is decreasing, primarily in children and women who traditionally have had the highest risk of CD. CD was diagnosed most frequently in children 3–9 years old. There were regional variations in incidence. CD was most common in small towns, pointing to the importance of environmental factors in CD etiology.

How Far-Right Extremism Changed American Body Politic

Abstract Aggressive rhetoric was part and parcel of the rising Tea Party and the related anti-Obama conspiracy theories. The argument here is that Donald J. Trump, as the leading public promoter of Birther rumors, first-time presidential candidate, and U.S. president, played a starring role in bringing hate speech, violent threats, and political violence into the political mainstream. As a result, political violence increased significantly and several violent far-right extremist groups, domestic terrorist entities, were newly founded after Trump announced his presidential campaign in mid-2015. As ex-president and once again presidential candidate, Trump glorified the criminally convicted participants in the violent breach of the U.S. Capitol on 6 January 2021 and honored violent far-right fringe groups that were active in the late 20th century while threatening revenge against his political enemies. To assess, whether Trump, as 47th U.S. president, would be able to have his political foes investigated and jailed upon his return to the highest office, we looked for answers in the Heritage Foundation's “Project 2025,” the most detailed blueprint for the dismantling of the “deep state” and the best-laid plan for a takeover by Trump and vetted conservative “Make America Great Again” loyalists in January 2025.1 Although the sole focus here is on the rhetoric of far-right extremism and violence in the past 15 years, there were no similarly extreme far-left hate speech patterns and violent extremism related to the Democratic Party during the same time.

Air temperature changes in SW Greenland in the second half of the 18th century

Abstract. The thermal conditions of south-western Greenland in the second half of the 18th century were estimated using two unique series of meteorological observations. The first series (Neu-Herrnhut, 1 September 1767 to 22 July 1768, hereinafter 1767–1768) is the oldest long-term series of instrumental measurements of air temperature available for Greenland. The second (Godthaab, September 1784 to June 1792) contains the most significant and reliable data for Greenland for the study period. The quality-controlled and corrected data were used to calculate daily, monthly, seasonal and yearly means. The daily means were further used to calculate day-to-day temperature variability (DDTV), thermal seasons, growing degree days (GDDs), the air thawing index (ATI), positive degree days (PDDs) and air freezing index (AFI) degree days. Air temperature in Godthaab (now Nuuk) was, on average, warmer than the present day (1991–2020) in 1767–1768 and colder in 1784–1792. Compared to the early 20th-century Arctic warming (ETCAW) period, the data for the two sub-periods show that the late 18th century was as warm or even warmer. Except winter 1767/1768, winters and springs in the study period were longer, while summers and autumns were shorter than at present. The analysed climate indices usually did not exceed the maximum and minimum values from 1991–2020. Mean daily air temperature in the studied historical periods rarely exceed ±2 SD (standard deviation) of the long-term mean calculated for the contemporary period. Air temperature distribution was usually close to normal, in both historical and contemporary periods.

A proactive schoolshooting incident prevention system: what matters?

Scientific research on schoolshooting has been actualized in the early 21st century, but incidents have been recorded much earlier, since the late 16th century. The article focuses on the causes and explanation of the mechanism of imitation, a significant driving force in schoolshooting. Examples of cases are given to illustrate the effect of the copycat mechanism and measures to prevent the spread of the 'copycat effect' are argued. The paper identifies the key features that unite terrorism and schoolshooting, which provide a strong case for considering schoolshooting incidents as a new type of terrorism. The similarity of schoolshooting incidents to terrorist acts is argued through the description of common characteristics, such as ritual and demonstrative nature of violence, planned and symbolic nature of violence, cultural determination, and group identification. This paper focuses not on the scientific problem of studying schoolshooting as a special phenomenon, but on the problems of creating, organizing, and managing a proactive system of schoolshooting prevention. The results of the analysis of American practice of development and application of threat assessment system to prevent schoolshooting are presented. The description of necessary elements of the complex system for prevention of schoolshooting incidents is presented, the definition of the proactive system is given.

New Discoveries in the Langton Chapel of Winchester Cathedral: 16th-Century all’antica Innovation and 20th-Century Restoration

The east end of Winchester Cathedral was altered in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, with the Lady Chapel substantially refurbished. The Guardian Angels Chapel, on the north, was left largely untouched. To the south, the death of Bishop Thomas Langton provided the opportunity to rebuild the chapel there as a chantry within which he was buried. The vault above is peppered with his initials, heraldic devices and rebus. The Langton Chapel remained largely disused down subsequent centuries, a dusty corner in the furthermost reaches of a busy cathedral. In the mid-20th century, a remarkable man, Harry Altham, took an interest in Langton’s chapel and, in light of this, the Dean and Chapter of Winchester agreed that the restoration of the chapel would form a fitting memorial to him. In the process of researching the details of that restoration, new information has come to light regarding the early introduction of all’antica work into the cathedral, suggesting that the Renaissance style was first introduced to England at Winchester, not in Westminster Abbey as is widely supposed.

The Integration of Modern Technologies in Geography Teaching at Educational Institutions

The late 20th century witnessed a significant shift in the education sector with the introduction of moderntechnologies. This led to a quantum leap in the use of these technologies in educational institutions, which began to compete in their implementation. These technologies play a major role in elevating the purely educational level to the level of creativity and innovation.

Climate change and human impacts on aquatic communities at Etoliko Lagoon in western Greece

The Etoliko Lagoon in western Greece has experienced extensive human modification since the 20th century, both on the surrounding land and in the aquatic environment. To examine human impacts and disentangle climatic from anthropogenic changes, we present a suite of biomarker records that span the past two centuries (∼1790–2011). Specifically, we use terrigenous (n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phytosterols) and aquatic (dinosterol, brassicasterol, cholesterol, and stigmasterol) biomarkers to document changes in nutrient inputs, combustion, and algal productivity. During most of the 19th and 20th centuries, aquatic communities respond to temperature, forced mainly by solar irradiance and volcanic activity, and precipitation, controlled largely by summer and winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) patterns that determine freshwater runoff. PAHs illustrate the acceleration of coal combustion during the 1800s, and declining concentrations since the 1950s correspond to the implementation of emission controls and reductions in rainfall that likely inhibited PAH transport. As human pressures increased in the late 1900s and water column anoxia grew, the absence of a clear human waste and eutrophication signal suggests that other factors also contributed to limited oxygen availability. Overall, environmental degradation of the late 20th and early 21st centuries is clear and can be attributed to a combination of especially arid conditions and human interferences that altered lagoon hydrography, trophic state, and aquatic community composition.

Adaptive architecture – main development directions

This article considers promising directions of adaptive architecture, one of the most dynamically developing concepts in the field of design and construction. A wide range of objects constructed using advanced technological solutions are studied and classified as adaptive objects, spaces, or environments. Special attention is paid to the following three aspects of adaptive architecture. First, adaptive architecture should be based on the principle of energy efficiency, including conservation of energy and resources and use of clean energy, contributing to the creation of buildings with a high environmental coefficient. Second, the living environment should meet the requirements of flexibility and mobility, representing the interaction between the environment and the human. This function of the environment is aimed at creating spaces conducive to changes depending on public and personal needs. Third, the relations between three components––people, environment, and digital technologies––should be considered. The response to the challenge of modernity in the late 20th and early 21st century concerned the restructuring of the technological process towards the search for the most effective directions in the field of creating sustainable objects, spaces, and environments. Digital reality becomes a connecting element, which contributes to the creation of an adaptive space flexibly responding to changes in the environment and human needs.

ABOUT SOME DEBATABLE QUESTIONS OF THE КYIV LAND HISTORY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

The attempt to identify some geographical toponyms of the Кyiv land cities of the 14th century is made in the paper. The annalistic cities in the «A se imena vsim gradam ruskym dalnim i bliznim» («List of Cities, Far and Near») are analyzed by the author. Based on an analysis of written, cartographic, archaeological sources, the author concludes that the annalistic list of Кyiv cities «A se imena vsim gradam ruskym dalnim i bliznim» was compiled in the late 14th century. However, this document includes many different sources: the documents of the ecclesiastes provenance produced by chancelleries of Metropolitans and Bishops, yarlyks of khans of 13—14th century, the charters and treaties of the Lithuanian Princes of 14th century. The paper contains the analysis of a hypothesis about the city of Tmutorokan of the 14th century. The author has paid special attention to sources which provide the evidence about the nomadic (the Cuman) Turkic dynastic clan Tuhorkhan in the Кyiv principality. The finds of the silver coins of the Lithuanian Prince Volodymyr Olherdovych (1362—1394) are discussed. They marked the territory of Кyiv principality of the second part of the 14th century in the Dnieper river region. The northern border of distribution of coins of the Prince Volodymyr Olherdovych is limited by the basin of the river Oster and Sosnica district. The raid of Lithuanian Prince Olherd (1345—1377) against the Golden Horde in the 1362 at the Korshev (Karasy — Black Vody?), and to the territory of traditional summer and winter roaming also are examined. The paper discussed the issues of historical geography, many of which can be solved by systematically archaeological research in the sites from the annalistic list of the «A se imena vsim gradam ruskym dalnim i bliznim» and Golden Horde centers in the Dnieper, Ros, Oster, Vorskla, Buh, Sula, Psel, Desna and other river basins.