Last Decade Of April Research Articles

Aeropalynological Profile Of Cherepovets And Vologda, The Cities Of Vologda Region, Nw Russia

The article presents data on the composition and seasonal dynamics of airborne pollen in Cherepovets and Vologda. The study was carried out from April 10 to September 30, 2014 and from April 16 to August 31, 2015 in Cherepovets, and from June 3 to September 30, 2019 in Vologda. Pollen data were obtained from the Durham gravimetric samplers. Samples were collected daily. Twenty-one types of pollen have been identified, ten of which are the most common allergenic types (Alnus, Artemisia, Betula, Fraxinus, Salix, Plantago, Poaceae, Quercus, Rumex, Urtica), which account for more than 50% of all pollen that has been registered. The article contains pollen calendars showing two peaks of pollen grain quantity: spring (from last decade of April to May), summer (from the end of June to the middle of July). Betula (30%) and Asteraceae (28%) pollen dominate in the pollen spectrum. Pinus (20%), Plantago (6%) and Poaceae (5%) also play an important role in the regional spectrum. The results show the presence of allergenic pollen from different taxa throughout the study. The proportion of damaged pollen grains is approximately 2%, which corresponds to the norm in natural population in normal condition. This data can become the basis for developing recommendations for reducing the level of pollinosis in the Vologda Region.

Features of the accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables for different periods of their cultivation

The article is aimed at studying the intensity of the accumulation of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, zinc) in vegetables of different growing seasons on dark gray podzolized soils in the Tyvrovsky district of Vinnitsa region. The results of studies on the study of the features of the accumulation of cadmium, zinc and copper in garlic, carrots and parsley, depending on the period of their vegetation, are presented. Varieties were selected for research: Lyubasha for garlic, Greta for carrots, and Naida for parsley. The period of sowing garlic, carrots and parsley was carried out throughout 2020– 2021: in the autumn period – at the end of October and in the spring – the last decade of April. For the study, the vegetative mass of parsley, root crops of carrots and heads of winter garlic were used. The selection of vegetables was made by the method of point samples from each batch of autumn and spring sowing. Based on the results of the analysis of primary sources, the dependence of vegetable crops on environmental factors, in particular, agro-climatic indicators, was determined; features of assimilation by vegetables during the growing season of the main nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium); accumulation of heavy metals by plants. The article presents the results of our own feld and laboratory research. It has been established that the content of cadmium, zinc and copper in garlic of the Lyubasha variety, carrot of the Greta variety and parsley of the Naida variety did not exceed the maximum allowable levels of DSTU- 323395 for both autumn and spring sowing. It was found that the content and coefcient of accumulation and danger of cadmium in garlic, carrots and parsley during their spring sowing was higher, and zinc and copper were lower compared to similar vegetables in autumn sowing. In general, the hazard coefcient of cadmium, zinc and copper in garlic, carrots and parsley grown in the experimental areas did not exceed 1.0, which indicates the safe content of these heavy metals in vegetables. Key words: carrots, parsley, garlic, cadmium, zinc, copper, hazard coefcient, accumulation coefcient, concentration.

Abnormally Early Nesting of Acanthis cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fringillidae, Aves) in the Latryk River Valley (Saratov Region)

During our field research in March–May of 2017–2020 in the valley of the Latryk River (Saratov region), it was found that the phenological norm of the beginning of the nesting period of Acanthis cannabina should be dated as the last decade of April. However, under conditions of the local climate transformation, its stability is lost and the emergence of an abnormally early start of the reproductive period of A. cannabina becomes possible. The oviposition onset of A. cannabina could be stimulated by two meteorological factors, namely, a rapid increase in the average daily temperature and, to a greater extent, an increased intensity of ultraviolet radiation in the spring.

Abnormally Early Nesting of Acanthis cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fringillidae, Aves) in the Latryk River Valley (Saratov Region)

During our field research in March–May of 2017–2020 in the valley of the Latryk river (Saratov region), it was found that the phenological norm of the beginning of the nesting period of Acanthis cannabina should be dated as the last decade of April. However, under conditions of the local climate transformation, its stability is lost and the emergence of an abnormally early start of the reproductive period of A. cannabina becomes possible. The oviposition onset of A. cannabina could be stimulated by two meteorological factors, namely, a rapid increase in the average daily temperature and, to a greater extent, an increased intensity of ultraviolet radiation in the spring.

Прогнозный мониторинг вторых волн эпидемии COVID-19 в Иране, России и других странах

In the last decade of April 2020, the second coronavirus epidemic wave in Iran has bloomed. The new wave has started in the vicinity of the critical point, marked by approximately 44,000 infections, where the rate of increase of the primary epidemic that appeared in Iran in mid-February 2020 was the highest. Today, this secondary wave almost has doubled the peak of the primary, and, passing the epidemic threshold of about 70,000 total cases in early June, generated the new third epidemic wave developing unpredictably and dynamically. The purpose of this work was to call into use a simple dynamical system represented by the discrete logistic equation with unknown parameters to predict secondary waves using the official statistical data. The mathematical modelling reveals the secondary epidemic waves in Sweden, the United States, Ukraine, Serbia, Romania, Czech Republic, Portugal, Luxembourg, Poland, and Ecuador. Also, the second waves appear in Russia and other countries. Despite many individual differences in the epidemic spread in different countries, we have traced regularity in the rise of secondary waves. The beginning of each new wave, if focusing on the number of total cases, practically coincides with the time of the maximum growth rate of the previous early epidemic. Thus, the passing through the threshold of the current wave should be the most responsible for strict observance of the rules of self-isolation and other sanitary standards.

USING TRAP TREES FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL OF BARK BEETLE PITYOGENES CHALCOGRAPHUS (L.) ON MOUNTAIN ZVIJEZDA

UDK: 595.768.1:582.475(234.422 Zvijezda)
 Bark beetles are the most important pests of the coniferous forests. Although they are considered to be a secondary pest, they are becoming the primary pests that attack healthy trees. One of the important spruce bark beetle is the Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) - a small spruce beetle. The research was conducted in the municipality of Vareš, on three locations: Ponikva, Pobrin Han, Doli. The active period of the bark beetle for development began in the last decade of April. P. chalcographus in the field of research had two generations. For the development of generations it took between 12 and 13 weeks. Weather conditions in the object of research did not allow the completion of the second generation. The activity of the bark beetle ends in mid-September. When we talk about the characteristics of wood material which prefers small bark beetle of spruce, we can say that he prefers to inhabit thinner parts of trunk with thin and smooth rind. In the object of research for monitoring of population of bark beetle P. chalcographus was used trap trees. As a measure to combat the small spruce bark beetles are strongly advised in due time, autumn and winter, remove the dried trees and trees with drilled bark beetles. Maintenance and establishment of forest order to reduce the amount of wood material suitable for the settlement of bark beetles.

Occurrence, Biology and Harmfulness of Byctiscus betulae (L.) (Coleoptera, Rhynchitidae)

In 2012 and 2013, was studied the occurrence, biology and harmfulness ofByctiscus betulae(L.) (Rhynchitidae) on forest woody plants in the Brno region. Leaf rolls were found on 13 species (and 10 genera) of woody plants. Most frequently, they occurred onFagus sylvatica,Tiliaspp. (namely onT. cordata),Salix capreaandPopulus tremula. The beetles hibernate in ground pupal chambers and appear on woody plants in the last decade of April. After hibernation, females live on average seven (males five) weeks, and damage on average 40 (males 25) cm2of leaves. The females create leaf rolls on annual shoots they have gnawed, exceptionally (in 2%) on leaves with damaged petioles. In the rolls onF. sylvatica, they roll on average 5.6 leaves whose total average area is 49.5 cm2and lay on average 5.1 eggs. In the rolls onTiliaspp., they roll on average 3.3 leaves whose total area is 63.2 cm2and lay on average 4.9 eggs. In the rolls onS. caprea, they roll on average 3.3 leaves whose total area is 38.3 cm2and lay on average 3.5 eggs. The maximum number of laid eggs (on average 8.0) was observed in the leaf rolls onVitis vinifera. The average number of eggs in the leaf rolls was decreasing from May to July. The number of eggs was increasing with the increasing total leaf area rolled. The females lay on average 50 eggs. OnP. tremula,S. capreaandPyrus pyrasterthey create about 15 leaf rolls, onF. sylvaticaandTiliaspp. about 10 leaf rolls and onV. viniferaca. 8 leaf rolls. Embryogenesis lasts from 8 to 9 days. Larvae develop over 3 instars and damage ca. 300 mm2of leaves. Coming of age within 4−7 weeks, they leave the leaf rolls from mid-June to the beginning of September.

Ecological and Agronomical Analysis of Some Permanent Grasslands in the Banat Area

The importance of permanent grasslands in Romania has been minimised these last years by both turning them into arable lands or by abandoning them. The goal of this paper is to characterise from an ecological point of view and from the point of view of fodder yield some permanent grasslands in different states of management with a view to establish some corrective measures. The vegetation of the permanent grasslands was analysed in 2011, with measurements made in the last decade of April, in the middle of the second decade of June, and in the second decade of September. Permanent grasslands are located in the southern part of the Timis County, following the line of the localities Dudestii Noi - Cenad. Data processing was done based on botanical sampling. Vegetation determination was done with the linear method (quadrant) calculating pastoral value (PV). Alphabiodiversity was estimated with the Shannon (H' ) and Simpson (D) indices, while beta-diversity was estimated with the Jaccard index (Pj) and with the Hamming (H) distance. Irrational use of permanent grasslands and the lack of proper improvement measures have lead to the present state of the vegetal cover. The presence of ruderal plants is obvious and the frequency of invaluable species defines the grasslands from an agro-ecological point of view.

Climate variations and phenological stages modulate ozone damages in field-grown wheat. A three-year study with eight modern cultivars in Po Valley (Northern Italy)

Abstract A three-year field study of leaf symptoms on eight wheat cultivars was carried out in Po Valley (Northern Italy). The survey aimed at showing a possible relationship between climate conditions (temperature and rainfall) and surface ozone levels with the evolution and severity of symptoms due to air pollution (very likely due to ozone) as assessed with open-top chambers (OTC) facilities and histo-cytochemical investigations. Symptoms consisted of small regular chlorotic spots, usually appearing in the last decade of April and evolving, in some cultivars, in necrotic elliptical lesions. The surveys (March–June, each year) indicated that symptom severity, besides being related to the sensitivity of each cultivar, also depended on the phenological stage in which critical ozone AOT40 (Accumulated dose Over a Threshold of 40 ppb) levels were reached. In 2007, the exceptionally mild winter and the heavy early spring rainfall caused a worsening of symptom severity, probably due to the higher rate of gas exchanges and, hence, to an enhanced pollutant uptake. Finally, the analysis of yield data indicated that less symptomatic cultivars had the lowest yield, particularly when the ozone levels were the highest, suggesting a strong reduction of the stomatal conductance that excluded both the pollutant entry and the rate of carbon assimilation. Our findings underline once again the importance of considering ozone flux rather than AOT40 levels to assess the pollutant effects on crops, particularly in the Mediterranean basin.

Trockenzeit-Libellen aus dem indischen Tiefland (Odonata)

Dry Season Dragonflies of Indian Lowlands Only some 60 species, i.e., about 10% of the dragonfly fauna of the Indian subcontinent can be observed during the premonsunal dry season in the plains of India. 42 of them (table 1) were registrated by the author on excursions in New Delhi, Calcutta, Madras, Trivandrum and the surroundings of these large towns in the last decade of April and in May 1979. 260 specimens have been catched for collection, between them two males and one female of a hitherto unknown species (Agriocnemis keralensis), whose description is given in English (fig. 1). Excluding Pantala flavescens in southern India and possibly Brachythemis contaminata throughout the whole country, imaginal specimens of all species were very scarse in numbers and the pupulations were found isolated in restricted favourable localities. The deficiency of oxygen in the upheated water bodies seems to be the main reason for the seasonal scantiness of dragonflies in the Indian lowlands. About 30% of the dry season dragonfly species are distributed well beyond the borders of the Oriental zoogeographic region, whereas only some 3% of the mountain species are not restricted to this region. This comparision shows very clear the high degree of adaptive abilities and vitality of the lowland dragonflies.

Occurrence, development and natural enemies of cecidogenous generations of Pemphigus gairi Stroyan (Sternorrhyncha, Pemphigidae)

The paper deals with the occurrence, development and natural enemies of the cecidogenous aphid Pemphigus gairi Stroyan (Pemphigidae). The aphid abundantly occurred on leaves of Populus nigra and P. nigra var. italica in Brno in 2003. It was described from England and no information on its occurrence is available in literature from continental Europe. It refers to a holocyclic and heteroecious species. In localities under study, larvae of fundatrices hatched mainly in the last decade of April. Through their sucking on the abaxial face of freshly unfolded leaves of poplars, species-unspecific lengthwise tile-like galls originate on the adaxial face of leaves (near the central leaf vein). During 12 to 14 days, fundatrices mature in galls of an average length and width 11.2 and <br />3.9 mm, respectively. Adults live about 1.5 months, namely max. until mid-July. They produce on average 75.6 fundatrigeniae which mature to winged migrantes alatae in the course of 16 days. In the period of hatching the first migrants (at the end of May), galls grow up to the final length of about 11.8 mm and width 4.7 mm. In primary slit-shaped caps on the abaxial face of leaves, migrants leave the galls through emergence holes. In a secondary host (Aethusa cynapium, Daucaceae), they produce on average about <br />17.5 larvae of exules. Owing to natural enemies (above all true bugs of the species Anthocoris minki), aphids die in 90% of galls.

Contribution to the knowledge on bionomics of Byctiscus betulae L. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on grapevine

At a time of its massive occurrence on grapevine a less known part of the vine leaf roller (Byctiscus betulae L.) bionomics was studied in the period from the last decade of April until the first decade of May 2000 in the region of Slovenian Istria. It was established that in 90% of the cigar-like structures, which are formed of rolled leaves, their length was between 6.5 to 10.0 cm. In almost 50% of cases the females lay 3–4 eggs per 'cigar'. A statistically significant and very weak positive correlation was noted between the length of the 'cigar' and the number of eggs laid into the ‘cigar’. A similar statistical relationship was observed between the number of bitten leaves during the supplemental feeding of weevils and the number of ‘cigars’. This shows that the number of laid eggs is influenced by a number of factors and that the females do not lay eggs only on the plants on which they feed, but also on other plants. Though the weevil can harm on average more than 10 leaves in the early stage of vine development, it is listed among interesting rather than among damaging insects. The most abundant in the population were the weevils of metallic green color.

On the Advantages of Earlier Transplanting of Rice in Miyagi Prefecture

Traditional planting date of rice seedlings on flooded paddy fields is around 10th of May in Pacific Ocean costal district (Miyagi prefecture) of south Tohoku in Japan, and it has been believed that the transplanting before this date is difficult because air temperature is not yet high enough for rice growth, or even harmful. In this district, however, one of the peak periods of solar radiation intensity appears in the spring. This work was made with the aim to increase the rice yield by advancing the planting date so as to utilize the rich radiation energy in the spring of this district.The temperature conditions in this district were re-examined in 1977 and 1978 for the last decade of April. Several observation spots were spaced over this district (see Fig. 1), and air and water temperatures were measured. Since the numbers of the spots for the water temperature were limited, the spatial distribution of the water temperature was estimated from those of the air by using empirical equations given in Table 1. The averages of the daily maximum, the daily minimum and the daily mean air temperatures over the last decade of April in this district were found to distribute in the ranges of 14-17°C, 2-6°C and 8-12°C, respectively (Figs. 2 and 3), and these temperature conditions were considered not to be sufficient for the rice growth, or even harmful. As is shown in Figs. 2 and 3, however, the averages of the daily maximum, the daily minimum and the daily mean water temperatures over the same period were in the ranges of 24-28°C, 3-9°C and 11-15°C, respectively and considerably higher than those of the air. Since the shoot apical region of rice is in water at the early growth stage of the plant, the rice at this stage is more strongly affected by water temperature than by air temperature. From these facts we concluded that in most part of this district the water temperature at the last decade of April is high enough to permit the rice growth and developments without suffering severe cold damages.The effects of early transplantings on the growth and yield of rice were, then, examined by the field experiments made in 1977 and 1978. The rice cultivar used for the experiments was ‘Sasanishiki’ and 10 experimental fields were distributed over this district (Fig. 1). In each field the rice seedlings (raised in a nursery green house) were transplanted on different dates, which were 0-18 days before the traditional planting date. With advancing the planting date, the plant dry weight and the grain yield, both, linearly increased in both years (Figs. 5 and 6). When the plants were transplanted before the end of April, the yield in both years was above 600kg/10a which was significantly higher than the traditional yield level of this district. The advantage in the yield of the early transplantings was considered to be realized mainly through inceased total sunshine duration that the plants received during the growth, because the sunshine duration increased with advancing the transplanting date and because the yield was approximately linearly proportional to the sunshine duration (Fig. 5). The cumulative water and air temperatures at the grain-filling stage (40 days after the heading) also increased 3 to 7% by the early transplanting of 20th of April.

Physical Properties of the Snow Cover on Mt. Tateyama in Central Honshu, Japan

Mt. Tateyama and its vicinity are in the region of heavy snowfall in Japan, but the snow cover of this mountainous area has not been investigated before. The purpose of the present work was to clarify the characteristics of snow cover on the Murodo flat (2450 m above sea level) in Mt. Tateyama. Vertical distributions of density, Kinoshita's hardness, temperature and texture of snow were observed once a month through 3 winters from 1972 to 1975. The Murodo flat was covered with snow from November to July and the water equivalent of snow cover reached a maximum of about 250 cm, in the last decade of April. From November to March a major portion of snow cover consisted of fine-grained compact snow. Maximum values of density and hardness were recorded in March as 0.51 g/cm3 and 25 kg/cm2, respectively. The relation between hardness R and density ρ is expressed roughly as R = 4004.6ρ kg/cm2. These values of hardness are about two times larger than those observed in Sapporo and Toikanbetsu of Hokkaido. The relation between density and compactive viscosity coefficient η derived from density distribution and accumulation rate is expressed by η =C exp (kρ) g·day/cm2. k is 20.2 for all snow covers, while C is in the range from 3.3 to 1.0, and the maximum and minimum correspond to the colder period (February) and warmer period (March) respectively. During the thawing season after April the average values of grain size and hardness of wet granular snow were about 2 mm in diameter and 5 kg/cm2 respectively and remained unchanged, while the density increased with time and reached 0.65 g/cm3 at the maximum early in July.

Studies on the influence of the temperature upon the development of the wild silkworm

Since the wild silkworms emerge, copulate and lay their eggs outdoors, it is natural that the procession of their life cycle are greatly influenced by the enviromental temperatures. Antheraea pernyi, in particular, emerges from the last decade of April to the first decade of May when the air temperatures below 5°C sometimes threaten these animals, so that low temperatures are more significant than high.Accoding to the writers' experiment made in May 1953 with the univoltine Antheraea pernyi reared at the Ariake Wild Sikworm Experimental Station, the minimum temperatures for the emergence, the copulation and the laying are 10.5°C 8.0°C and 7.5°C respectively.

On the Late Frost Forecasting in Matsumoto Basin, Nagano Pref.

1. The late frost damage in this area begins usually from the middle of the last decade of April and threatens all through May. But, in the spring when the weather advances, it sometimes occurs earlier. Therefore, it is insufficient to learn only the perilous period in calendar, but is necessary to duly deliberate the frost-tolerance of crops variable at each stage of their growth. The writers accordingly accumulate the temperatures over 3°C of the daily mean air temperatures from Jan. to the previous day in considerationthe so-called accumulative temperaturein order to get anindex which indicates the growth stage of the crops. As far as this area is concerned, we found that it is the begining of the perilous period of frost damage when the index becomes 150°C.2. We next studied statistically on the relation between the existence of frost its predictor based on the date obtained these 44 years.Using these results, we may forecast the forming of frost with the following measures.Step 1. —First of all, decide whether the prognostic pressure pattern is of frosty type or not as is shown in Fig. 2.Step 2. —In the case of the late frosty pressure pattern, read the air temperature and the vapour tension at 6 P. M. In TE diagram (i.e. Fig. 3), take P whose coordinates are these readings in order to decide section in which P is located.(a). When P is in Section A, the succeeding morning is frosty in 92-100% probability. (b) When P is in Section D, the succeeding morning is free from frost in 98-100% probability. (c). When P is either in Section B or C, one has, furthermore, to rely upon the following means.Step 3.—(a). When the weather is clear or fine at 6 P. M. and the weather is forecasted to be clear till the succeeding dawn, it forms in 76-94% probability if P is in Section B, and in 31-66% probability if P is in Section C. (b). In the case of the weather different from the above mensioned conditions: —In order to have frost in the succeeding dawn, we have upper limits of air temperature at 6 P. M. for each weather condition shown in Table 3. Under these conditions, the frost is expected with in the confidence limits of occurrence probability indicated in the last column of the table.3. When the frost is expected with the above mentioned measures, we can estimate the frost intensity by the following means.Step 1—(a) When P is in Section C at T-E diagram, the expected frost in the successive dawn is weak in 72-100% probability. (b). When P is either in Section A or B in the figure, it has to be forecasted according to the following measures.Step 2— From the weather conditions at 6 P. M. and the successive prognostic weather, the frost is judged to be strong within the confidence limits in the last column of Table 5 in accodance with the weather conditions of the table.

On Moving Molecules in the Interior of Cells

<h3>Abstract</h3> In the last decade of April 2020, the second epidemic wave began in Iran. If judging by the dynamics of total cases, the birth of this second wave coincides practically with the maximum growth rate of the primary epidemic started in Iran from the very beginning of 2020. Today, the secondary epidemic wave almost doubles the peak of the primary. The new epidemic wave grows rapidly and unpredictably. Also, we admit that the secondary epidemic waves are already getting started in other countries.