Application Of Laser Scanning Research Articles

Use of terrestrial laser scanning point cloud in the inventory of Mechowo Caves

An inventory is a set of technical operations for obtaining reliable information about a site in order to prepare technical and descriptive documentation, presenting the current state of objects. One of the measurement technologies allowing for the acquisition of reliable and comprehensive information about a site is terrestrial laser scanning. A point cloud from terrestrial laser scanning generates both 2D surveys and 3D models of various types of objects. The scope of research work included the application of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology in the inventory of the Mechowo Caves – a cave in the village of Mechowo. The survey of the area in front of the cave and its part accessible to visitors was carried out using a Leica P40 laser scanner. Due to the highly varied shape of the cave ( multiple low and narrow passages) and its unique character, the measurement had to be performed in a non-standard way – with the use of numerous measuring stations with different combinations of measuring instrument settings and variable scanning parameters. As a result of the work, a point cloud was generated, based on which cross-sections presenting the spatial layout of the Mechowo Caves were created, as well as a 3D model of the area covered by the survey.

Research and Application of Deformation Detection Technology for Vertical Storage Tanks Based on Three-dimensional Laser Scanning

Abstract Vertical storage tank is one of the most important storage equipment in the petroleum industry, which is widely used in the petroleum and petrochemical industry. Once a deformation accident occurs in a vertical storage tank, it will generate extremely high danger and cause great harm effects. Therefore, foreign experts have been focusing on research on deformation detection of vertical storage tanks. In this paper, Vertical storage tanks are subjected to deformation assessment using 3D laser scanning technology, which focuses on solving the problem of missing point cloud repair in the application of three-dimensional laser scanning. Our research represents a BP neural network point cloud repair calculation method based on interpolation, which is based on the conventional interpolation method for horizontal point cloud repair. Compared with interpolation method, the BP neural network point cloud repair calculation method based on interpolation method has faster speed and higher accuracy. These findings provide essential technical support for further research on vertical tank deformation detection technology which based on three-dimensional laser scanning in the future.

The Laser Scanner Technique: A Tool for Determining Shear Strength Parameters of Rock Mass Discontinuities

When evaluating the shear strength of rock mass discontinuities, certain challenges arise due to the difficulty in quantifying the roughness characteristics of surfaces and the strength of asperities. Recent research has focused on enhancing techniques for assessing these characteristics and exploring the application of laser scanning to aid in evaluating discontinuity features. The analysis of reflectivity values (I) obtained through a laser scanner survey presents an efficient method for assessing mechanical characteristics, such as joint compressive strength (JCS). Reflectivity measurements demonstrate correlations with Schmidt hammer rebound values (r). The laser scanner technique would enable the measurement of JCS without the direct application of the Schmidt hammer on rocks in areas where rebound values (r) measurements are unavailable. The use of a laser scanner allows for the acquisition of high-precision geometrical information concerning the 3D roughness and anisotropy of rock surfaces. In this study, an innovative technique was introduced that utilizes laser scanner data from six previous experimental surveys conducted on rock formations in Southern Italy. This technique facilitates the evaluation of roughness profiles, considering potential variations along kinematically admissible sliding directions, allowing for the estimation of the Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC). This new methodology aids in evaluating the parameters of Barton’s equation to determine the strength characteristics of rock mass discontinuities.

APPLICATION OF LASER SCANNING IN THE BASIC GEODETIC WORKS DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE THERMAL SPA GUBER COMPLEX

<p class="ABSTRACT">Laser scanning is one of the most modern technologies used for the mass collection of spatial data in the form of coordinates of points in space. Given that laser scanning is often used during the restoration of buildings and building facades, the paper describes the application of mobile laser scanning in the example of the reconstruction of the Banje Guber complex. In the practical part of the work, the cloud of points obtained by scanning the Banja Guber complex was processed and the computer software used for data processing was presented. A 3D model of the terrain and the classic geodetic situation of the Banja Guber complex was created.</p>

Practicalities of Incorporating 3D Laser Scanning with BIM in Live Construction Projects: A Case Study

The integration of laser scanning technology and Building Information Modelling (BIM) processes offers a transformative approach to managing the complexities in live construction projects. This paper aims to explore the significant impacts of incorporating laser scanning and BIM on construction projects in terms of as-built models, information management, and overall project performance utilising case study analysis of a building that was not BIM-based. The research scope is defined by the need to investigate the integration of laser scanning and BIM in live construction projects. It details the data acquisition process, challenges encountered due to site obstructions, and the methodologies employed for spatial modelling procedures. Key findings reveal that such integration can significantly enhance the accuracy of data collection and improve project outcomes. Results also identify the need for specialised equipment and skills for the effective implementation of such integrations. The research concludes by offering a practical approach to enhancing construction processes, from design to maintenance. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a detailed analysis of the practical application of laser scanning and BIM in a live construction project, offering insights into the benefits, challenges, and future directions for integrating these technologies in the construction industry.

Frequency selection rule for the HDHF Lissajous scanning imaging with a low-voltage one axis actuated PZT scanner based on an asymmetric fiber cantilever.

Lissajous micro scanners are very attractive in compact laser scanning applications for biomedical endoscopic imaging, such as confocal microscopy, endomicroscopy or optical coherence tomography. The scanning frequencies have a very important effect on the quality of the resulting Lissajous scanning imaging. In this paper, we propose a frequency selection rule for high definition and high frame-rate (HDHF) Lissajous scanning imaging, by deriving the relationship among the scanning field of view (FOV), actuation frequencies and pixel size based on the characteristics of the scanning trajectory. The minimum sampling rate based on the proposed frequency selection rule is further discussed. We report a lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) based Lissajous fiber scanner to achieve HDHF Lissajous scanning imaging. Based on the frequency selection rule, different frequency combinations are calculated, under which the Lissajous fiber scanner can work at the frame rate (FR) of 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 40 Hz and 52 Hz. The trajectory evolution of the Lissajous scanning at the frame rate of 10 Hz has been obtained to verify the applicability of the proposed rule. The measured resolution of the scanner is 50.8 lp/mm at the unit optical magnification, and the measured FOV at the FR of 10 Hz and 40 Hz are 1.620 mm ×1.095 mm and 0.405 mm ×0.27 mm, respectively. HDHF Lissajous scanning images of the customized spatial varying binary pattern are obtained and reconstructed at the FR of 10 Hz and 40 Hz, demonstrating the practicability of the frequency selection rule.

Use of laser scanning and 3D software in mining design

The article presents the results of laser scanning measurements in horizontal and vertical headings of copper ore mines in Poland. Laser scanners are used primarily for the inventorying of large chambers or workings that are difficult to access. The point clouds obtained from the measurements are processed in CAD programmes, the study then examined examples of their use in underground mining. The examples included the use of scans for modernisation projects and for designing new mine workings. This paper explores the integration of laser scanning and 3D software as a powerful toolset for enhancing various aspects of mining design. Through the accurate capture of spatial data using laser scanning technologies, detailed representations of mining environments can be generated, enabling engineers to create precise digital models of underground workings, open-pit mines, and associated infrastructure. Furthermore, the integration of 3D software facilitates the manipulation and analysis of this captured data, allowing for the development of comprehensive design solutions. By leveraging the capabilities of 3D modelling and simulation tools, mining engineers can conduct virtual assessments of proposed designs, identify potential risks and inefficiencies, and optimize operational layouts to maximize productivity and safety. This paper reviews the methodologies and applications of laser scanning and 3D software in mining design, highlighting their contributions to key aspects such as geological modelling, slope stability analysis, ventilation planning, and equipment optimization.

Examples of laser scanning application in JSW SA mines

Laser scanning offers timely assessments of mine sites despite challenges posed by operational environments. This article explores advancements in 3D scanning systems, data capture and processing techniques, and their primary applications in underground mining, using JSW SA mines as an example. While laser scanning has matured for tasks such as change detection, clearance measurements, and structure mapping, opportunities for enhancement exist in areas such as lithology identification, surface parameter measurements, and autonomous navigation. Limited infrastructure for data transfer and processing remains a constraint; however, laser scanners are increasingly pivotal in mine automation due to their affordability, accuracy, and mobility. Until recently, laser scanning was considered more of a curiosity than a mainstream measuring method. In Poland, creating maps for land surveying based on point clouds generated by laser scanners remains uncommon. Nevertheless, technological advances over the past decade have made surveyors, designers, architects, and conservators of historical monuments increasingly inclined and capable of utilizing point clouds generated by stationary scanners, which offer evergreater measurement accuracy. This article outlines how laser scanning, as an innovative measurement technique, has been integrated into the mining industry, particularly for shaft monitoring purposes.

Laser Scanning Application for the Enhancement of Quality Assessment in Shipbuilding Industry

The need for a shipyard to improve the quality of its final products is crucial to be competitive in the shipbuilding market. In particular, in the latest years the attention has moved to reducing the presence and occurrence of dimensional non-conformities throughout the entire construction process, in order to facilitate and speed up subsequent phases and ship blocks assembly. This necessity has led shipyards management to evaluate the introduction of dimensional detection systems for the manufactured articles. As an innovative solution, laser scanning technologies have been already tested in extensive ways at industrial level and have recently found application in the shipbuilding sector. Specifically, among the various available technologies, laser scanner systems and laser trackers proved to be the most suitable ones for the targeted purposes. Within the paper, the authors firstly describe the evolution of shipbuilding process and highlight its peculiarities. Then, they focuse on the quality assessment process with a specific reference to both dimensional controls and laser scanning technologies that may support such operation. The application of the latest-generation tools is validated through the presentation and discussion of a real case study related to a ship block. Finally, the authors present the potential future developments and integration of laser scanning technologies within Industry 4.0 framework.

Using of modern technologies for visualization of cultural heritage

This paper explores the historical evolution and contemporary applications of photogrammetry and laser scanning in cultural heritage preservation, focusing on the restoration of the Shush synagogue in Iraqi Kurdistan. It traces the development of documentation techniques, highlighting photogrammetry's pivotal role and the impact of the digital revolution. The case study of Project Shush illustrates the practical use of geomatics techniques, advanced 3D modeling, and collaboration with NGOs and authorities. The methodology outlines the use of technologies like terrestrial laser scanners (BLK360, Zeb-Revo) and UAVs, emphasizing their mobility and accuracy. Results detail the project stages, showcasing the creation of a detailed 3D model and the use of Unreal Engine for visualization. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of 3D documentation in cultural heritage and celebrates the success of the Shush synagogue restoration as a testament to technological advancements in preservation. Our research has shown that the joining of different 3D object documentation technologies significantly improves the quality and speeds up the workflow. Comparison of partial point clouds in software Cloudcompare on a case study of a smaller historic building showed differences in the internal structure in centimeters, while for the external parts that were covered with vegetation the differences reached up to decimeters.

Investigation of Inner Lining Loss and Correlation with Steel Structure Ovality in Rotary Kilns

The article delves into the application of laser scanning within the realm of engineering, concentrating its examination on rotary kilns. Through an in-depth case study, this article meticulously assesses the advantages inherent in utilising laser scanning technology and draws comparisons with conventional measurement methods. The overarching objective of the investigation is to unravel the intricate relationship between the deterioration of the rotary kiln liners and the ovality of the underlying steel structure. By meticulously analysing these aspects, this article seeks to contribute valuable insights into the understanding of this complex interplay in the context of engineering practices. As a measurement apparatus, a terrestrial laser scanner was used. The interior and exterior of the rotary kiln were measured. The primary focus object was inner-lining loss and the geometric characteristics of the cylindrical shells. The research uncovered significant disparities in inner lining loss between the sections. A correlation was found between the ovality and elimination of the inner lining. Due to the hypothesis of constant inner lining loss in the middle of the rotary kiln, the investigation found that the loss of brick lining was less than the value reported from the wells. This study offers significant information on the maintenance and repair strategies for rotary kilns, which have the potential to increase their efficiency and useful life.

Comparative Analysis of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Terrestrial Laser Scanning Application for Coastal Zone Monitoring

Comparative Analysis of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Terrestrial Laser Scanning Application for Coastal Zone Monitoring

Displacement field reconstruction in landslide physical modeling by using a terrain laser scanner – Part 1: Methodology, error analysis and validation

Laser scanning technology has been widely used in landslide aspects. However, the existing deformation analysis based on terrain laser scanners can only provide limited information, which is insufficient for understanding landslide kinematics and failure mechanisms. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes an automated method for processing point clouds collected in landslide physical modeling. This method allows the acquisition of quantitative three-dimensional (3D) deformation field information. The results show the organized and spatially related point cloud segmentation in terms of spherical targets. The segmented point clouds can be fitted to determine the locations of all preset targets and their corresponding location changes. The proposed method has been validated based on theoretical analysis and numerical and physical tests, which indicates that it can batch-process massive data sets with high computational efficiency and good noise resistance. Compared to existing methods, this method shows a significant potential for understanding landslide kinematics and failure mechanisms and advancing the application of 3D laser scanning in geotechnical modeling.

Historical charcoal-burning mounds in the Engure area, Latvia, and their significance for the history of forest exploitation

The application of airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) has led to the discovery of numerous man-made mounds encircled by pits in the forests near Engure, north-western Latvia. Field survey revealed these to be historical features remaining from charcoal-burning in mound kilns. Archaeological excavation was undertaken at one of the features, along with analysis of recovered wood charcoal, dendrochronological and radiocarbon (14C) dating and archival research into documents relating to historical charcoal production in the area. All of the analysed charcoal samples are from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), the dominant tree species in this area. It is concluded that the large-scale charcoal production served the needs of the ironworks operating at Engure in the 17th–18th century. The study of the charcoal-burning mounds has permitted estimation of the source area and volume of the wood supplied for charcoal production, and the period during which it was undertaken. Wood harvesting on such a scale had a significant impact on the surrounding forests and also had some effect on subsequent forest growth in the area. These findings demonstrate that features of this kind deserve to be regarded as archaeological remains of considerable research potential. Keywords: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, forest history, Scots pine, charcoal-burning mounds, charcoal kilns, wood charcoal

THE FEATURES OF SPORTS COMPLEX 'SUNKAR' MONITORING BY TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING

Abstract. The paper is aimed at the study of monitoring workflow in adverse observation conditions for sports structures. The application of terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring various objects is well-studied. However, the deployment of TLS for large sports structures is challenging. Such structures have huge sizes, complex geometry and need the control of particular elements. The monitoring gets complicated in the case when the structure is placed on a very steep slope, e.g., ski jumps or bobsleigh tracks. The subject of the presented study is the complex of ski jumps 'Sunkar' emplaced in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan. The monitoring network for the complex was created using a robotic total station. Due to the extreme sizes of the object (height 70 m, width 8 m, length over 100 m), TLS was accomplished from all points of the network to ensure the necessary density of point clouds and reliable georeferencing. The main observation parameters were the displacements of the ski jumps regarding the longitudinal axis. To retrieve the axis coordinates, the point cloud was sliced along the ski jump surface. The geometry of the longitudinal axis was simulated using spline functions. As an output, the suggested monitoring workflow is provided that ensures the quality of the necessary results.

Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Inventories of Architectural Objects and Building Structures – Illustrated by St. Lazarus’ Church in Wrocław (Poland)

Laser scanning technology is currently one of the most popular geodetic measurement methods, used for example in preparing inventories of architectural objects and of building structures. Its advantage results from high measurement effectiveness (the possibility to acquire large amounts of data in a relatively short period of time), precision and “resistance” to environmental conditions (the ability to make measurements independently of light or wind conditions, also during light rain or in the presence of limited amounts of dust in the air). This paper presents a method for using the Autodesk Revit environment to construct a 3D model of St. Lazarus’ Church in Wrocław. The model is based on data acquired from in-field measurements using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). The paper also presents a methodology for the acquisition and processing of such data and includes an evaluation of the precision of both the data and the resulting 3D model. The final result of the presented research comprises a 3D model of St. Lazarus’ Church in Wrocław, together with 2D documentation.

Non-mechanical multidirectional optical beam steering using fringing fields in liquid crystals

Non-mechanical multidirectional and wide-angle beam-steering devices are of high interest in advanced laser scanning applications. We present a non-mechanical multidirectional beam-steering device utilizing fringing fields in the liquid crystals. An electrically tunable gradient refractive index (GRIN) region is created due to the fringing fields. The direction of GRIN and the steered beam is controlled by modulating the applied voltage across the designed four-electrode system. The presented device demonstrates a continuously varying steering angle up to ±3∘ at a low applied voltage of ±10Vpp. Moreover, the device is compact, cost-effective, and easy to fabricate, and delivers beam steering in eight different directions.

Machine Learning and Deep Learning for the Built Heritage Analysis: Laser Scanning and UAV-Based Surveying Applications on a Complex Spatial Grid Structure

The reconstruction of 3D geometries starting from reality-based data is challenging and time-consuming due to the difficulties involved in modeling existing structures and the complex nature of built heritage. This paper presents a methodological approach for the automated segmentation and classification of surveying outputs to improve the interpretation and building information modeling from laser scanning and photogrammetric data. The research focused on the surveying of reticular, space grid structures of the late 19th–20th–21st centuries, as part of our architectural heritage, which might require monitoring maintenance activities, and relied on artificial intelligence (machine learning and deep learning) for: (i) the classification of 3D architectural components at multiple levels of detail and (ii) automated masking in standard photogrammetric processing. Focusing on the case study of the grid structure in steel named La Vela in Bologna, the work raises many critical issues in space grid structures in terms of data accuracy, geometric and spatial complexity, semantic classification, and component recognition.

Construction Quality Inspection Method of Substation Fabricated Structure Based on 3D Laser Scanning

The substation construction project is highly professional and comprehensive, requiring multiple disciplines’ cooperation. It is greatly affected by geographical and environmental factors and has the characteristics of high management requirements and difficult quality control in the construction process. Based on the good initial position of the point cloud to be registered, if this requirement cannot be met, the registered point cloud data is prone to the optimal local solution. Thus, this paper introduces three-dimensional laser scanning to detect the construction quality of the substation assembly structure. On this basis, the data registration method realizes the accurate point cloud registration, and the data’s main feature vector is extracted through a linear transformation. Through the spatial transformation of the principal axis direction, the registration of the point cloud number is completed. The problem of the optimal local solution of registration is effectively solved. The point cloud data model is created by actual data acquisition, and the influencing factors of reverse construction of the geometric model are analyzed. The specific implementation scheme is put forward to ensure the accuracy of the geometric model construction. The test verified the reasonable and effective application of 3D laser scanning in the prefabricated building installation. Besides, the effective method of the high-precision point cloud model data output is determined.

Application of airborne laser scanning and electrical resistivity tomography in the study of an active landslide and geology of the cliff, Jastrzębia Góra, Poland

The cliff in Jastrzębia Góra is one of the most an active landslide areas along the Polish Baltic coast. The aim of these studies was to determine the dynamics of displacements in an active landslide and to identify the geology of the cliff. Two methods, ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) and ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography), were used for this purpose. Multitemporal ALS data were used to determine the geomorphological changes within the cliff and find the causes of the rapid rate of cliff edge landslides. ALS differential models were the sources of new information about the dynamics of vertical displacement in the landslide and helped calculate the volume of displaced rock masses that occurred over 12 years. The cliff was found to become significantly an active in 2010. This process was observed by analysing the relief of multitemporal digital elevation models, differential models, AND morphological sections and by conducting long-term field observations. The ERT surveys made it possible to generate two 3D ERT electrical resistivity models that provided much new information about the geological structure of the cliff. Additionally, a 2D ERT profile was made through the landslide. The internal structure of the landslide was recognized, and the depth of the slip surface was estimated. The results permitted clarifying the cause of the high landslide activity and the rapid rate of retreat of the cliff edge over the past 12 years. In addition, by means of the results of electrical resistivity surveys and the use of archival boreholes, it was possible to extrapolate a model of the surface relief of the clay hill using geostatistical methods. It was found that at the boundary with the active landslide—the top of the clay layer—is tilted towards the north, i.e. towards the sea, which favours the activation of the landslide. The proposed research methodology, as well as the obtained information, may be of significant assistance in further diagnosis and prognosis of the dynamics of landslide development and the causes of landslide formation within cliff coasts.