Laser Meter Research Articles

Determining the usability of the ViDoc device, which integrates with smart phones, in documenting historical structures

The documentation of historical structures is considered as a crucial subject in international regulations. The accuracy and speed of documentation are among the significant factors for the qualified transmission of cultural values to future generations. In this study, the accuracy and position precision of ViDoc device, which integrates with an iPad Pro equipped with LIDAR system, have been determined. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of this device have been elaborated in detail. The aim of the study is to determine whether the ViDoc device and iPad Pro can be used in documenting historical structures. The study covers the traditional method of documentation based on measurement with meter and analog devices, documentation with a total station, and documentation with the ViDoc device, using two historical fountains selected as examples. Two cultural heritage fountains located in Kastamonu province, Turkey, have been selected for documentation. Measurements of the fountains were taken using a precision meter and a laser meter in the classical method, and corner point coordinates were obtained with a total station. The measurement process was carried out in one go using a ViDoc device and a smartphone. As a result of the study, it was understood that the ViDoc device made very positive contributions to the scanning accuracy of smart devices with LIDAR sensors. When comparing the measurement values in the documentation of the structures, the accuracy precision was found to be less than 1 cm (0.7 cm), and the positioning accuracy was less than 5 cm. In the measurement conducted without using the ViDoc device, differences in position distances reached up to 79 m. This indicates that the device can be used for documentation in structures without creating disadvantages. However, it has been determined through the study that the device may not be usable for every structure. Nevertheless, the study also evaluates the device as a new alternative alongside traditional documentation, photogrammetry, and terrestrial laser scanning systems. The study is significant as it is the first to holistically determine the measurement accuracy of the device and the positioning accuracy specifically in relation to historical structures.

: Analisis Persebaran Intensintas Penerangan Di Laboratorium Balai Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) Samarinda Berdasarkan PERMANKER No. 5 Tahun 2018 Menggunakan Metode Mapping

A light is needed by humans to recognize an object visually. Good lighting allows people to see the objects they are working on clearly and quickly. There is a national standardization that is used as a race for the intensity of lighting that is categorized based on the type of work performed. Therefore, this study aims to determine the level of intensintas lighting in the Laboratory of the Center for Occupational Safety and health (K3) Samarinda based PERMENAKER No. 5 of 2018. In this study using the mapping method used as the determination of the coordinate points and then use the Lux meter EC 1 and Laser Meter Distance for data retrieval illumination. The results obtained the intense level of illumination in the Laboratory of the Center for Occupational Safety and health (K3) Samarinda based on PERMENAKER No. 5 of 2018 (lighting standards according to job classification) the work areas that meet the standards are on the administration workbench, pretreatment table (Room 8), and fume hood laying room (Room 7) while the work areas of the weighing room (Room 1), UV-VIS room (Room 2), Spectrophoto room (Room 3), Natural absorption room (Room 4), and solid chemical room (Room 5) did not meet the standards.

Pollutants In the Selected 3 – Bus Station Microenvironments in Enugu Metropolis

Idling buses in bus station micro-environments potentially pollute ambient air with health implications for commuters with long waiting times. This study aimed at finding the severity of air pollutants in selected three bus station microenvironments in Enugu metropolis, South Eastern Nigeria with the objective to determine the air quality index. Real time measurements of ambient particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) and gaseous pollutants such as SO2, NO2 and CO were monitored, in conjunction with meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature and relative humidity) on idling buses in selected three bus stations and a control station in Enugu Metropolis. The study spanned through September 2016 to August 2018, covering dry and wet seasons. Hand-held Aeroqual Series - 200 gas monitor/sensors, particulates laser meter and ambient weather anemometer were used to collect data. Results indicated that the daily highest mean concentrations of pollutants were as follows: PM10=228µg/m3 – Young Shall Grow; PM2.5=99.5µg/m3 – Young-Shall-Grow; SO2=0.81ppm – Ifesinachi; NO2= 0.068ppm – Young-Shall-Grow; CO= 7.376ppm – ABC, consistently maintained higher concentrations than those at the control station. AQI was calculated with AQI calculator. The air quality index (AQI) results showed a severe health issue in the selected 3-bus station micro environments. This implies that commuters are highly at risk if they cluster idling buses at bus stations. This study can assist the relevant authorities to set strict ambient air quality objectives for pollutants in transport micro environments.

EXAMINING ARCHITECTURAL PROJECT APPLICATIONS WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRIC POINT CLOUD: IĞDIR UNIVERSITY MOSQUE

In accordance with the developments in today's technology, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in architectural documentation and 3D modeling studies is becoming increasingly widespread. When the studies in the literature are examined, it is seen that they focus on the documentation and 3D modeling of historical buildings. In this study, unlike the research in the literature, the usability of UAV photogrammetry in architectural project implementation and monitoring is investigated. In line with this aim, 3D point clouds and 3D models were generated using UAV photos in the study. For the identified reference points, measurements obtained from architectural project drawings, measurements taken on-site using the measurement technique with a laser meter, and finally the comparison of the measurements corresponding to these reference points on the 3D model produced from UAV photos were conducted. Based on the obtained data, when the detailed measurements taken with a laser meter are compared with the detailed measurements taken from the 3D model obtained with UAV, the consistency level is observed to be an average of 98% and above. Thus, the accuracy of the measurements obtained using UAV photogrammetry has been proven. Additionally, it was observed that measurements taken with a laser meter from the same reference points on the architectural project were different. The reason for this is the modification of the forms of details in the implementation phase of the architectural project. In this regard, it is thought that obtaining precise measurements on photos taken with UAV photogrammetry will provide an important groundwork for future studies on architectural project implementation and monitoring.

Chest Compression Depth Targets in Critically Ill Infants and Children Measured With a Laser Distance Meter: Single-Center Retrospective Study From Japan, 2019-2022.

Current resuscitation guidelines recommend target chest compression depth (CCd) of approximately 4cm for infants and 5cm for children. Previous reports based on chest CT suggest these recommended CCd targets might be too deep for younger children. Our aim was to examine measurements of anterior-posterior chest diameter (APd) with a laser distance meter and calculate CCd targets in critically ill infants and children. A retrospective descriptive study. Single-center PICU, using data from May 2019 to May 2022. All critically ill children admitted to PICU and under 8 years old were eligible to be included in the retrospective cohort. None. The chest APd measurements using a laser distance meter are part of our usual practice on the PICU. Target CCd and the over-compression threshold CCd for each age group was calculated as 1/3 and 1/2 of APd, respectively. In 555 patients, the median (interquartile range) of the calculated target CCd for each age group was: 2.7 cm (2.5-2.9 cm), 2.9 cm (2.7-3.2 cm), 3.2 cm (3-3.5 cm), 3.4 cm (3.2-3.6 cm), 3.4 cm (3.2-3.6 cm), 3.6 cm (3.4-3.8 cm), 3.6 cm (3.4-4 cm), and 4 cm (3.5-4.2 cm), for 0, 2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-17, 18-23, 24 to less than 60, and 60 to less than 96 months, respectively. Using guideline-recommended absolute CCd targets, 4 cm for infants and 5 cm for children, 49% of infants between 0 and 2 months, and 45.5% of children between 12 and 17 months would be over-compressed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In our cohort, the 1/3 CCd targets calculated from APd measured by laser meter were shallower than the guideline-recommended CCd. Further studies including evaluating hemodynamics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with these shallower CCd targets are needed.

Statin administration ameliorates ischemia-induced overactive bladder with improvement of blood flow and anti-inflammatory effects in rats.

Statins are widely used to treat dyslipidemia and have been shown to reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The effects of statins on ischemia-induced overactive bladder (OAB) and the associated mechanisms were investigated in a rat model of chronic pelvic ischemia. A pelvic ischemia model was created by iliac arterial injury (AI) and a high-fat diet using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were assigned to 3 groups: control group, AI group, and AI + statin group. The control group underwent sham operation and was fed a normal diet. The AI group underwent AI surgery and was fed a high-cholesterol diet. The AI + statin group was administered a statin for 4 weeks. Cystometry was performed for 8 weeks after surgery. Blood flow was evaluated by laser meter. Thickness of the iliac arteries was measured, and microvascular density in the lamina propria was evaluated by immunostaining for CD31. Expressions of inflammatory cytokines in the bladder were measured by real-time PCR. Cystometry showed a significantly shorter voiding interval and lower bladder capacity in the AI group than in the control group. The AI + statin group showed improvement of these findings. The AI group showed decreased bladder blood flow, increased iliac arterial wall thickening, and decreased microvascular density compared to the control group. Statin administration improved blood flow. Iliac arterial wall thickening was suppressed, and microvascular density was increased by statin administration, though not significantly. Real-time PCR showed significantly higher expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in the AI group than in the control group, and IL-6 and IL-8 expressions were lower in the AI + statin group than in the AI group. The present results suggest that statins are effective in OAB caused by arteriosclerosis and ischemia. The mechanism of their effects involves improved bladder blood flow and decreased bladder inflammation.

The Concepts of Planning in Architecture and Environtment to Mitigate Tsunami Disaster Case Study: Semawang Beach, Denpasar, Bali

Bali won the title of “World's Favorite Tourist Destination Destination” at the 2020 PVK Award. This title is inseparable from the many natural and cultural tourist objects that attract local and foreign tourists to visit Bali, one of which is Semawang Beach, Denpasar. The wide, white and shallow coastal area, calm sea conditions, a favorite place to enjoy the sunrise, the many gazebos and tourism accommodations, the location near Ngurah Rai International Airport is the main attraction for tourists. However, according to information from the Head of the National BMKG Prof. Dwikorita Karnawati said that the southern region of East Java and Bali, including Semawang Beach, has the threat of an earthquake accompanied by a tsunami in the future which we cannot predict exactly when it will occur. Based on this, it can be concluded that what is the solution, especially from the engineering side, especially architecture, which creates beaches that are safe for tourists to visit in the form of permeable architectural and environmental models that support tsunami disaster mitigation. Specifically for the first year, the existing model will be evaluated first so that it is hoped that in the second year a permeable design model will be produced. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach using observation data, surveys, and documents. The research instruments were coastal base maps, total station tools, laser meters, stationery, autocad and 3d sketchup software, cameras and computers. The research which is planned for 9 months in the first year is expected to produce findings of evaluation of existing permeable architectural and environmental models in supporting tsunami disaster mitigation in the Semawang Beach area, Denpasar in terms of evacuation rescue routes, protective areas, safe zones, open spaces, facilities general disaster response, and determinants of disaster response in spatial planning and buildings.

Inter-geosphere interaction in the infrasonic range

On the basis of experimental data from laser strainmeters, a laser nanobarograph, and a laser meter of hydrosphere pressure variations, we studied inter-geosphere interaction in microseismic range (2–20 s) and in minute range (4–17 min). We established general patterns of transformation of the Earth’s crust upper layer oscillations into atmospheric oscillations, and atmospheric oscillations—into oscillations of the Earth’s crust upper layer in the specified ranges. Besides, we show that transformation coefficient has seasonal dependence, associated with different elastic characteristics of the Earth’s crust upper layer in winter and summer due to negative winter temperatures and high positive summer temperatures, and also different moisture saturation of the soils.

Distinguishing the Formation of Typhoon Forerunner Waves Propagating over the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan

During the propagation of the Hinnamnor typhoon from September 5 to 6, 2022, swell waves were recorded that arrived at the recording point 20 h before the typhoon entered the Sea of Japan. While analyzing the field data of the laser meter of fluid pressure variation, it was possible to calculate the area of the formation of the main group of swell waves generated by the propagating typhoon and to localize the region of generation of forerunner waves and also to describe the mechanisms of their formation and propagation.

Experimental study on velocity distribution and bed load transport in compound channels: Effect of the floodplain’s wall parallel with the meandering main channel

In this study, the effect of the floodplain’s parallel wall with a compound meandering main channel over the hydraulics flow has been analyzed experimentally. A constant sinuosity factor of 1.3 and relative flow depths of 0.3 to 0.55 were considered to illustrate the effect of the hydraulic parameters on the variations of the velocity components. Velocity components were measured by ADV velocimeter at seven cross sections with angles of zero, 30, and 60 degrees and mesh size of 2 cm × 2 cm. Furthermore, a laser meter measured the topographies of the sediment bed in the 33 cross-sections with an angle difference of 5 degrees to the bend apex. The results showed that in lower relative depths, due to vortexes and high turbulence intensity, the ability of flood damage will be more eminent. The CS04 section with the least longitudinal and transverse changes in the water level is the best position for hydraulic investigation of the meandering rivers. The left bank in sections CS03 to CS07 will be the place of deposit of sediment in nature with the formation of the stagnation area. The velocity of (Ud(fp-inner)) is 3 to 5 times higher than (Ud(fp-outer)). For this cause, the flow in the outer bank, unlike the inner bank, has a reduced effect on the flow velocity in the main channel. Increasing the relative depth, the ratio (Ud(mc)/Ud(T)) and (Ud(fp)/Ud(T)) decreased and increased, respectively. Therefore, the average velocity values in the main channel and the floodplains reached the average velocity of the whole section. The flow velocity in the main channel is always higher than in the floodplains, and the ratio (Ud(fp)/Ud(mc)) is less than one. The variation trend in the average values of bed shear stress, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and average kinetic energy (MKE) was decreased with increasing relative flow depth. Both factors of relative depth and Froude number will affect the location of the occurrence of the maximum values of velocity, bed shear stress, maximum depth hole and the peak of the sedimentary hill.

Analysis of the influence of temperature error on the procedure for measuring the geometric parameters of vehicles using laser meters

The purpose of the research was to study the effect of temperature error and temperature conditions on the measurement of the linear dimensions of vehicles, as well as to identify the optimal control conditions that ensure the reduction of errors in measuring the geometric parameters of vehicles. The goal was achieved by solving an urgent problem related to the use of laser-containing equipment, as well as determining the requirements and recommendations for the conditions for measuring the geometric parameters of vehicles. Keywords road transport, geometric parameters, environment, temperature, measurement accuracy

Comparison of 85th Percentile Operating Speed with different Median Segregation for Multilane Highways: A Case Study Kapar-Kuala Selangor

This study was conducted to compare the 85th percentile operating speed with different median segregation for multilane highways at three locations which are road with physical median, road with marking road median (deterioration) and road with marking road median. The site survey for this roadway is located at Jalan Kapar-Kuala Selangor, Selangor which is a multilane highways and road design standard is R5. Site condition in this area is flat terrain. Laser meter detector was used to collect the spot speed data of the various vehicle classes at three different locations with three different median segregations. Linear regression and paired t-test analysis was employed using Minitab statistical software to identify the significant difference in speed at the different median segregations. The results revealed that there is significant difference in the vehicle speed at location 1 where the physical median is present where the speed is 90.81 km/hr. Meanwhile, at location 2 and location 3 there are no significant difference in the vehicle speed. The vehicle speeds at these locations are 85.59 km/hr and 103.3 km/hr respectively. This indicates that the present of the different median segregation at the location has influence on the vehicle speed. Therefore, it is suggested that physical median segregation should be present at the multilane highways to increase the safety of the road users.

Study of Free Oscillations of Bays in the Northwestern Part of Posyet Bay

To study the specific features of free surface oscillations in the northwestern part of Posyet Bay (the Sea of Japan), a series of experimental works using an installation with a laser meter for measuring hydrosphere pressure variations were carried out in 2012 and 2014. In the course of the joint analysis, measurement results for oscillations with periods of 10–30 min and the results of calculations using a numerical model of shallow water with a difference approximation on an irregular triangular space grid, datasets of the space–time parameters for the resonance oscillations of the studied water area were obtained. The results of the numerical simulations confirm the manifestation of the resonance properties of Novgorodskaya, Expedicii, and Reyd Pallada Bays water areas on the oscillations singled out during the experimental studies. The positions of the peaks on the model resonance curves are consistent with the positions of the clearly pronounced peaks of the energy spectrum in the field data.

Modeling and Control of IPMC-Based Artificial Eukaryotic Flagellum Swimming Robot: Distributed Actuation

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are electrically driven materials that undergo bending deformations in the presence of relatively low external voltages, exhibiting a great potential as actuators in applications in soft robotics, microrobotics, and bioengineering, among others. This paper presents an artificial eukaryotic flagellum (AEF) swimming robot made up of IPMC segments for the study of planar wave generation for robot propulsion by single and distributed actuation, i.e., considering the first flagellum link as an actuator or all of them, respectively. The robot comprises three independent and electrically isolated actuators, manufactured over the same 10 mm long IPMC sheet. For control purposes, a dynamic model of the robot is firstly obtained through its frequency response, acquired by experimentally measuring the flagellum tip deflection thanks to an optical laser meter. In particular, two structures are considered for such a model, consisting of a non-integer order integrator in series with a resonant system of both non-integer and integer order. Secondly, the identified models are analyzed and it is concluded that the tip displacement of each actuator or any IPMC point is characterized by the same dynamics, which remains unchanged through the link with mere variations of the gain for low-frequency applications. Based on these results, a controller robust to gain variations is tuned to control link deflection regardless of link length and enabling the implementation of a distributed actuation with the same controller design. Finally, the deflection of each link is analyzed to determine whether an AEF swimming robot based on IPMC is capable of generating a planar wave motion by distributed actuation.

Evaluation of the Optical Aspects of the Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Device During Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery.

PurposeIn femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS), capsulorhexis can be performed with an ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) filled in the anterior chamber. We aimed to investigate changes in the laser properties in various optical aspects, such as focal shifting, reflection, and absorption associated with OVD.MethodsSimulation was achieved by calculating the laser power attenuation due to reflection and spot size change using the Gullstrand eye model. Additionally, we calculated the absorption coefficient by measuring the laser power passing through the OVD with a laser meter and evaluated the effect of absorption by the OVD.ResultsIn our simulation, power attenuation due to reflection was a maximum of 0.07%, and power attenuation was 0.08% even when considering the change according to the incident angle. Power attenuation due to the change of the spot size at the focus was 0.005%. Owing to the absorption of the OVD, a power increase of up to 13.5% was required for an anterior chamber depth of 3.0 mm to obtain the same effect as the aqueous humor.ConclusionsThe main reason for laser power attenuation associated with OVD was laser absorption through the OVD, and could also be caused by laser cavitation bubbles. To complete a safe capsulotomy during FLACS, the laser power should be increased appropriately, considering the absorption by the OVD in the anterior chamber.Translational RelevanceThe study results can be applied to calculate the optimal femtosecond laser energy to achieve complete capsulotomy during FLACS in the presence of anterior chamber OVD.

Ocean-Bottom Laser Seismograph.

This paper describes an ocean-bottom laser seismograph, based on the modified laser meter of hydrosphere pressure variations, and designed to record vertical bottom displacements at the place of its location. Its measuring accuracy is about 1 nm, limited by the stability of the laser emission, which can be improved by using more advanced lasers. The purpose of this instrument is to measure the displacements of the seabed’s upper layer in the low-frequency sonic and infrasonic ranges. Theoretically, it can operate in the frequency range from 0 (conditionally) to 1000 Hz; the upper limit is determined by the operating speed of the digital registration system. We demonstrated the capabilities of the ocean-bottom laser seismograph while registering vertical bottom displacements caused by sea wind waves and lower frequency processes—seiches, i.e., eigenoscillations of the bay in which the instrument was installed. Comparison of experimental data of the bottom laser seismograph with the data of the laser hydrosphere pressure variations meter and the velocimeter—installed in close proximity—shows good efficiency of the instrument.

Dynamics and Transformation of Sea Surface Gravity Waves at the Shelf of Decreasing Depth

This paper reviews the results of the processing of synchronized data on hydrosphere pressure variations and the Earth’s crust deformation in the microseismic range (5–15 s), obtained over the course of numerous experiments, using a coastal laser strainmeter and laser meters of hydrosphere pressure variations installed in various points of the Sea of Japan shelf. Interpreting the results, we have discovered new regularities in the dynamics of surface progressive gravity waves, and their transformation into primary microseisms, when waves move at the shelf of decreasing depth. For example, we found non-isochronous behavior of progressive waves, which manifests itself in a decrease in the periods of gravity waves due to the transformation of a part of their energy into the energy of primary microseisms. Furthermore, when processing the synchronous fragments of the records, made by laser strainmeters and laser meters of hydrosphere pressure variations, we identified approximate zones of the most effective transformation of the energy of gravity progressive waves into the energy of primary microseisms, which start from the depth of less than a half-wavelength and stretch to the surf zone.

Laboratory evaluation of permeable triangular vanes with six-pillar elements placed in the outer bend of a 180° flume

Extending the dimensions of the scour hole in the riverbank near the outer bank of meandering river which usually developed in the flat area can cause river bank failure and thus extensive damage to the surrounding area. In this study, the permeable triangular vanes (PTVs) made by six-pillar elements were implemented to evaluate the scour and sediment deposition in a 180° flume bend. Vanes with three different effective lengths were attached to the outer bank with space equal to five times the effective length and angle of 60° to the upstream. Three different effective lengths were tested under two different hydraulic conditions with the Froude numbers = 0.227 and 0.261. At the end of each experiment, the flume bed topography with laser meter was measured. To better compare the effect of vanes on the pattern of sediment distribution, two control experiments without the presence of vanes were also performed under the defined hydraulic conditions. The results showed that the permeable triangular vanes with the ratio of the effective length of vane (L) to the flume width (B) equal to 0.20 reduced the maximum scour hole and shift the scour from the outer bank to the nose of the vanes. For this case, the maximum depths of the scour were measured to be 19% and 45% of the flow depth and occurred at the nose of the fifth vane (at 66.75° location) at Froude numbers of 0.227 and 0.261, respectively. Moreover, the maximum height of the point bar above the bed on the outer bank was found to be equal to 30% and 31% of the flow depth at Froude numbers = 0.227 and 0.261, respectively. The results of this study improved previous studies conducted in the 90° bend and can be used as a guide for design purposes as an environmentally friendly countermeasure against bank scour in the bend of meandering rivers with gentle slope.

Laser Meter for Integral and Microstructural Characteristics of Atmospheric Precipitation OPTIOS

Laser Meter for Integral and Microstructural Characteristics of Atmospheric Precipitation OPTIOS

Dynamic Features of Infra-Gravity Sea Waves on the Shelf

The dynamic features of shelf infra-gravity sea waves and their relation to the main parameters of gravity sea waves are studied using experimental data obtained from a laser meter of hydrosphere pressure variations installed on the shelf of the Sea of Japan at a depth of 27 m.