Laser Beam Cladding Research Articles

A comprehensive review of AISI 304 steel based on different thick coating process

This review paper represents an overview of the surface modification of AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) with the help of different thick coating process. There are many different forms of cladding, which have distinct advantages to employing different types of materials. Laser beam cladding (LBC), plasma transferred arc (PTA) cladding, argon arc cladding (AAC), and electron beam cladding (EBC) are all ways to make thick composite clad layers on the surface of AISI 304SS. These methods improve surface properties like hardness, wear resistance (WR), corrosion resistance (CR), and coefficient of friction (COF). These techniques also facilitate the repair of various surface components. The performance of the surface properties can be evaluated by the tribological analysis and hardness test. In this review paper, transitions in mechanical and tribological characteristics with different process variables and various compositions of coating materials by different thick cladding process, which are discussed in brief. This paper also deals about comparison of the impact of process variables of different thick cladding process. Furthermore, the difficulty that arises due to surface modification of AISI 304 steel based on different thick cladding processes is explored, and viable solutions are discussed.

Protection from corrosion and wear by different weld cladding techniques: A review

For a long period, better performance and reliability of the several engineering components require corrosion resistance with high strength. Weld cladding is the best technique to achieve enhanced properties including high strength and corrosion resistance. It is defined as a technique to develop a thick coating on substrate material to get desired surface properties using welding processes. It is useful in several industries such as chemical, mining, power plant, marine, and many more. Weld cladding can save up to 80% of the cost of using solid alloys. A great deal of research is now being concentrated on cladding through Tungsten Inert Gas Welding, Laser Beam cladding, and Plasma Transferred Arc cladding. The four key features of the coating are governed by the weld cladding technique, viz. dilution of a substrate, microstructure, microhardness, and tribological properties. This article highlights different research work completed so far on different substrates by different cladding techniques concerning microstructure, substrate dilution, corrosion, and mechanical properties. After reviewing several papers we concluded that weld cladding can produce better adhesion between the substrate and clads to enhance mechanical and tribological characteristics. The findings of this paper will aid researchers and academicians in the field of weld cladding.

Laser Technology for Tool Production

AbstractIn the course of the last twenty years, laser treatment of tools and dies has been transferred from a fundamental research work into an established technology of the modern manufacturing process. In the beginning, the focus was put on laser beam hardening. Nowadays, laser beam cladding is also increasingly accepted for repair and modification of tools or even completely new tool design. In principle, both technologies, hardening and cladding, can be performed with a single machine, simply by adapting laser parameters and auxiliary equipment like a powder feeding device.

Annular Laser Beam Cladding Process Feasibility Study

In the paper a novel annular – ring shaped – laser beam cladding head and related cladding process are presented. In the cladding head a laser beam is shaped into an annular ring and guided coaxially with the powder tube disposing the powder jet in the centre of the focused annular laser beam ring. An experimental process feasibility analysis was performed using a Nd:YAG pulsed laser system with a maximal average power 250 W. Beside the known influencing parameters of laser cladding process including the powder mass flow, workpiece feeding velocity, and laser beam intensity, the important parameters related to the annular laser beam caustics were defined. The process feasibility and influence of the process parameters on powder catchment efficiency was analysed based on the cladding experiments of SS 316L powder on SS 304 workpiece material. The potential benefits related to the annular laser beam melt pool geometry and related powder catchment efficiency are discussed.

A comparative study on microstructure and properties of Inconel 52M overlays deposited by laser beam and GTA cladding

The current study investigates the overlays deposited by laser beam (LB) and gas tungsten arc (GTA) cladding with Inconel 52M filler wire in nuclear power plants. The effects of the deposition methods on the cross section profile, microstructures, and mechanical properties of both overlays are studied using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile and impact test and microhardness measurements. Experimental results show that LB cladding with higher wire feed rate improves the deposition efficiency as compared with GTA cladding. The microstructure of the LB clads consists of cellular and columnar dendrites, and Nb-rich spherical particles are precipitated in the interdendritic regions, while the equiaxed dendrites are dominant in the GTA clads. The microhardness of the GTA clads is 20–30 HV higher than that of the LB clads. Furthermore, the tensile strength, toughness, and elongation of the LB clads decrease in comparison to the GTA clads. The deep penetration of the LB clads resulting in a wave shape of each pass and high dilution does not benefit the mechanical properties as compared with the GTA clads.

Development of a Co-free, Ni-based alloy layer (Ni-SD) for sealing surfaces of nuclear-power valves cladding by hollow laser beam

To avoid the activated radiation of elemental cobalt and meet the requirements of critical working conditions in which operate the sealing surface of nuclear-power valves, a new cobalt-free Ni-based alloy (Ni-SD) was developed. The powder was deposited on a stainless-steel substrate by a novel hollow laser beam cladding technique. The experimental results reveal that the micro-hardness of Ni-SD can approach 700 HV0·3, which is much higher than that of the common Co-based alloy Stellite6 (500 HV0·3) that is currently used in nuclear-power valves. Analytical results indicate that γ-Ni is the primary phase in the Ni-SD coating and that it proportionally dissolves metallic and non-metallic elements. In addition, the Ni-SD coating contains some hard phases, such as carbides and borides. High-temperature measurements indicate that the Ni-SD alloy offers excellent advantages such as high wear resistance and high-temperature operation.

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of High Carbon High Speed Steel on Alloy Tool Steel for Hot Die

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of High Carbon High Speed Steel on Alloy Tool Steel for Hot Die

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of Stainless Steel on Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of Stainless Steel on Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of High Speed Steel for Carbon Steel

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of High Speed Steel for Carbon Steel

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of High Chromium Cast Iron on Carbon Steel

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of High Chromium Cast Iron on Carbon Steel

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of Hastelloy on Cast Iron

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of Hastelloy on Cast Iron

Laser Beam Cladding of Stellite on Cast Iron

Laser Beam Cladding of Stellite on Cast Iron

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of Nickel Alloy on Alloy Tool Steel

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of Nickel Alloy on Alloy Tool Steel

Effects of powder feeding rate on interaction between laser beam and powder streamin laser cladding process

A theoretical model was presented to calculate the laser intensity distribution and the particle temperatures at different sites of the workpiece in the laser cladding process. By using this model, the effects of the powder feeding rate on the laser intensity distribution and the particle temperatures were investigated, the calculated results under the condition of different injection angles were also plotted. It is shown that with increasing the injection angle, the laser intensity distributions are similar but the peak value of the laser intensity decreases. Simultaneously, the peak value of the particle temperature increases and the distribution of the particle temperatures gets central symmetrical gradually. These tests results should be considered in model of laser cladding due to their subtle effects on the dynamic processes in laser molten pool.

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of WC Dispersed Hastelloy on Carbon Steel

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of WC Dispersed Hastelloy on Carbon Steel

Process Analysis of Laser Beam Cladding

The technology of laser beam cladding of metals by single-step powder delivery is analyzed with a process model which is based on balance equations of energy and mass. Effects like powder heating, clad layer formation, substrate dilution and overlapping of tracks are discussed in dependence of the process parameters. In particular, the powder catchment efficiency and the beam energy redistribution in the material can be optimized by the powder mass flow rate and by the geometrical properties of the beam and of the powder jet.

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of WC Dispersed Stellite on Carbon Steel

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of WC Dispersed Stellite on Carbon Steel

Laser Beam Cladding: A Flexible Tool for Local Surface Treatment and Repair

The versatility of the laser beam cladding process as a means of localized surface treatment is highlighted in this article with an emphasis on applications in the field of repair and regeneration. A newly developed cladding technology using low power Nd:YAG lasers is also introduced. Small dimensions and minimal heat input allow high precision cladding. Short interaction times and good control of the process enable the generation of graded composite coatings. Application examples in the field of regeneration of components are given. An industrial case study presents the CO2 laser repair of large engine components.

Laser Generation of Graded Metal-Carbide Components

A technique to generate graded metal-carbide composite materials has been derived from the powder-fed laser beam cladding process which involves the line-by-line deposition of layers and enables to build up freeform components layer by layer. This basic investigation focuses on graded components and multilayer coatings produced using a model system of Cr 3 C 2 as hard and wear resistant phase in a matrix of different Ni alloys. A compositional gradient is introduced into the material by increasing the carbide content quasi-continuously from 0 to 80 vol% during the cladding process. The distribution of carbides, their degree of dissolution in the matrix alloy, and other microstructural features are detennined by the carbide content and the laser processing parameters. The correlation between parameters, process behaviour and the resulting property gradients is subject of the current investigations.

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of Chromium-Based Alloy on Carbon Steel

Laser Beam Cladding Characteristics of Chromium-Based Alloy on Carbon Steel