Larval Characters Research Articles

Morphology of Evimirus uropodinus (Berlese, 1903) Larva with Comments on Larval Characters in Evphididae (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata)

Morphology of Evimirus uropodinus (Berlese, 1903) Larva with Comments on Larval Characters in Evphididae (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata)

Study of the effect of feeding Tenebrio molitor larvae during their rearing on their growth, nutritional profile, value and safety of the produced flour

Science and food industry must strive to ensure and improve edible insect's benefits, and especially their safety and nutritional value. This study investigated how various food substrates used in the rearing of Tenebrio molitor larvae influence their growth, the safety of the larvae, and the nutritional quality of the resulting flour. The main findings indicate that all samples showed significant differences in their nutritional profile, larval characteristics, and heavy metal content. Regarding the content of protein, fat and fiber it ranges from 44.1 to 51.8 %, 28.6–34.8 % and 10.5–14.9 %, respectively. These results suggest that insect diet is a very crucial parameter that can affect all that factors and must be taken into account, especially when they are intended as raw materials to be used for food production.

DNA barcoding and new record of Arcynopteryx dichroa (McLachlan, 1872) (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) from Serbia

Arcynopteryx dichroa (McLachlan, 1872) (Perlodidae) is recorded for the first time from southwestern Serbia. It was collected in the Djerekar Spring (the Pešter Plateau). Previously, this species was found in Timok River in the eastern part of the country, with the last known record dating back to 1995. Identification of the collected specimens was confirmed using the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. A diagnosis of the larval characters is provided, and species distribution is discussed.

From hatching to juvenile: Larval development of Vieja fenestrata (Teleostei: Cichlidae).

This study delves into the early development of Vieja fenestrata (Cichlidae), with a specific focus on the description of external morphological and morphometric changes, and growth patterns from hatching to the loss of larval characters under controlled laboratory conditions at a temperature of 28°C. Asynchronous hatching was observed between 58 and 60 h postfertilization, with the posterior body emerging first. Over 14 days, significant morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes were observed, revealing a complex developmental trajectory. The initial developmental phases were characterized by rapid vascularization, fin differentiation, and heightened activity, and the subsequent days witnessed the flexion of the notochord, emergence of swim bladder functionality, and transition to exogenous feeding. Maturation progressed with the absorption of the yolk sac, regression of cement glands, and fin ray development, culminating in metamorphosis by 14 days post-hatching. Throughout this period, evolving pigmentation patterns and structural adaptations highlight the species' adaptive strategies. During the larval period of V. fenestrata, substantial changes in morphological proportions were observed. Before the inflection, tail length, trunk length, and body depth had negative allometric growth, and head length, eye diameter, and snout length had positive allometric growth. After the inflection, body depth and snout length showed positive allometric growth; head length and trunk length exhibited isometric growth, whereas tail length and eye diameter demonstrated negative allometric growth. These findings contribute insights into the intricate developmental dynamics of V. fenestrata. Moreover, further research may explore these developmental dynamics' ecological and evolutionary implications.

The transcriptional landscape underlying larval development and metamorphosis in the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus).

Most teleost fishes exhibit a biphasic life history with a larval oceanic phase that is transformed into morphologically and physiologically different demersal, benthic, or pelagic juveniles. This process of transformation is characterized by a myriad of hormone-induced changes, during the often abrupt transition between larval and juvenile phases called metamorphosis. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to be instrumental in triggering and coordinating this transformation but other hormonal systems such as corticoids, might be also involved as it is the case in amphibians. In order to investigate the potential involvement of these two hormonal pathways in marine fish post-embryonic development, we used the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) as a model system. We assembled a chromosome-scale genome sequence and conducted a transcriptomic analysis of nine larval developmental stages. We studied the expression patterns of genes involved in TH and corticoid pathways, as well as four biological processes known to be regulated by TH in other teleost species: ossification, pigmentation, visual perception, and metabolism. Surprisingly, we observed an activation of many of the same pathways involved in metamorphosis also at an early stage of the larval development, suggesting an additional implication of these pathways in the formation of early larval features. Overall, our data brings new evidence to the controversial interplay between corticoids and thyroid hormones during metamorphosis as well as, surprisingly, during the early larval development. Further experiments will be needed to investigate the precise role of both pathways during these two distinct periods and whether an early activation of both corticoid and TH pathways occurs in other teleost species.

The transcriptional landscape underlying larval development and metamorphosis in the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus)

Most teleost fishes exhibit a biphasic life history with a larval oceanic phase that is transformed into morphologically and physiologically different demersal, benthic, or pelagic juveniles. This process of transformation is characterized by a myriad of hormone-induced changes, during the often abrupt transition between larval and juvenile phases called metamorphosis. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to be instrumental in triggering and coordinating this transformation but other hormonal systems such as corticoids, might be also involved as it is the case in amphibians. In order to investigate the potential involvement of these two hormonal pathways in marine fish post-embryonic development, we used the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) as a model system. We assembled a chromosome-scale genome sequence and conducted a transcriptomic analysis of nine larval developmental stages. We studied the expression patterns of genes involved in TH and corticoid pathways, as well as four biological processes known to be regulated by TH in other teleost species: ossification, pigmentation, visual perception, and metabolism. Surprisingly, we observed an activation of many of the same pathways involved in metamorphosis also at an early stage of the larval development, suggesting an additional implication of these pathways in the formation of early larval features. Overall, our data brings new evidence to the controversial interplay between corticoids and thyroid hormones during metamorphosis as well as, surprisingly, during the early larval development. Further experiments will be needed to investigate the precise role of both pathways during these two distinct periods and whether an early activation of both corticoid and TH pathways occurs in other teleost species.

Pengaruh pemberian sampah organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan kandungan astaxanthin pada pupa black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus))

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus)) atau BSF merupakan serangga pengolah sampah organik yang fase larvanya memiliki kandungan nutrisi tinggi sehingga berpotensi sebagai sumber protein alternatif pakan dan pangan. Astaxanthin merupakan senyawa antioksidan yang lazim diperoleh dari tumbuhan, alga, dan Crustacea. Deteksi astaxanthin pada Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) menjadi titik tolak dugaan bahwa astaxanthin potensial ditemukan pada serangga lain termasuk BSF. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pemberian jenis pakan sampah organik terhadap pertumbuhan larva BSF dan kandungan astaxanthin pada pupa BSF. Desain penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan jenis pakan sampah organik berupa sisa buah dan sayur (BS), ampas tahu (AT), sisa nasi (N), campuran sisa buah dan sayur, ampas tahu dan sisa nasi (C). Pakan ternak T51 digunakan sebagai kontrol. Setiap perlakuan pakan diulang 3 kali. Parameter penelitian terukur meliputi parameter pertumbuhan larva berupa berat, panjang, dan karakteristik larva; dan parameter kandungan senyawa kimia termasuk astaxanthin pada pupa BSF. Ekstraksi pupa dilakukan dengan metode maserasi triphasic menggunakan kombinasi 5 pelarut berupa n-heptane, etil asetat, acetonitrile, butanol-l, dan akuades, sedangkan identifikasi senyawa dilakukan menggunakan uji kualitatif terpenoid, uji thin layer chromatography (TLC), dan liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa buah dan sayur (BS) paling berpengaruh meningkatkan pertambahan ukuran tubuh larva dengan berat 0,09 ± 0,04 gram/larva dan panjang 1,49 ± 0,31 cm/larva. Analisis LC-MS mendeteksi senyawa dereplikasi lutein, anisodamine, derivat resveratrol, dehydroarginine, dan senyawa dereplikasi astaxanthin dengan massa molekuler sebesar 597,23 m/z pada larva BSF yang diberi pakan buah dan sayur.

Larval ground plan of Platynectes Régimbart, 1879 reconsidered: description of the larvae of three species with phylogenetic considerations (Coleoptera: Adephaga, Dytiscidae)

In this contribution we describe and illustrate for the first time the larvae of three species of Platynectes Régimbart, 1879 (P. agallithoplotes Gustafson, Short & Miller, 2016, P. bakewelli (Clark, 1863), and P. reticulosus (Clark, 1863)) including detailed morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of selected body structures in order to discover useful characters for distinguishing Platynectes larvae from those of other known Agabinae (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). A parsimony analysis based on larval characteristics of 19 Agabinae species in six genera (Agabus Leach, 1817, Agabinus Crotch, 1873, Hydrotrupes Sharp, 1882, Ilybiosoma Crotch, 1873, Platynectes, and Platambus Thomson, 1859) was conducted using the program TNT. The results support Platynectes as a natural group whilst the six species studied split into two well supported clades: P. agallithoplotes + P. decemnotatus (Aubé, 1838) and P. curtulus (Régimbart, 1899) + P. davidorum Hájek, Alarie, Šťastný & Vondráček, 2019 + P. reticulosus + P. bakewelli. Larvae of P. agallithoplotes have proven to be characterized by a large number of unique character states, several of which were never observed until now in the Agabinae. Evidence is provided to the effect that the Neotropical species of Platynectes s. str. evolved as a unique lineage within Platynectes.

The neoteny goldilocks zone: The evolution of neoteny in Ambystoma.

Neoteny is a developmental strategy wherein an organism reaches sexual maturity without associated adult characteristics. In salamanders, neoteny takes the form of individuals retaining aquatic larval characteristics such as external gills upon maturation. Mole salamanders (Ambystoma) occupy a wide range of habitats and areas across the North American continent, and display examples of non-neotenic, facultatively neotenic and obligate neotenic species, providing high variation for investigating the factors influencing the evolution of neoteny. Here, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to test existing hypotheses that neoteny is associated with elevational and latitudinal distribution, cave-associated isolation, and hybridisation-related polyploidy. We also test if neoteny influences the diversity of habitats a species can occupy, since the restriction to an aquatic life should constrain the availability of different niches. We find that neoteny tends to occur in a narrow latitudinal band between 20-30° North, with particularly narrow latitudinal ranges for obligate compared to facultative neotenic species (16-52° North). We also find that facultatively neotenic species occur at elevations more than twice as high as other species on average, and that species with a higher frequency of neoteny typically have lower habitat diversity. Our results suggest that evolutionary transitions between non-neotenic and facultative neoteny states occur at relatively high and approximately equal rates. Moreover, we estimate that obligate neoteny cannot evolve directly from non-neotenic species (and vice versa), such that facultative neoteny acts as an evolutionary 'stepping stone' to and from obligate neoteny. However, our transition rate estimates suggest that obligate neoteny is lost >4-times faster than it evolves, partly explaining the rarity of obligate species. These results support the hypothesis that low latitudes favour the evolution of neoteny, presumably linked to more stable (aquatic) environments due to reduced seasonality, but once evolved it may constrain the diversity of habitats.

Postembryonic development and male paedomorphosis in Osedax (Siboglinidae, Annelida).

Most species of the bone-devouring marine annelid, Osedax, display distinct sexual dimorphism with macroscopic sedentary females rooted in bones and free-living microscopic dwarf males. The paedomorphic male resembles the non-feeding metatrochophore larva in size, presence of eight pairs of chaetae, and a head ciliation potentially representing a residual prototroch. The male development may thus uniquely reiterate and validate the theoretical heterochrony process "progenesis", which suggests that an accelerated sexual maturation and early arrest of somatic growth can lead to a miniaturized and paedomorphic adult. In this study, we describe the postembryonic larval and juvenile organogenesis of Osedax japonicus to test for a potential synchronous arrest of somatic growth during male development. Five postembryonic stages could be distinguished, resembling day one to five in the larval development at 10°C: (0D) first cleavage of fertilized eggs (embryos undergo unequal spiral cleavage), (1D) pre-trochophore, with apical organ, (2D) early trochophore, + prototroch, brain, circumesophageal connectives and subesophageal commissure, (3D) trochophore, + telotroch, four ventral nerves, (4D) early metatrochophore, + protonephridia, dorsal and terminal sensory organs, (5D) metatrochophore, + two ventral paratrochs, mid-ventral nerve, posterior trunk commissure, two dorsal nerves; competent for metamorphosis. The larval development largely mirrors that of other lecithotrophic annelid larvae but does not show continuous chaetogenesis or full gut development. Additionally, O. japonicus larvae exhibit an unpaired, mid-dorsal, sensory organ. Female individuals shed their larval traits during metamorphosis and continue organogenesis (including circulatory system) and extensive growth for 2-3 weeks before developing oocytes. In contrast, males develop sperm within a day of metamorphosis and display a synchronous metamorphic arrest in neural and muscular development, retaining a large portion of larval features post metamorphosis. Our findings hereby substantiate male miniaturization in Osedax to be the outcome of an early and synchronous offset of somatic development, fitting the theoretical process "progenesis". This may be the first compelling morpho-developmental exemplification of a progenetic origin of a microscopic body plan. The presented morphological staging system will further serve as a framework for future examination of molecular patterns and pathways determining Osedax development.

Confirmation of the recognition of Culiseta (Culiseta) indica Edwards, 1920 as a distinct species based on integrated morphological and molecular data.

Theobaldia indica Edwards, 1920, classified as a subspecies of Culiseta (Culiseta) alaskaensis (Ludlow, 1906), was recently restored to its original species status, as Culiseta (Culiseta) indica (Edwards), based on comprehensive assessments of morphological, ecological and distributional data. Predating the recognition of indica as a separate species, we collected specimens of this nominal taxon in the Western Himalayan region of India during 20152017, and used morphological and molecular studies to assess its taxonomic status. Our detailed examination of adult morphology, male genitalia and larval characteristics revealed significant distinctions between putative Cs. alaskaensis alaskaensis and Cs. alaskaensis indica, and sequencing of the barcode region of the mitochondrial COI gene yielded a Kimura 2 parameter genetic distance of 5.9% between them, well above the standard 23% commonly accepted to indicate separate species. These results strongly support the formal recognition of Cs. indica as a separate species. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of Cs. indica provides additional evidence in support of its species status.

A remarkable new synthemistid from New Caledonia (Odonata: Anisoptera: Synthemistidae s. str.). Taxonomic and phylogenetic note on New Caledonian Synthemistidae and erection of a new genus.

The new species, Calesynthemis jeanlegrandi sp. nov., dedicated to the late Jean Legrand, is described and illustrated based on a single pair of specimens from Mont Pani, New Caledonia. The male of this large species has unusual strongly sinuous and distally down curved white cerci 7 mm long and exhibits on abdominal segment 10 a remarkable clump of strong setae mimicking a dorsal horn. The female wingspan slightly exceeds 100 mm. In addition, on the basis of adult and larval characters, Neocaledosynthemis gen. nov. is erected to accommodate two other New Caledonian synthemistids, Synthemis fenella Campion (type species) and Synthemis ariadne Lieftinck. New Caledonian synthemistids are probably more closely related to Parasynthemis Carle than to Synthemis Selys Longchamps, both from Australia.

Reduced Matrix Effects and Simultaneous Determination of Three Juvenile Hormone Analogs in Tea by Disperse Solid-Phase Extraction (DSPE) and Gas Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)

Juvenile hormone III (JH III) maintains larval characteristics in insects and promotes ovary development in adults. Hydroprene, kinoprene, and methoprene are synthesized analogs based on natural JH III. A novel and precise method was established to mitigate the matrix effects and concurrently determine these juvenile hormone analogs in tea employing gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Water addition as a sample extraction approach was utilized and contrasted with protocols excluding water. Concurrently, the sought compounds underwent extraction with 1% (v/v) acetic acid-acetonitrile, followed by purification utilizing 0.1 g graphitized carbon black (GCB), 0.4 g primary secondary amine (PSA), and 0.4 g C18. Following separation via a DB-17MS column, detection of the analytes was conducted through GC-MS/MS in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (DMRM) mode with quantification by a matrix-matching standard curve. Satisfactory linear relationships were established for the trio of juvenile hormone analogs within a 0.01–0.32 mg/L range, exhibiting correlation coefficients (R2) exceeding 0.999 and quantitation limits (LOQs) approximately spanning 0.005–0.01 mg/kg. Mean recoveries, spanning three concentrations (0.02, 0.1, 0.2 mg/kg), varied between 77.6% and 115.9%. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 6) were from 0.5% to 5.8%. Detection of the juvenile hormone analogs was accomplished in tea samples. In summary, this investigation demonstrated a proficient approach in addressing complications by diminishing the matrix effects in a complex sample.

New species and new stages of Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Southern Yungas (Argentina and Bolivia)

Austral Yungas cloud forest (Southern Bolivia and NW Argentina) is known for its high diversity, steep landscape and low accessibility. Anacroneuria Klapálek (Plecoptera: Perlidae) species in this ecoregion have been seldom studied. We aim to know its species diversity (based on adult characters) and explore larval characters important for their recognition. We have reared dozens of larvae from different localities and collected adults with light traps. Reared adults and associated larval exuviae were studied, photographed and drawn. We have identified 13 species (based on male aedeagus) and successfully associated larval and adult stages for seven species. In the present paper we describe seven new species: Anacroneuria tafi sp. nov., A. flavinigra sp. nov., A. saican sp. nov., A. triplex sp. nov., A. calilegua sp. nov., A. lutea sp. nov., and A. tupacamaru sp. nov. For six species previously described we present new data and stage descriptions: A. arrazayalensis Orce, A. handlirschi Klapálek, A. reedi (Navás), A. tucuman Stark, A. saltensis Froehlich, and A. chimborazo Stark. Genetic divergence for some of these species was studied using the barcode region of the mitochondrial gene COI. A key to the male adults of all the species of Anacroneuria from Northwestern Argentina is presented.

Taxonomical studies of dragonfly nymphs (Odonata, Libellulidae) by using their exuviae

Taxonomic studies of dragonfly nymphs were done up to species level using their exuviae. Exuviae, being the last instar larval skin, possess all larval features. These features can be used for the identification of odonate nymphs up to species level. Seven species belonging to the family Libellulidae were identified using the features present on exuviae. This is a non-invasive method that can be used for the taxonomic studies of dragonfly nymphs without rearing them in the laboratory. The study describes the morphological features of seven species of dragonfly nymphs belonging to family Libellulidae using exuviae. A taxonomic key for the identified exuviae were also provided.

Will most suitable spawning grounds for coastal fishes be impacted by climate change? A larval drift modelling approach

For many fishes, their early life stages are transported (passively) by currents between spawning areas and coastal nurseries, but also potential dispersal towards new habitats. Therefore, species have developed strategies to enhance the recruitment success, including the selection of appropriate spawning grounds. However, increased temperature due to climate change may lead to changes in hydrodynamics, shorter larval drifts, and earlier spawning, and consequently the location of the most suitable spawning grounds may change. We investigated whether the location of the most favourable spawning areas (allowing higher rates of larvae reaching coastal nurseries) was stable over time, and if differences could be found between environmentally contrasted years. We used a larval drift model taking into account hydrodynamics, larval characteristics and behaviour for three commercially exploited fish species (sole Solea solea, flounder Platichthys flesus and seabass Dicentrarchus labrax) in the Western Europe (encompassing the Bay of Biscay, the Celtic Sea and the English Channel). According to our model, we conclude that despite contrasting environmental conditions, the location of spawning grounds allowing the best chance of recruitment to nurseries for the offspring was fairly similar. However, even if the location of the main spawning grounds is stable over time, their relative effectiveness varies greatly between years. This would suggest that natural selection may favour the emergence of homing behaviour. This stability in this fish essential habitat location could facilitate protection measures. Going further, it could be interesting to study the variations occurring in spawning grounds (in terms of recruitment success, and retention/dispersion) during the course of a spawning season.

Zebrafish Optokinetic Reflex: Minimal Reporting Guidelines and Recommendations.

Optokinetic reflex (OKR) assays in zebrafish models are a valuable tool for studying a diverse range of ophthalmological and neurological conditions. Despite its increasing popularity in recent years, there are no clear reporting guidelines for the assay. Following reporting guidelines in research enhances reproducibility, reduces bias, and mitigates underreporting and poor methodologies in published works. To better understand optimal reporting standards for an OKR assay in zebrafish, we performed a systematic literature review exploring the animal, environmental, and technical factors that should be considered. Using search criteria from three online databases, a total of 109 research papers were selected for review. Multiple crucial factors were identified, including larval characteristics, sample size, fixing method, OKR set-up, distance of stimulus, detailed stimulus parameters, eye recording, and eye movement analysis. The outcome of the literature analysis highlighted the insufficient information provided in past research papers and the lack of a systematic way to present the parameters related to each of the experimental factors. To circumvent any future errors and champion robust transparent research, we have created the zebrafish optokinetic (ZOK) reflex minimal reporting guideline.

Morphology of the larvae of Rhantaticus congestus (Klug, 1833) and phylogenetic comparison with other known Aciliini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Dytiscinae).

We describe the second- and third instar larvae of the diving beetle Rhantaticus congestus (Klug, 1833), including detailed morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, terminal abdominal segment and urogomphi in order to discover useful characters for distinguishing Rhantaticus Sharp, 1882 larvae from those of other known Aciliini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Dytiscinae). A parsimony analysis based on 94 larval characteristics of nine Aciliini species in five genera (Acilius Leach, 1817, Graphoderus Dejean, 1833, Rhantaticus, Sandracottus Sharp, 1882, Thermonectus Dejean, 1833) was conducted using the program TNT. Rhantaticus shares with all these genera several larval character states which support its inclusion in the Aciliini. Whereas Rhantaticus larva stands out from other known genera by several unique character states, our parsimony analysis did not recover any clear phylogenetic position of this genus within the Aciliini.

Larval morphology of Frostius pernambucensis (Anura): contribution of larval characters for the systematics of the family Bufonidae and evolution of endotrophic tadpoles

Frostius pernambucensis is a phytotelm-breeding frog with endotrophic larvae. Although the larvae were formally described, no aspect of its internal morphology is known. In this paper, we re-describe the tadpole based on a large sample, describe its internal anatomy (buccopharyngeal cavity and musculo-skeletal system), provide data on natural history, and discuss the evolution of endotrophy and phytotelma colonization. The tadpoles of F. pernambucensis are highly modified, with depressed bodies, reduced mouthparts, and long tails. Many character-states described for these tadpoles can be related to its endotrophic development. Consequence of this highly modified phenotype, we propose several novel putative synapomorphies for the genus: (1) labial tooth row formula 1/1; (2) absence of pustulation in the buccal roof and (3) floor; (4) absence of median ridge; (5) absence of lateral ridge papillae; (6) absence of secretory ridges and pores; (7) absence of filter plates; (7) m. subarcualis rectus II–IV originating on ceratobranchial III; (8) m. subarcualis rectus II–IV inserting on ceratobranchial I; (8) ventral slip of the m. subarcualis rectus I inserting on the ceratobranchial III; (9) suprarostral corpora fused to the cornua trabeculae; (10) commissura quadratoorbitalis absent; (11) cerabranchial II attached to the planum hypobranchiale; and (12) ceratobranchial III attached to the planum hypobranchiale. Finally, we also propose that the presence of a single pair of infralabial papilla could represent a synapomorphy of bufonids. The colonization of phytotelma seem to have created a selective pression on the development of F. pernambucenis, favoring the evolution of endotrophy.

Assessing the vulnerability of endangered and endemic brooding sea urchin Cassidulus mitis in response to climate change: Impacts on larvae and settlers in the southwestern Atlantic

Echinoderms play important roles in marine ecosystems and exhibit high sensitivity to environmental changes. The echinoid Cassidulus mitis has been considered an endangered species due to its restricted geographic distribution and unique reproductive behavior, with an epibenthic lecithotrophic larva and offspring brooded among the female spines during initial development until the settler stage. We studied the effects of low salinities (30 and 26) and high temperatures (27 and 31 °C) on the early development of C. mitis in a predicted scenario of global climate change through four parameters: 1. survival and 2. chronology of larval development, and 3. survival and 4. growth of settlers. Both larvae and settlers of C. mitis can survive under these scenarios, probably due to the lecithotrophic and epibenthic larval characteristics and developmental strategies of this species. However, all experimental conditions affected at least one of the initial developmental studied parameters of C. mitis, potentially compromising the species' viability in a scenario of climate change.