Large Sales Volume Research Articles

The Impact of Inventory Turn Over and Sales Volume on Choosing of Corporate Inventory Accounting Methods

The aim of this study for knowing the impact of inventory turnover on choosing of corporate inventory accounting method. Results of the study shows: (1) inventory turnover or ITO and sales volume in a manner together influential significantly to the choosing of corporate inventory accounting method. this result supported by Nagel R Square of 0.565 or could means that the model can give effect to changes in the variation of choosing of corporate inventory accounting method 56.50%. (2) ITO which is inventory turnover influential significantly to the choosing of corporate inventory accounting methods. It means the more big turnover of inventory so the more great tendency the company for choosing a given of corporate inventory accounting methods. ( 3) Companies whose sales volume the more increase influential significantly to the choosing of corporate inventory accounting methods, this is supported by test values wald is 58 .15 > 2 or p-value 0.00 < alpha 0.05. It means the more large sales volume company , then the more great tendency of the company for choosing a given corporate accounting methods. Keywords: Inventory TurnOver (ITO), and accounting methods. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-24-05 Publication date: December 31 st 2022

ESTIMASI RISIKO PASAR DENGAN LVaR DAN EXPECTED SHORTFALL MENGGUNAKAN SIMULASI MONTE CARLO

Value at Risk (VaR) is a statistical technique used to manage and calculate the level of financial risk within a certain period of time and a certain level of confidence. VaR can be adjusted to liquidity risk which is called Liquidity adjusted Value at Risk (LVaR). Another alternative calculation is the Expected Shortfall (ES) which is a loss beyond the confidence limit that can occur due to liquidity. This study aims to estimate market risk with LVaR and ES on a stock portfolio incorporated in the LQ45 index using a Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, back-testing is carried out using the Kupiec test. The data used in this study are two stocks that are included in the LQ45 index which have the largest sales volume in a period of three years, namely ANTM and BBRI shares. As a result, it was found that the stock portfolio of ANTM and BBRI in the initial fund of Rp. 10,000,000.00 with a 95% confidence level, obtained ES of Rp.496.470,00 per day and an LVaR value of Rp 499.174,00 per day. The ES model obtained is less accurate while the LVaR model is accurate.

A prospect of cost-effective handling and transportation of graphene oxides: folding and redispersion of graphene oxide microsheets

Controlling the assembly of 2D materials such as graphene oxides (GO) has a significant impact on their properties and performance. One of the critical issues on the processing and handling of GO is that they need to be in dilution solution (0.5 to 2.5 wt%) to maintain their high degree of exfoliation and dispersion. As a result, the shipment of GO in large quantity involves a huge volume of solvent (water) and thus the transportation costs for large sales volume would become extremely high. Through cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy and polarized optical microscopy together with x-ray diffraction and small-angle x-ray scattering studies, we demonstrated that the assembly and structure of GO microsheets can be preserved without restacking, when assembled GO via water-based wet spinning are re-dispersed into solution. A couple of alkyl ammonium bromides, CTAB and TBAB, as well as NaOH, were examined as coagulants and the resulting fibers were redispersed in an aqueous solution. The redispersed solution of fibers that were wet-spun into the commonly used CTAB and TBAB coagulation baths, maintained their physico-chemical properties (similar to the original GO dispersion) however, did not reveal preservation of liquid crystallinity. Meanwhile, the redispersed fibers that were initially spun into NaOH coagulation bath were able to maintain their liquid crystallinity if the lateral size of the GO sheets was large. Based on these findings, a cost-effective solid handling approach is devised which involves (i) processing GO microsheets in solution into folded layers in solid-state, (ii) transporting assembled GO to the customers, and (iii) redispersion of folded GO into a solution for their use. The proposed solid handling of GO followed by redispersion into solution can greatly reduce the transportation costs of graphene oxide materials by reducing the transportation volume by more than 90%.

Effect of Chinese Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-Credit Regulation on Passenger Cars Average Fuel Consumption Analysis.

The large sales volume and a great number of passenger car ownership in China have brought a series of environmental and energy problems. In response to these problems, Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-credit Regulation has been put forward in China. However, it is found that although the purpose of the Dual-credit Regulation is controlling the fuel consumption and promoting the development of the energy vehicle market, the fuel consumption restriction for fossil-fueled passenger cars is relaxed compared to CAFC (Corporate Average Fuel Consumption) regulation alone. Moreover, this effect of relaxation is more obvious when the market share of new energy vehicles increases. To quantitatively estimate the relaxation effect of the fuel consumption restriction, a method of quantifying the relaxation effect is designed, and three different scenarios of new energy vehicle market development have been presumed in this paper. It is found that there are three main factors related to new energy vehicles that cause the relaxation of fuel consumption restriction, and the effect might become obvious and severe after 2025 if the market share of new energy vehicles develops very rapidly. These results may affect the development of the automotive industry and needed to be concerned.

A Study on the Consumption Propensity of Men's Color Cosmetics

Purpose: Recently, there has been increasing interest among men in using color cosmetics to manage their appearance and/or improve their self-confidence. Thus, this study investigated the purchasing characteristics and use of men's color cosmetics according to age. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted by using a chi-square test, with a significance level of 5%, while the SPSSWIN 21.0 program was used for statistical processing. Results: The reason for the use of color cosmetics is that men in their 30s and 40s tend to place greater meaning on “selfmanagement,” while those in their 20s generally emphasize “self-satisfaction and confidence.” In this study, the subjects of focus included products related to skin tone and how to obtain information on such products (e.g., through the Internet or mobile phones). However, when they actually made purchases, all of the age groups used cosmetics stores. As for specific products, 37.6% purchased sunscreen, 24.7% purchased BB/CC cream and lip balm, 3.9% purchased eyebrow pencils, and 3.7% purchased cushion-type products. Conclusion: Based on the findings, sunscreen and skin-correcting products, i.e., functional cosmetics, had the largest sales volume across all age groups. Moreover, product composition should be tailored to each age group, while product development of customized color cosmetics, the development of base cosmetics that complement men's skin tone, and accurate sales and marketing strategies, such as usage guidance, should be followed.

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE, CONDUCT, PERFORMANCE (SCP)ROBUSTA COFFEE COMMODITIES (COFFEA CANEPHORA)

Coffee commodity is one of the commodities that is the main target of the priority sub-agenda for agro-industry improvement. Indonesia is the fourth largest producer in the world and makes coffee one of the leading plantation commodities. Robusta coffee in Babakan Madang District is one of the coffees that has the potential to be developed because it is a specialty type of coffee that has a distinctive taste and has a wide-open market. However, inadequate marketing due to low prices at the farm level is one of the problems for Robusta coffee in Babakan Madang District. This study aims to analyze the structure, conduct, performance of Robusta coffee in Babakan Madang District, Bogor Regency. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the approach structure, conduct, performance (SCP). The result of this research is there are 6 established marketing channels, with channel II having the largest sales volume. Analysis of the market structure formed for the marketing of Robusta coffee is monopolistic competition at the farmer level. The level of village collector traders is oligopoly, large trader 1 and large trader 2 monopoly. The Robusta coffee market is very highly concentrated. Barriers to market entry are high for new competitors. In market behavior, the marketing functions performed by each marketing agency are exchange, physical, and facility functions. The price determination at the farm level is carried out by the marketing agency, then at the merchant level the price is determined by themselves. In market performance, the margin value and farmer's share efficient are obtained from channel VI, because on this channel the smallest margin value and they are obtained farmer share largest.

Compilation and dissemination of Introduction to Traditional Chinese Medicine

After the policy adjustment of traditional Chinese medicine, it was the publication of Introduction to Traditional Chinese Medicine that really solved the problem of learning traditional Chinese medicine for western medicine doctors and basic teaching materials of traditional Chinese medicine. This traditional Chinese medicine book with the largest sales volume in that year, met the needs of the ministry of health after the reorganization and the historical stage in many aspects, and also preliminarily realized the reconstruction of the academic system of traditional Chinese medicine, affecting more than a generation. 60 years has passed, many problems are worth thinking deeply.

Experimentally Validated Geometry Modification Simulation for Improving Noise Performance of CVT Gearbox for Vehicles

Noise pollution has become one the most important environmental issues in modern life. The automobile, a product of the second industrial revolution, has a very large sales volume of approximately 100 million per year. With the popularity of automobiles, the noise generated by them has become a major cause of noise pollution. This paper presents an experimentally validated geometry optimization method for reducing the noise by a CVT gearbox used in motor vehicles. We used the CAE software RomaxDESIGNER to simulate the transmission error and the load distribution on meshing gear tooth surfaces before and after gearbox optimization. After determining the best modification values, we carried out a series of noise bench comparison tests to verify the simulation results. The test results confirmed that the optimization reduced the fluctuation in noise that occurred during certain speed stages of the gearbox. Due to the optimization, the overall noise level decreased and the noise curve became smoother.

Pricing used books on Amazon.com: a spatial approach to price dispersion

ABSTRACTThis paper estimates a spatial autoregressive (SAR) model of price dispersion using publicly available internet bookselling data. It uses a semiparametric adaptive estimator that does not require the usual Gaussian assumption of maximum likelihood (ML) estimators. The results suggest that both price competition and seller heterogeneity are key drivers of the observed price dispersion. The paper finds that sellers with large sales volume, newly established sellers and US mainland states-based sellers tend to price lower. The identified significant spatial interaction is evidence of spatial price competition. Controlling for everything else, a seller asks a lower price when large sellers charge relatively high prices, which is also evidence of price-based selling and undercutting.

The Evaluation of Trade Credit Insurance in Lithuanian Business Market as a Credit Risk Management Tool

Abstract In today’s trade, the vast majority of commercial transactions in both domestic and international trade are concluded by applying trade credit terms. The aim of this article is to analyse the trade credit insurance and, according to the methodology, to evaluate it as a credit risk management tool in the context of Lithuanian business market. The authors have proposed a methodology that combines theoretical and practical research methods. First of all, with assistance of qualitative analysis, the alternative external credit risk management tools were examined. Such analysis allows not only to identify the advantages, disadvantages and benefits of researched risk management tools but also to assess the efficiency and rationality of trade credit insurance in the context of alternative methods. In order to carry out an assessment in the practical aspect, considering the lack of statistical data, it was decided additionally to perform an expert evaluation. After performing an assessment of trade credit insurance, it was concluded that in international trade, with a large buyer portfolio and high sales volume, the trade credit insurance becomes the most effective and rational way to manage credit risk, which eliminates the losses because of the debtor’s insolvency or bankruptcy, manages countries and sector’s risks and helps to discipline the debtor, what determines the decline in overdue accounts frequencies, amounts and volumes.

Research of Online Reviews Deviation for Sales in B2C Platform

This research focuses on online reviews deviation in B2C platform, and tries to analyze the phenomenon that shops which have large sales volume are lowly recommended compared with the average in Tmall. After verifying the validity of online reviews, we find out that the consumers' sensibility for negative comments become weaker. And the sellers’ sincerity that reflected by their replies to negative comments have little influence on sales. Only the number of total comments and positive comments can obviously influence on sales . Shops, in B2C platform, just concern about taking part in sales promotion to create hot products, instead of devoting to the quality of service. B2C platform whose primary business is selling entrance of users flow, prefers to protect large sellers, and the unreasonable rules in online reviews is the main reason for partial failure in the influence of reviews to sales.

A two-stage process for explaining the relative efficiency of small and medium-size firms in Chile

The objective of this study is the identification of the organisational characteristics that could help explain the reasons behind the relative efficiency of small and medium firms in Chile. This is achieved first by discriminating the efficient firms from the inefficient ones using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, and second, using contingency tables for identifying the organisational characteristics that discriminate the efficient units from the inefficient ones. The analysis utilises data of 500 firms located in the Valparaiso Region, separated by size, economic activity, number of workers, and other qualitative and quantitative attributes. The profile of efficient small and medium firms that statistically emerged from the study is: large sales volume together with small amounts of purchases and expenses - this implies high value added to what they sell -, low levels of fixed assets and depreciation - they rent what they need instead of purchasing it -, higher salaries are paid to a workforce that is smaller, better qualified and more productive.

Pharmaceuticals in domestic and agricultural waste waters – problem and its solution

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) belong to the group of remedies with the largest global sales volume. They are broadly used for the treatment of a wide range of non-specific symptoms accompanying a number of diseases. Many of them also belong to OTC (over-the-counter) distributed drugs, thus, they are easily available for broad masses of the world's population. The aforementioned properties, together with low production costs, high content per dose, and relatively high proportions of non-metabolized drugs in human excretions have made several NSAIDs water pollutants of the highest importance. The most important drug of the NSAID group on a global scale is the oldest industrially produced remedy, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which has been substituted by ibuprofen in recent times due to its lower side effects. In the Czech Republic, ibuprofen has the largest sales volume of all NSAIDs and is the second best-selling drug on the Czech market. Naproxen and ketoprofen are other widely used NSAIDs in human medicine together with halogenated compounds such as diclofenac and indomethacin.

A two-level replenishment frequency model for TOC supply chain replenishment systems under capacity constraint

Good production planning and replenishment management are important for a firm to keep competitive in the market. The theory of constraints-supply chain replenishment system (TOC-SCRS) is a replenishment method under the TOC philosophy. In the application of the TOC-SCRS in a node of a supply chain, the replenishment frequency (RF) and the reliable replenishment time (RRT) are required parameters. Generally, the RF of a node depends on the public transportation schedule such as ship schedules or its private conveyor schedule. If this node is a plant, however, the RF depends on the setup frequency in this plant, and a higher RF (i.e., once a day) is preferred by the TOC because of lower inventory and quick response to different market requirement. Basically, the RF in a plant is determined by its sales or production quantity. When sales increase significantly, the RF in a plant requires to be elongated from higher frequency (i.e., once a day) to lower frequency (i.e., once every two or more days) due to the limited capacity. Therefore, a two-level replenishment frequency model for the TOC-SCRS under capacity constraint is proposed. This model is especially suitable to a plant in which different products have a large sales volume variation. Numerical examples are utilized to evaluate the application of the proposed method. Employing this proposed methodology will facilitate a plant or a central warehouse to implement an effective TOC-SCRS successfully.

The Double-Edged Sword of Social Interactions: Revenue Management of Network Goods Under Demand Uncertainty

In many of today's business settings, a firm faces the problem of deciding whether to commit to sales volume disclosure when selling network goods that are subject to demand uncertainty. If the sales are kept a secret, customers are uncertain about the purchase decisions of others when they make their own decisions. When the sales are transparent, customers are willing to pay more for a massive turnout, but may forgo the purchase if the turnout is found to be low. We identify two countervailing effects of sales volume disclosure: (i) a pro-transparency Matthew effect: that is, the firm has an intrinsic tendency, driven by positive network externalities, to expose itself to sales volume uncertainty, because the benefit of a realized large sales volume tends to outweigh the loss of a realized small sales volume; and (ii) a pro-secrecy saturation effect: that is, for a sufficiently large expectation of network benefits, customers would make a purchase anyway even without knowing the exact sales volume realization, but may be turned away if observing a small sales volume realization. We quantify the tradeoff between these two effects under three pricing strategies: exogenous pricing, endogenous pricing and contingent pricing. For the exogenous pricing problem, we show that transparency is dominated (resp., dominating) when the network benefit is relatively strong (resp., weak). For the endogenous pricing problem, the tradeoff depends on the distribution of customer valuations and the expected network benefit: if the customer valuation distribution is bounded (resp., has a heavy tail) and the network benefit is sufficiently strong (resp., weak and bounded), maintaining secrecy (resp., transparency) is optimal. Under contingent pricing, transparency becomes always optimal. Lastly, we incorporate forward-looking customer behavior into our model and find that such strategic customer behavior may be detrimental or favorable to the firm who releases sales information.

Hormones for Life: Endocrinology, the Pharmaceutical Industry, and the Dream of a Remedy for Sterility, 1930-1970 by Christer Nordlund (review)

Reviewed by: Hormones for Life: Endocrinology, the Pharmaceutical Industry, and the Dream of a Remedy for Sterility, 1930-1970 by Christer Nordlund Dominique A. Tobbell (bio) Hormones for Life: Endocrinology, the Pharmaceutical Industry, and the Dream of a Remedy for Sterility, 1930-1970. By Christer Nordlund. Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications, 2011. Pp. ix+297. $34.95. In Hormones for Life, Christer Nordlund provides a compelling biography of Gonadex, an all-but-unknown hormone drug that on its public launch in Sweden in 1948 was hailed as a cure for sterility. A veritable "loser" among the "wonder drugs" of the post-World War II era, Nordlund rightly sees value in tracing the life cycle of Gonadex from its conception in the 1940s, through its transformation in the 1950s, and ultimately its market death in 1986. Based on extensive research in corporate archives, government documents, clinic records, press coverage, and the published scientific literature, Nordlund follows Gonadex out of the laboratory and into the clinic and the public sphere, capturing the complexity of pharmaceutical innovation. Gonadex was developed and marketed by the Swedish pharmaceutical firm Aktiebolaget Leo (Leo). As Nordlund shows, however, the development of Gonadex depended on extensive production and distribution networks established by Leo with academic researchers, physicians, hospitals, and women's clinics throughout Sweden. Of particular importance was the firm's close and long-standing collaboration with Professor Axel Westman, a leading hormone researcher and gynecologist based for most of his career at the Royal Caroline Hospital in Stockholm. The research and testing that led Leo to develop Gonadex depended on the company's collaborative relationship with Westman's laboratory. It also depended on the firm's ability to mobilize its network of consultants and forge productive relationships with abattoirs, women's clinics, and old-age homes to procure sufficient amounts of raw material (initially urine from pregnant mares; later versions of the drug derived from the urine of pregnant and post-menopausal [End Page 428] women). Following Gonadex's launch, Leo mobilized a distribution network of its physician-consultants who used the drug in their clinics, promoted the drug to their colleagues, and served as mediators (interlocuters) between Leo, the press, and patients. The history of Gonadex underscores the influence of therapeutic culture on corporate strategy. Nordlund shows that Leo's decision to invest in endocrinological research and treatment in the 1930s was as much motivated by sociopolitical considerations as it was by scientific and clinical imperatives. He argues that Leo's investment in and Westman's commitment to the sterility field were shaped by the population debates of the 1930s, particularly Sweden's pronatalist and eugenic preoccupation with "improving" Swedish stock. As Gonadex faltered clinically and financially, Leo remained committed to the project, ultimately transforming the drug into a "'base product,' which helped kick off research and development" in the new field of endocrinology, and generating "spin-off" products. One such spin-off product was Homogonal, which Leo introduced to the Swedish market in 1967. Nordlund's analysis shows clearly the importance of path dependency for understanding the company's decision to continually reinvest in a project that consistently fell short of the mark, even as the "therapeutic culture" changed significantly. Indeed, the sociopolitical context in which Homogonal was developed was markedly different from the context of Gonadex's origins. Instead of the pronatalism of the 1930s, the 1960s were defined by growing national and global fears of overpopulation. In this context, there was little political support (or much of a potential market) for sterility drugs as national governments, the World Health Organization, population-control advocates, and pharmaceutical companies focused on the development and distribution of contraceptives to stem the tide of population growth. In this milieu, Leo did not expect Homogonal to generate large sales volume but instead hoped its high price would ensure a sufficient financial return from the narrow sterility market. Although Hormones for Life does not break new historiographical ground, it is a valuable contribution to the fields of pharmaceutical history, science and technology studies, and innovation theory. Challenging the linear model of science-based innovation, Nordlund's close study of the history of Gonadex reveals the ways in which endocrinological...

Disproportionate sales of crime guns among licensed handgun retailers in the United States: a case–control study

Objective:To determine risk factors among licensed firearm retailers for disproportionate sales of handguns that are later subjected to ownership tracing, generally after use in crime.Design:Case–control; the study period was 1998–2003....

Intraday characteristics of stock price crashes

This article presents the first detailed analysis of the intraday characteristics of idiosyncratic stock price crashes. The analysis focuses on the impact of large crashes in single stocks on their intraday returns and liquidity in the US market. Furthermore, optimal intradaily behaviour during crashes is studied. Crashes are found to happen rather quickly, usually during a time interval of a few hours. In general, a strong increase in trading activity is observed during a crash, indicating that investors are able to sell their stocks even in distressed markets. The level of liquidity change is linked to the size of the crash. However, there is little evidence that the large sales volume during a crash drives down stock prices. After a stock price crash a significant momentum effect is found for several hours. Stock price crashes appear to reduce information asymmetries.

Intra-Day Characteristics of Stock Price Crashes

This article presents the first detailed analysis of the intra-day characteristics of idiosyncratic stock price crashes. The analysis focuses on the impact of large crashes in single stocks on their intra-day returns and liquidity in the US market. Furthermore, optimal intra-daily behavior during crashes is studied. Crashes are found to happen rather quickly, usually during a time interval of a few hours. In general, a strong increase in trading activity is observed during a crash, indicating that investors are able to sell their stocks even in distressed markets. The level of liquidity change is linked to the size of the crash. However, there is little evidence that the large sales volume during a crash drives down stock prices. After a stock price crash a significant momentum effect is found for several hours. Stock price crashes appear to reduce information asymmetries.

The effect of organisational learning tools on business results

The importance of tools that facilitate organisational learning has traditionally been outlined in the literature. Information Technologies (ITs) are considered as common facilitating tools for all learning agents by researchers and practitioners. Our study focuses on the question of what ITs are essential for organisational learning and how they actively contribute to the business results (operative and financial). The results exhibit that the use of databases generates larger sales volumes and better operative results. Companies with low profits tend to use the internet more often and this use improves operative results. In addition, the use of electronic mail increases the sales volume.