Large Energy Production Research Articles

Research on Carbon Emission Peaks in Large Energy Production Region in China —Based on the Open STIRPAT Model

<p>The interdependence between different regions within a country has an important impact on the prediction of regional carbon emission peaks. In this paper, taking Shanxi Province, a large energy producing region in China, as an example, we select the driving factors to construct an open STIRPAT model from both Shanxi and national levels, and use scenario analysis to predict the carbon emissions of Shanxi Province from 2021 to 2040. The study shows that： (1) In the Open STIRPAT model, the year and amount of peak carbon emissions in Shanxi province are mainly determined by the national scenarios. If the baseline scenario is chosen for the whole country, then no matter which scenario is chosen for Shanxi, it will not be able to realize the carbon peak in 2030. Under the scenario combination of low carbon-low carbon, Shanxi will realize the carbon peak in 2027. Under the scenario combination of low carbon-energy saving and energy saving-low carbon, Shanxi will realize the carbon peak in 2028. (2) The peak carbon emissions in Shanxi are mainly affected by the national scenario setting and Shanxi's emission reduction strategy. Controlling per capita GDP and energy consumption of 10,000 yuan GDP is an effective emission reduction strategy. (3) Compared with the open STIRPAT model, the closed STIRPAT model delays the year of peak carbon in Shanxi and overestimates carbon emissions by 20%-44%. Therefore, Shanxi should pay attention to the development of energy saving at the national level in formulating its carbon emission strategy, take it as an important constraint for Shanxi's peak carbon policy, and formulate a flexible carbon emission peaking program.</p>

Metabolic impact of heterologous protein production in Pseudomonas putida: Insights into carbon and energy flux control

For engineered microorganisms, the production of heterologous proteins that are often useless to host cells represents a burden on resources, which have to be shared with normal cellular processes. Within a certain metabolic leeway, this competitive process has no impact on growth. However, once this leeway, or free capacity, is fully utilized, the extra load becomes a metabolic burden that inhibits cellular processes and triggers a broad cellular response, reducing cell growth and often hindering the production of heterologous proteins. In this study, we sought to characterize the metabolic rearrangements occurring in the central metabolism of Pseudomonas putida at different levels of metabolic load. To this end, we constructed a P. putida KT2440 strain that expressed two genes encoding fluorescent proteins, one in the genome under constitutive expression to monitor the free capacity, and the other on an inducible plasmid to probe heterologous protein production. We found that metabolic fluxes are considerably reshuffled, especially at the level of periplasmic pathways, as soon as the metabolic load exceeds the free capacity. Heterologous protein production leads to the decoupling of anabolism and catabolism, resulting in large excess energy production relative to the requirements of protein biosynthesis. Finally, heterologous protein production was found to exert a stronger control on carbon fluxes than on energy fluxes, indicating that the flexible nature of P. putida's central metabolic network is solicited to sustain energy production.

Ordered L10-FeNi (111) epitaxial thin film on Al2O3 (0001) substrate: Molecular beam epitaxy growth and characterizations

Ordered hard magnetic L10-FeNi has attracted attention as a candidate for rare-earth-free permanent magnet with a large maximum magnetic energy product. Fabricating L10-FeNi is a big challenge using conventional methods due to its low order-disorder transition temperature, 320 °C. In this work, high-quality ordered L10-FeNi films were fabricated by using molecular beam epitaxy directly on Al2O3 (0001) substrate with a two-step co-deposition method below 250 °C. The films were epitaxially grown with [111] orientation, confirmed by reflection high energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction patterns. An order-disorder phase transition at 320 °C was observed in temperature dependent electrical resistivity curve. The two-step molecular beam epitaxy grown film exhibited high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant, Ku, up to 1.15 × 106 J/m3. The obtained Ku value is comparable to previous result for FeNi along [100] growth direction, indicating an isotropic Ku. This work provides an effective molecular beam epitaxy growth method of high-quality ordered L10-FeNi (111) film for the development of the next-generation rare-earth-free permanent magnet.

Recent advances in agroforestry systems and their impact on agricultural development

Agroforestry contributes to soil health and the breakdown of hazardous chemicals, which helps to keep the environment in balance. In agricultural forestry, environmental factors play an important role. Agroforestry uses a variety of methods, including tree breeding and genetic exchange, to create new plant varieties. Agroforestry also plays an important role in the recycling of waste water through efficient treatment water plants. Agroforestry systems for cacao are critical to ensuring that the right number of pants can be grown for each variety. Cacao can help alleviate symptoms of depression, stress, high blood pressure, and heart disease if consumed in the correct amounts. Soils have the ability to replenish themselves at times, resulting in the growth of new trees. Growth can be stunted or even stunted completely in soils with poor drainage, too much water, or not enough water at all. There is no doubt that agroforestry methods such as the taungya system and silvopastoral system can help trees grow. By preserving sustainable development, we can use biofuels to power large industrial and commercial energy production facilities.

Aerosol Nutrients and Their Biological Influence on the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) and Its Marginal Seas.

Simple SummaryWith intensifying human activities in the past decades, East Asia has recorded increasingly severe air pollution and become the second largest aerosol source on earth. The large quantity of aerosol emissions is not only a major health threat to humans, but can also be transported for a long distance and deposited in downwind seas and oceans. The aerosol contains major ions, heavy metals, and organic matters that are important external nutrients in upper oceans and potentially influence marine microbes and biogeochemical cycles. Therefore, the role of atmospheric deposition to oceans has received growing attention in recent years. In this paper, the current state of knowledge on the atmospheric nutrients and the biological effect of East Asian aerosol deposition on the northwest Pacific Ocean are reviewed, which could help us better understand the comprehensive influence of East Asian aerosols on marine ecosystems, and give insights into future research directions, especially under the future scenarios of changing human activities and climate.Atmospheric deposition is recognized as a significant source of nutrients in the surface ocean. The East Asia region is among the largest sources of aerosol emissions in the world, due to its large industrial, agricultural, and energy production. Thus, East Asian aerosols contain a large proportion of anthropogenic particles that are characterized by small size, complex composition, and high nutrient dissolution, resulting in important influences on marine microbes and biogeochemical cycles in the downwind areas of the northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO). By using remote sensing, modeling, and incubation experimental methods, enhanced primary production due to the East Asian aerosol input has been observed in the NWPO, with subsequent promotion and inhibition impacts on different phytoplankton taxa. Changes of bacterial activity and diversity also occur in response to aerosol input. The impact of East Asian aerosol loadings is closely related to the amount and composition of the aerosol deposition as well as the hydrological condition of the receiving seawater. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the atmospheric nutrients and the effects of the East Asian aerosols on microbes in the NWPO region. Future research perspectives are also proposed.

Magnetic Properties of Tetragonal SmFe12−xMox Alloys in Bulk and Melt‐Spun Ribbons

Currently, electric motors and generators use high‐energy permanent magnets based on RE2Fe14B phases (RE: rare earth) with high amounts of RE often including heavy‐RE metals (Dy, Tb), the most critical group of the raw materials. REFe12 alloys are seen as potential alternatives to RE2Fe14B because they contain a significantly lower amount of RE metals with similar or better values of remanent magnetization (MR) and high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which can give rise to a large energy product (BH)max. Herein, the effect of heat treatments on the coercivity and magnetic properties on melt‐spun ribbons of SmFe12−xMox (x = 0.5, 1) alloys with wheel speeds of 15 and 35 m s−1 is studied. The maximum coercivity after heat treatments is obtained in as‐spun ribbons at a speed of 35 m s−1. For the x = 0.5 ribbons, μ0Hc increases from 0.06 to 0.36 T, while for the x = 1.0 ones μ0Hc is enhanced from 0.02 to 0.34 T. The highest values of saturation magnetization are obtained for the x = 0.5 ribbons (≈145 Am2 kg−1).

Unraveling Site Selective Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Sites in Critical Elements Lean RE(TM)5 Magnet Materials

We report here our discovery of crystallographic and interstitial sites and onsite electron correlation propelled intrinsic and derived permanent magnetic properties of critical elements lean RE(TM)5 (RE = La, Ce and TM = Fe, Co) magnet materials. A full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within the local density approximation (LDA) is used to investigate and analyze the electronic structure and magnetism of these RE(TM)5 type structures. To better correlate the experimental results, the effective Coulomb (U) and exchange (J) interactions (Hubbard parameters) are crucial at the transition metal sites. Results show that the main propeller of magnetic anisotropy in these compounds is the cobalt atoms at the 2c sites not the 3g sites. This site-specific property and site preference energetics are used to replace 3g sites with non-critical elements such as iron that exhibits a larger magnetic moment. Based on this strategic replacement, we predict two new compounds that have a larger hardness parameter with a relatively large energy product due to the atomic dilution caused by interstitial addition of nitrogen in the compounds: CeCo2Fe3N2 and LaCo2Fe3N2.

Optimized seasonal performance analysis and integrated operation of 50MW floating solar photovoltaic system with Kaptai hydroelectric power plant: a case study

ABSTRACT The growing global demand for energy has fueled a surge in the search for low-carbon alternatives, with solar photovoltaic being identified as one of the most viable options. Floating PV technology has recently attracted considerable attention as a feasible alternative to large-scale PV installations on land due to numerous advantages. This paper describes the design and simulation of a 50 MW FPV (Floating Solar Photovoltaic System) that generates an annual energy yield of 76916 MWh. Furthermore, an optimization framework of the integrated operation of hybrid system in summer, monsoon, and winter has been analyzed using hourly power production data from FPV and HPS (hydroelectric power systems). In addition, it is computed that the integrated system CF (capacity factor) is 33.64% while the FLH (Full load hour) is almost 2944 hours. Thus, the hybrid operation will greatly compensate for the reservoir’s shortage of water storage during the winter season due to the FPV’s relatively high output energy, while a substantially large energy production from HPS will compensate greatly for the poor yields of FPV during the monsoon season.

Analysis of the energy efficiency promoted by the implementation of solar panels in hospitals in brazil and other countries

The growing world’s population demands large electric energy production for the functioning and development of the modern society. With the increase of energy consumption and environmental changes caused by these processes, it is fundamental that public and private sectors search for alternative energy sources, which must be not only sustainable but also efficient for the development of their activities. In this context, renewable energy causes less impact to the environment, mitigating the emission of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. Among the main renewable energy sources, the photovoltaic solar energy stands out, with the advantage of being installed in small spaces and requiring minimum changes in such spaces. The photovoltaic solar system is one of the alternative energy options that have received considerable investments worldwide, because solar radiation is an abundant and inexhaustible energy source incident on the Earth’s surface. Large buildings, such as hospitals, despite being essential to well-being and health care, present a great polluting potential, in the sense that they may cause indirect hazards to the environment, due to the amount of energy that they need to perform a series of procedures. The present study aims to present the main projects of photovoltaic solar energy implementation that aimed at energy efficiency in hospitals. The study is based on bibliographic research and adopted a qualitative approach to assess study cases in Brazil and in some other countries. Among the main results, the projects implemented in hospitals in Europe, Africa and Brazil are highlighted, because of the attested efficiency reached after the implementation of photovoltaic solar panels, minimizing the amount of CO2 launched in the atmosphere and achieving energy and financial savings.

Unveiling the potential of using a spar-buoy oscillating-water-column wave energy converter for low-power stand-alone applications

Applications including the offshore aquaculture, remotely operated vehicles, data acquisition systems, and desalination can be either supplemented or completely powered by renewable energy. The spar-buoy oscillating-water-column wave energy converter concept, typically studied for large scale wave energy production, can be re-designed to meet the power requirements of such applications, which results in a much smaller device working outside resonance conditions under typical sea states, and therefore with a smaller energy conversion efficiency. Experimental results are presented for a 1:10th scale model of a spar-buoy oscillating-water-column, undertaken in a wave channel. Calibrated orifice plates were used to model the flow characteristic of an impulse turbine, which will be used in the full-scale system. The system performance is examined for regular and irregular wave conditions. The results show the presence of non-linear effects, caused by viscous flow and turbine damping. A capture width ratio matrix is generated through stochastic modelling using regular-wave data and the performance of the device is assessed for two locations with different wave energy resource. The device presents an annual-averaged power of approximately 1kW for an Atlantic wave climate, and an annual-averaged power of approximately 0.4kW for a Mediterranean wave climate, which makes it adequate for the supply of specific oceanographic equipment in the first location, while for the second location a larger buoy should be considered.

Magnetic spin exchange interaction in SmCo5/Co nanocomposite magnet for large energy product

Magnetic spin exchange-coupled magnets have been investigated for obtaining an enhanced energy product, however, approaches at the nanoscale have been greatly restricted because of the lack of consideration of the relationships among the individual components. Here, we suggest a facile strategy for fabricating exchange-coupled nanomagnets with a large energy product. As a bottom-up approach, this work introduces a combined thermal decomposition and reduction/diffusion process to obtain a magnetic spin exchange coupled SmCo5/Co nanocomposite magnet. The SmCo5/Co nanocomposite magnet was fabricated through a three-step approach: (1) chemical synthesis of Co@SmOx nanoparticles and Co nanoparticles as hard and soft magnetic phases, respectively, (2) 3-dimensional alternating arrangement of both magnetic phases and (3) a reduction/diffusion process for the magnetic spin exchange interaction. Our results demonstrate that an effective magnetic spin exchange interaction strongly depends on the dimension and arrangement of the hard and soft phases, which were synthetically tuned to be within the magnetic domain wall size.

Environmental licensing of new transmission systems in brazil: framing criteria by environmental agency

The growing demand for electricity in large Brazilian cities and the distance to the region with the largest energy production have encouraged the construction of transmission lines thousands of kilometers long, crossing several states of the federation. Therefore, the heterogeneity of requirements in federal, state and district environmental laws tend to lead to uncertainty for the investor regarding procedures and investments necessary for the completion of the project, as well as the time that the requirements will take to be fulfilled. In the present study, we identify and compare the criteria used by the various environmental licensing agencies for classifying transmission system projects in the different procedures (simplified and ordinary) of environmental licensing. It was possible to expose the differences and demonstrate some inconsistencies in the legislation of some Brazilian states. In particular, we note an absence of proportionality between the licensing requirements and the expected environmental impacts for projects on the physical, biological and social environments. Additionally, it was identified subjectivity in the requirement for social participation through public hearings, demanded by the legislation for the projects classified in the ordinary procedure.

Cell-boundary-structure controlled magnetic-domain-wall-pinning in 2:17-type Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr permanent magnets

Raising Fe content is essential to achieve large magnetization and high energy product in the nanocell structured 2:17-type Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr alloys — the most prominent permanent magnets for advanced high temperature applications. However, it remains a mystery why the Fe-rich magnets with complete nanocell structure still have a maximum energy product much lower than the ideal value. Here we performed a comparative investigation between two Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr magnets with Fe contents of 16.2 wt% and 19.5 wt%, having similar diamond-shaped cell boundaries but distinct magnetic properties. Unlike the Fe-16.2 wt% magnet that most cells are separated by 1:5H cell boundaries, some cells in the Fe-19.5 wt% magnet are separated by the 2:17R’-type (disordered rhombohedral phase) cell boundaries. Unlike the 1:5H cell boundaries that show strong attractive domain-wall-pining, the 2:17R’ cell boundaries yield repulsive pinning, leading to poor squareness as well as the lower-than-ideal maximum energy product. With further development, the knowledge that Fe content controls the cell boundary structure and pinning type may help to improve the magnetic performance of Fe-rich Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr permanent magnets.

High-field magnetization study of (Nd,Dy)2Fe14B: Intrinsic properties and promising compositions

The crystal-electric field and exchange parameters are determined for the (Nd0.5Dy0.5)2Fe14B compound by analyzing experimental magnetization curves obtained in high magnetic fields up to 58 T. The series (NdxDy1-x)2Fe14B compounds were analyzed theoretically to achieve a temperature stability while maintaining a large maximum energy product (BH)max. We demonstrate that computational simulations is an important tool in the materials design.

Role of primary Zr-rich particles on microstructure and magnetic properties of 2:17-type Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr permanent magnets

Trace Zr addition is essential for achieving desired cellular nanostructure and large coercivity in the pinning-controlled 2:17-type Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr magnets that have served as the strongest high temperature permanent magnets for over 40 years. However, accompanying this is the formation of Zr-rich particles that may deteriorate the hard magnetic properties. Besides the formerly-reported 1:3R Zr-rich platelets, in this work, 1–2 μm sized Zr6(Co, Fe)23 (6:23) particles (Fm 3¯ m) and 100–200 nm sized 1:3R Zr-rich particles were also found based on combined structural identifications and element mapping analysis. Around such particles, the desired 1:5H cell wall precipitates that provide the strongest pinning force of magnetic domain wall motions are rare, forming the precipitate-free-zones (PFZs). The 1:5H-PFZs and the soft magnetism of both 6:23 and 1:3R Zr-rich particles act as local weak pinning points, which are unfavorable to retain the large magnetization in strong opposite fields and lead to poor squareness. As observed in a Sm25Co45.9Fe19.5Cu5.6Zr4.0 (wt.%) magnet, the co-existence of such Zr-rich particles and the associated 1:5H-PFZs leads to a pretty low squareness factor of only 52.89 % given the large coercivity of 29.04 kOe. Our findings suggest that careful controlling the Zr content and avoiding its aggregation to form harmful 6:23 and 1:3R Zr-rich particles are essential for achieving high squareness as well as large energy product in the Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr permanent magnets.

Preparation and characterization of bakelite bonded magnet NdFeB used for electric generator

The permanent magnets based on NdFeB is well known as rare earth alloy magnets made from neodymium, iron and boron elements and has tetragonal crystalline structure Nd2Fe14B which has high coercivity, large energy product (app 50 MGOe) and curie temperature about 312 °C. In this paper will be discussed the preparation of bakelite bonded magnet NdFeB and characterization, also the purpose of this research is to make bonded magnet NdFeB using 3 % bakelite and know the extent to which can be applied in making a small electric generator. The bonded magnet NdFeB was made by mixing a magnetic powder NdFeB with a polymer as binder. The composition of the sample consisted of 97 wt. % of NdFeB powder and 3 wt.% of bakelite. The mixed raw materials were then pressed to form a disc with pressure about 40 MPa at temperature about 160 °C for 20 minutes. It was obtained a disc with size 40 x 18 x 6 mm. The disc samples were magnetized by using impulse magnetizer at 1500 Volt DC, then the samples were measured magnetic properties by using Gauss meter and Permeagraph. The measurements result show that, the bakelite bonded magnet NdFeB has Magnetic Flux = 1100 Gauss, Remanence Br = 5.20 kGauss, Coercivity Hc = 6.14 kOe and Energy product (BH) max = 4.78 MGOe. The bonded magnet NdFeB was applied to the prototype small generator with single rotor and single stator. The results of performance test of generator indicate that it is achieved output power of generator about 9.98 Watt at a maximum speed about 500 rpm.

Magnetic properties of anisotropic bonded NdFeB/SmCo permanent magnets

Anisotropic bonded NdFeB permanent magnets have wide potential applications in the areas such as brushless DC motors, spindle motors, and stepping motors due to their excellent processing property and high magnetic properties. Anisotropic NdFeB bonded magnets prepared by hydrogen-disproportionation–desorption-recombination (HDDR) process have large energy product at room temperature. However, they are not stable at ∼100°C, which is the working temperature of many electric motors. In order to improve their thermal stability, we developed bonded NdFeB/SmCo magnets and investigated the effects of powder particle size and SmCo content on their magnetic properties. We proposed a model to clarify the filling effect of the powder, which played a key role in the enhanced (BH)max when reducing the SmCo particle size. As for the SmCo content, the bonded magnets showed improved (BH)max at 100°C-150°C and thermal stability with the increase of SmCo content. And through adjusting the SmCo content, the remanence temperature coefficient and coercivity temperature coefficient from 25-150°C were able to be regulated in the range of -0.14%/°C to -0.04%/°C and -0.51%/°C to -0.14%/°C, respectively. This work provides a design strategy and a facile route to improve the magnetic properties and thermal stability of the bonded magnets.

Characterizing meteorological and hydrological droughts: A case study of the Gediz River Basin, Turkey

AbstractThe determination of the drought characteristics of a basin that feeds a reservoir and provides water for agricultural irrigation or energy production is important for the sustainable management of reservoirs. In the present study, the meteorological and hydrological droughts of the upper basins feeding the Demirköprü Reservoir in the Gediz River Basin of Turkey are examined over one, three, six and 12 month timescales. The methods used include the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for defining meteorological droughts, and the standardized runoff index (SRI) method for defining hydrological droughts. The results show that the wet periods are dominant in the water years before 1984, and the dry periods occurred more frequently and were longer after this year in the basin. Owing to a temperature increase, it is determined that the effect of potential evapotranspiration losses on drought events has increased in the years after 2000, and the droughts that occurred after this year have happened more intensively in the basin. The results also show that both the meteorological and hydrological drought trends of the basin are prone to dry conditions and no that change is expected in these trends in the near future. Considering the predicted global climate changes, the results provide a source for describing the characteristics of the meteorological and hydrological droughts observed in the basins for the sustainable management of reservoirs which have a large irrigation area or energy production.

Excavation based enhanced geothermal system (EGS-E): introduction to a new concept

The current technology for enhanced geothermal system (EGS) typically involves drilling of deep injection and production wells to inject cold water into the injection well to the EGS reservoir depth, to extract heat by permeating through the fractured hot rock masses, collected by the production well and return to the surface as heated water. In this article, a new approach is proposed to develop EGS based excavation technology (EGS-E). This method consists of (1) excavation to deep rocks, including a deep shaft from surface to the EGS depth, a room-and-pillar mined cavern complex to be filled with water to become a large underground heated water reservoir in the hot rocks; (2) enhanced heat extraction from rock, aided by additional drillholes spreading out and down from the caverns, and induced fracturing of the surrounding rocks for enhanced rock–water heat transfer; (3) enclosed heat transmission from heated water reservoir to the power plant by using independent heat conducting pipes running between them, continuously supplying the heat for power generation, without water movement in the reservoir. EGS-E offers the following advantages: (1) utilizing mechanized rock excavation technology for large volume energy production; (2) greatly increasing heat extraction volume by easily extending vertically and horizontally; (3) maximize the energy transfer from hot rock to the water reservoir; and (4) separated heat transmission from heated water reservoir in EGS to power plant to minimize environmental pollution.

Role of nanoscale interfacial defects on magnetic properties of the 2:17-type Sm–Co permanent magnets

Development of miniaturized magnet-associated devices operated at elevated temperatures requires that the 2:17-type Sm(Co, M)z (M = Fe, Cu, Zr) permanent magnets have large magnetic energy product and high coercivity. Raising iron content is essential to enlarge the energy product, however it leads to serious deterioration in coercivity (Hcj) and squareness factor (SF). In order to uncover the underlying microstructural origins, here we performed a comparative study between two nanocell structured Sm(Co0.68Fe0.22Cu0.07Zr0.03)7.5 magnets with different magnetic properties. We found that the nanoscale interfacial defects, including the retained phase at the grain edges and the intermediate rhombohedral phase (2:17R’) at the cell edges, act as extra defects that are detrimental to the coercivity as well as the squareness, besides the formerly-reported incomplete cell walls and discontinuous platelets. These microstructural defects build up inhomogeneous pinning sites, at the interfaces between the cell walls and the cell interiors, and at the intersections of the cell walls and the Zr-rich platelets. The comparative results show that the magnet with Hcj = 34.39 kOe and SF = 62.08% contains much less microstructural defects than the one with Hcj = 24.42 kOe and SF = 47.08%. Our work highlights the importance of reducing microstructural defects for achieving high coercivity and large squareness in the iron-rich Sm(Co, M)z permanent magnets.