Large Ovaries Research Articles

Impact of polyamine supplementation on GnRH expression, folliculogenesis, and puberty onset in young mice

BackgroundThe hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is pivotal in regulating reproductive functions, with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acting as a central regulator. Recently, polyamines have been shown to regulate the HPG axis, including GnRH expression and ovarian biology in old and adult rodents. The present study firstly highlights the age-specific variation in the polyamine and their corresponding biosynthetic enzymes in the ovary during aging, and further, the study focuses on the effect of polyamines, putrescine, and agmatine, in young female mice. Method and resultImmunofluorescence analysis revealed age-related differences in the expression of ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1), spermine (SPM), and spermidine (SPD) in the ovaries, with adult mice exhibiting significantly higher expression levels compared to young and old mice. Likewise, qPCR analysis showed the mRNA levels of Odc1, Spermidine synthase (Srm), and Spermine synthase (Sms) show a significant increase in adult ovaries, which is then followed by a significant decline in old age. Histological examination demonstrated morphological alterations in the ovaries with age, including decreased follicle numbers and increased stromal cells in old mice. Furthermore, treatment with putrescine, a polyamine, in young mice resulted in larger ovaries and increased follicle numbers compared to controls. Additionally, serum levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and progesterone (P4) were measured, showing elevated levels in polyamine-treated mice. GnRH mRNA expression also increased significantly. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of genes associated with folliculogenesis such as Fshr, Bmp15, Gdf9, Amh, Star, Hsdb3, and Plaur in the ovaries and onset of puberty such as Tac2, and Kiss1, and a decrease in Mkrn3 in the hypothalamus of polyamine-treated mice. ConclusionThis study investigates the effect of polyamines in young immature female mice, shedding light on their role in upregulating GnRH, and enhancing folliculogenesis. Overall, these findings suggest that polyamines play a crucial role in ovarian aging and HPG axis regulation, offering potential therapeutics to reinstate fertility in reproductively challenged individuals.

A Review on PCOD: Polycystic Ovarian Disease

Among women of reproductive age, PCOD (polycystic ovarian disease) is a hormonal condition. Patients with PCOD have larger ovaries with little cysts on the outer margins as a result of abnormal androgen and estrogen metabolism and secretion rates. Although the exact cause of the syndrome is unknown due to its complicated pathophysiology, insulin resistance is thought to play a significant role. Our goal is to look into the effects of synthetic and herbal drugs on serum levels of sex hormones and ovarian tissue in light of the rising prevalence of PCOD, related mental and physical issues, and the role that changes in sex hormones play in the development of this disease. Numerous pharmacological research has documented the application of different Ayurvedic medicinal plants and the significant role their ingredients play in PCOD treatment.As a result, this medication may be somewhat helpful in treating this syndrome by influencing various hormones, ovarian shape, weight, and serum levels. It may also present a chance to research and find novel bioactive compounds. Several synthetic and herbal medications that may be used to treat PCOD were covered in this review.

Effects of larval diets on some biological parameters and morphometric and biochemical analysis of ovaries of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The effects of three larval diets (beef meat, chicken meat, and beef liver) on development of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) were evaluated. Egg hatching rates were higher on chicken meat and beef meat (99.5%) than on beef liver (96.5%). Pupation success was higher on chicken meat (99.0%) and beef meat (98.0%) than on beef liver (87.1%). Adult emergence rates were higher in flies reared on chicken meat (99.0%) and beef meat (98.5%) than on beef liver (93.5%). Proportions of female flies were somewhat higher in flies reared on chicken meat or beef meat (54-56% female) than on beef liver (52.5%). Flies that were reared on chicken meat and beef meat had shorter egg-adult development times (16.3 days) than flies reared on beef liver (18.5 days), and the generation time of flies reared on chicken meat or beef meat (51-52 days) was several days shorter than flies reared on beef liver (54 days). Flies reared on chicken meat had larger ovaries and more ovarioles per ovary when larvae were reared on chicken than flies reared on beef meat or beef liver. The ovaries of flies reared on chicken meat had significantly higher amounts of protein (21 mg/g body weight) than flies reared on beef liver (12 mg). Analysis of the larval diets showed that beef liver had the lowest amounts of protein and carbohydrate of the three tested diets, whereas the amounts of lipids did not differ among the diets.

Diets with soybean oil and l-carnitine alter lipid metabolism and improve the growth and reproduction of Rhamdia quelen females

This study aimed to evaluate the reproduction, growth, biochemical parameters of blood, hepatic and gonadal redox parameters, hepatic and gonadal histology, and lipid metabolism of silver catfish females (Rhamdia quelen) fed diets containing l-carnitine and different lipid sources. Females were fed for 223 days with eight (08) isoproteic (282 g of digestible protein kg of ration−1) and isoenergetic (13.34 MJ of digestible energy kg of ration−1) diets, containing 0.00, 0.15, 0.45, and 0.75 g l-carnitine kg−1 of feed, and soybean or marine fish oils. Feeding the females diets containing l-carnitine and the different oils resulted in an interactive effect (p < 0.05) that improved the growth and reproduction of the fish. Females fed soybean oil and 0.45 g l-carnitine kg−1 had the highest growth rates, the largest ovaries, and produced the most fertile oocytes, which resulted in the highest hatching rates. These females also showed higher levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and alterations in the levels of alanine aminotransferase in the blood, in addition to greater activity of hepatic superoxide dismutase and a greater amount of saturated fatty acids in the liver. The ovaries of these females also had the highest amount of docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA), highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids from the n-3 and n-6 series, and the lowest crude protein content. The interaction between l-carnitine and the lipid source of the diets promoted hepatic protection and regulated lipid metabolism and the fatty acid profile in the liver and ovaries of silver catfish females. The benefits of these interactions improved the growth and reproduction of females fed diets containing soybean oil and 0.45 g l-carnitine kg−1.

Seasonal shift in diet affects female reproductive anatomy but not mating behavior.

Females experience considerable environmental variability when breeding seasons are long. Adverse nutritional conditions can result in a reduction in mating and reproduction. However, a return to good nutrition may help animals resume high reproductive investment. I tested the silver spoon hypothesis in which females raised under poor conditions are reproductively limited compared to those raised under good conditions regardless of their adult environment. I used a specialist herbivore, Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae), that lives on seasonally changing cacti. I provided juveniles and adults with a cactus pad with fruit (good diet), without fruit (restricted diet), or an improved adult diet (no fruit as juveniles, fruit at adulthood) to simulate a seasonal change in their diets near the end of the breeding season. I found that both ovary size and egg presence were reduced for females fed the restricted diet compared to those fed the good diet. Females fed the improved diet grew large ovaries like those fed the good diet, but few produced any eggs. Interestingly, female mating behavior did not change but females were less attractive to males when fed restricted diets. My results support the silver spoon hypothesis for compensatory growth and suggest that tradeoffs may occur between early survival and future reproduction when females experience a poor early life diet.

Studies on the genus Capparis L. (Capparaceae) in Lao PDR. VI: a new species from the Bolikhamxai Province

A new species of Capparis, C. phatadke, is described and illustrated from the Bolikhamxai Province, central Lao PDR. The new species is characterized by lianous habit, brown-reddish indumentum, straight stipular thorns, laminar bracts, large flowers arranged in terminal corymbs or subumbels, long filaments and large ovary. It is so far known from a single locality, where has been observed in mixed deciduous forest and secondary forest in a limestone area. Its ecology and phenology are discussed, and its conservation status is assessed.

ODP416 Increased Ovarian Volume in Young Girls: A Marker of Impending Hyperandrogenism or Normal Variant?

Abstract Ovarian volume increases with age in childhood with reported volumes from 0.6 cm 3 in neonates to approximately 6 cm 3 by 12 years old. There are no precise normal ranges defined based on age or Tanner stage in childhood; therefore, interpretation of ovarian volume can be challenging. The surgical and medical implications of ovarian enlargement are important as it can help predict ovarian torsion. It has been reported that a higher ovarian volume ratio (OVR) (ratio of larger to contralateral ovary) may be a strong predictor of ovarian torsion. A study evaluating premenarchal girls 3-14 years old showed OVR of 7.6 Vs 1.4 in those with and without torsion respectively. There is also an association between current or eventual development of hyperandrogenism and enlarged ovaries in adolescents. Seven girls, five to nine years old presented for care between 2013 and 2021 with at least one ovary large for pubertal status (volume ranging from 6 to 38 mL). Of these, 6 had bilateral enlargement. Presentation was for abdominal pain from ovarian torsion (5/7) or concerns for early puberty (2/7). Family history of PCOS was positive in 4/7. All girls were prepubertal or in early puberty (Tanner stage I-II for breast and pubic hair). All had normal body mass indices (BMI), none had reported hirsutism, acne or stigmata of Mc-Cune Albright syndrome. Pelvic ultrasound revealed large ovaries without discrete ovarian cysts or masses, 2/7 had decreased blood flow with one of these having heterogeneity related to prior torsion. Thyroid function tests, prolactin, gonadotropins, androgen levels and tumor markers were normal when measured. Bone age was checked and normal in five cases. Follow up ranged from 0-8 years, none required pubertal suppression for progressive precocious puberty. One case was diagnosed with PCOS at age 17 years after an initial presentation of ovarian torsion. PCOS is associated with oligo/anovulation and a risk for development of metabolic syndrome. Earlier detection of PCOS, particularly in the early pubertal age group may alter the trajectory of the complications with close monitoring potentially decreasing eventual metabolic risks. Since PCOS is associated with larger ovarian volumes (&amp;gt;10mL in the adolescent population), detection of this enlargement in early puberty may portend later development of PCOS. It is also conceivable that premenarchal girls presenting with ovarian enlargement may signify a specific hyperandrogenic phenotype. While it is possible that larger ovarian volumes are variants of normal, larger retrospective studies and ideally, prospective, long term follow up investigations are required to determine a relationship between them and eventual hyperandrogenic and metabolic phenotypes. Presentation: No date and time listed

ODP430 Unusual Complication after a controlled ovarian stimulation presenting as ascites

Abstract Assisted Reproductive Technologies have become an integral element of care for women suffering from infertility. These comprise all interventions that include in vitro handling of both human oocytes and sperm, or of embryos for the purposes of reproduction. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is the most serious complication of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for assisted reproduction technologies (ART). Hereby we are describing the case of a patient who developed severe OHSS presenting prominent ascites who benefitted from early onset cabergoline therapy and paracentesis. Case of 28 y/o female with past medical history of hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia admitted after presenting worsening abdominal pain and distention, nausea, vomiting and decreased urine output 3 days after receiving treatment before a planned follicular extraction. She initially was started on intramuscular follistim and Menopur, exogenous gonadotropins, preceded by intramuscular progesterone in preparation for said extraction. On physical examination, there was a pronounced abdominal ascites with positive fluid wave accompanied by abdominal discomfort at palpation, tachycardia of 103bpm, oliguria (less than 0.5cc/kg/hr) but no palpable masses or visceromegaly. Evaluation showed leukocytosis of 23. 0K/uL, hematocrit level of 43.5 g/dl (N: 36-48% in females), hypotonic hyponatremia with sodium level: 134 (136-145mmol/L), serum osmolality of 268 mOsm/L (N: 269-295mOsm/L), estradiol level of 3,057 pg/ml and progesterone level of 253.3 ng/ml; hormones both well above normal range compatible with response to ovarian stimulation therapy received. Afterwards, the patient underwent an abdominal ultrasound reporting small to moderate amount of ascites and findings highly suggestive of OHHS. Endovaginal Ultrasound was done which showed a prominent endometrium measuring 6.5×5. 0x 3.2 cm with bilateral large ovaries containing numerous complex cysts. Patient was started with intravenous hydration with normal saline to maintain adequate intravascular volume and cabergoline 0.25mg intravaginally daily, a dopamine agonist associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of symptoms and signs of moderate to severe OHSS. Her symptoms improved initially, but three days later she complained of worsening abdominal distention, to which abdominal ultrasound was repeated to localize a pocket for abdominal paracentesis. Paracentesis was performed: 1.8 liters of yellow fluid were aspirated and ascites resolved. Although the most severe form of OHSS is rare as in our patient, the incidence observed over time is less than 1% reported in literature. This case is an example of women with low risk factors who develop severe OHSS who had a good response to dopamine agonist therapy. As strategies to reduce the incidence of OHSS and its severity, clinical trials are needed to study the efficacy as well as safety of different doses and durations of cabergoline administration for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Presentation: No date and time listed

Euryale Small Auxin Up RNA62 promotes cell elongation and seed size by altering the distribution of indole-3-acetic acid under the light.

Euryale (Euryale ferox Salisb.) is an aquatic crop used as both food and drug in Asia, but its utilization is seriously limited due to low yield. Previously, we hypothesized that Euryale small auxin up RNAs (EuSAURs) regulate seed size, but the underlying biological functions and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we observed that the hybrid Euryale lines (HL) generate larger seeds with higher indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations than those in the North Gordon Euryale (WT). Histological analysis suggested that a larger ovary in HL is attributed to longer cells around. Overexpression of EuSAUR62 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) resulted in larger glumes and grains and increased the length of glume cells. Immunofluorescence and protein interaction assays revealed that EuSAUR62 modulates IAA accumulation around the rice ovary by interacting with the rice PIN-FORMED 9, an auxin efflux carrier protein. Euryale basic region/leucine zipper 55 (EubZIP55), which was highly expressed in HL, directly binds to the EuSAUR62 promoter and activated the expression of EuSAUR62. Constant light increased the expression of both EubZIP55 and EuSAUR62 with auxin-mediated hook curvature in HL seedlings. Overall, we proposed that EuSAUR62 is a molecular bridge between light and IAA and plays a crucial role in regulating the size of the Euryale seed.

P-634 Safety of ART cycles with extremely high estradiol levels - A retrospective cohort study

Abstract Study question Are IVF treatments with extremely high peak estradiol levels during ovarian hyperstimulation associated with higher complication rates? Summary answer Extremely high estradiol levels were not associated with higher major complication rates, but patients were more likely to seek medical care following retrieval. What is known already The freeze-all policy and the increasing popularity of social oocyte freezing, have led to an increase in gonadotropin doses and number of oocytes retrieved and, as a direct effect, higher estradiol levels. Studies reporting major ART complications (OHSS, bleeding, infection, torsion, thromboembolic events) are based on heterogeneous patient populations without stratification by oocyte number or estradiol levels, except for a single study reporting an association between peak estradiol levels and the risk of ovarian torsion. Extreme estradiol levels, are associated with larger ovaries, repeated ovarian punctures, and possibly a thrombogenic effect. Therefore, higher complication rates can be expected. Study design, size, duration A retrospective cohort study including patients from two large medical centers treated between 2019-2021. Participants/materials, setting, methods A study group (239 patients) with extremely high peak estradiol levels (&amp;gt;20,000 pmol/L on the day of ovulation induction, or &amp;gt; 15,000 pmol/L on the previous day) and a control group (208 patients) with normal range estradiol levels (3000-12000pmol/L), treated at two large units were included. Patients were surveyed about complaints and medical care related to ovum pick up (OPU), and medical files were reviewed. Complication rates and the need for medical assistance were compared. Main results and the role of chance Several differences between the study and control group were observed as a consequence of the study design: Mean age was 33.01±5.14 vs. 34.57±4.52 (p = 0.01), Mean peak estradiol levels was 26645.34±8592.56 vs.7229.750±2329.20 (p &amp;lt; 0.001), mean number of oocytes were 27.55±13.46 vs. 11.63±5.77 (p &amp;lt; 0.001) for the study and control group respectivly. More patients in the control group underwent fertility preservation. Mean FSH levels and total gonadotropin dosage were higher in the control group. Major complications [3 (1.25%) in the study group vs. 1 (0.96%) in the control group] were similar between groups (p = 0.62). In the study group Two patients were diagnosed with ovarian torsion (0.83%), and one (0.41%) with early severe OHSS as a result of a positive BhCG related to an undiagnosed pregnancy prior to OPU. All three were admitted (1.25%). In the control group one patient was diagnosed with PID requiring inpatient IV antibiotic treatment (0.48%). One more patient was admitted with severe abdominal pain following OPU, for a total of 2 admissions (0.96%) (p = 1). 33 patients (13.8%) in the study group and 10 (4.8%) in the control group sought medical care after OPU, mostly due to abdominal pain, without further workup or hospitalization (p = 0.001). Limitations, reasons for caution A retrospective study with possible recall bias. Major adverse events are rare in IVF and may not be fully captured in the study population. Wider implications of the findings Based on our results, extremely high estradiol levels during ovarian hyperstimulation were not associated with thromboembolic events, higher major complication or hospitalization rates, thus may be considered safe. Nevertheless, patients may be informed of possible higher rates of discomfort, mostly abdominal pain. Larger studies are warranted to confirm our results. Trial registration number 0090-21-ASF

Relationship Between Ovary Size and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels in Holstein-Friesian Cows.

The aim of this study was to verify the association between ovarian size and blood AMH levels in HF cows. Sixty multiparous HF cows from three herds were included in this study. The data required for calculating the ovarian volume included the “major axis (length),” “minor axis (width),” and “thickness” of the ovary. All ultrasonography (US) images were acquired at the outermost ends/poles of both the ovaries and of the follicles (>8 mm) and corpus luteum (CL); concomitantly, the blood was sampled from the jugular or coccygeal vein. Based on the ovarian images of each cow, the following ovarian size patterns were calculated using an image analysis software: (1) total area of both the left and right ovaries, (2) individual size of the large ovary, and (3) individual size of the small ovary. For each ovary area pattern, two properties were assessed: (A) presence of follicles (>8 mm) and CL, which may not secret AMH, in the ovaries and (B) absence of follicles (>8 mm) and CL in the ovaries. Serum AMH levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlation between ovary size and serum AMH levels was measured in terms of the aforementioned patterns and was evaluated statistically. The results of our preliminary study with ovaries from slaughter-house cows (n = 22) revealed that the “thickness” of the ovary was not necessary for estimating ovarian volume and that length and width were sufficient. A strong correlation was observed among ovarian length, width, and thickness (r > 0.96). No significant difference was observed (p > 0.05) in the mean ages or parities among the three herds. Among the ovary sizes measured in this study, the highest correlation was found between the total size of an individual large ovary (including follicular and luteal size) and AMH levels (r = 0.387, p = 0.002). This is the first study to demonstrate the correlation between total size of individual large ovaries and serum AMH levels in HF cows. US observations of the ovaries will allow for estimation of differences in AMH levels and help predict ovarian activity and superovulation performance of cows.

Huchimingia, a new genus segregated from Millettia (Leguminosae, Millettieae) based on morphological and molecular evidence

Millettia Wight &amp; Arn. is a heterogeneous genus within the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) and has long been used as a repository to accommodate all undistinctive species of the tribe with elastically dehiscent pods. Millettia sect. Podocarpae Dunn is representative of the heterogeneous genus. This section includes five Asian species that have a unique combination of characters that distinguishes them from all other species of the genus, including the deciduous tree habit, conspicuous buds covered with scales, pseudoracemes or pseudopanicles with very indistinct brachyblasts, two flowers per brachyblast, conspicuous large bracts, ebracteolate calyx, well-developed hypanthium, stipitate ovary, and flat, stipitate and dehiscent pods. Our molecular phylogeny based on plastid matK and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences also suggested the section is clearly monophyletic, separate from other congeneric species, and is most closely related to Antheroporum Gagnep. with inflated, vacuous pods and Ohashia X.Y. Zhu &amp; R.P. Zhang with indehiscent flat pods. Therefore, we propose a new genus, Huchimingia Z.Q. Song &amp; Shi J. Li, to accommodate this distinct section.

Fruit formation of the distylous species &lt;i&gt;Jasminum fruticans&lt;/i&gt; L. (Oleaceae)

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the fruit formation of long-styled and short-styled plants Jasminum fruticans L. (Oleaceae). The long-styled flowers have larger ovaries and ovules than short-styled ones. Visual signs of degeneration and reduction of the structures of the ovules were not detected. At the same time, the morphs of J. fruticans differ in fruit formation. The proportion of dimeric fruits with two seeds is greater in long-styled plants. Three periods of abortion of fruits/seeds were identified: (1) 1-7 days after flowering correspond to the stage of pollination and fertilization; (2) 8-14 days are the proembryonic stage of embryogenesis; (3) 15-35 days are the stage of globular embryo. The periods of fruits abortion are the same for long- and short-styled plants. Statically significant difference between morph was revealed in the first period of abortion. Differences in morphs of fruits formation indicate less effective pollination and fertilization in short-styled plans. The fruits of J. fruticans mature three months after flowering.

Skin exposure to UVB light induces a skin-brain-gonad axis and sexual behavior.

SummaryUltraviolet (UV) light affects endocrinological and behavioral aspects of sexuality via an unknown mechanism. Here we discover that ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure enhances the levels of sex-steroid hormones and sexual behavior, which are mediated by the skin. In female mice, UVB exposure increases hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone levels, resulting in larger ovaries; extends estrus days; and increases anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) expression. UVB exposure also enhances the sexual responsiveness and attractiveness of females and male-female interactions. Conditional knockout of p53 specifically in skin keratinocytes abolishes the effects of UVB. Thus, UVB triggers a skin-brain-gonadal axis through skin p53 activation. In humans, solar exposure enhances romantic passion in both genders and aggressiveness in men, as seen in analysis of individual questionaries, and positively correlates with testosterone level. Our findings suggest opportunities for treatment of sex-steroid-related dysfunctions.

Morphometric differentiation and sexual dimorphism in Limnomedusa macroglossa (Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1841) (Anura: Alsodidae) from Uruguay

Intersexual morphological differences within a species occur in many traits, including body size and shape. Many processes that cause geographic variability in morphology have been proposed: population structure, phenotypic plasticity (environmental effects on development), and natural and/or sexual selection. Several hypotheses can explain patterns of sexual dimorphism in anurans, including natural or intra/inter-sexual selection, and differences in life history strategies between sexes. Limnomedusa macroglossa is considered a habitat specialist restricted to rocky outcrops in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. We evaluated the extent of sexual (size and shape) dimorphism in L. macroglossa from Uruguay based on morphometrics and secondary sexual characteristics, while taking into account geographic variation. Sexual dimorphism in body size of adults was found, but multivariate analyses did not demonstrate the existence of significant differences in shape. There were also significant differences in body size and hind leg measurements among six hydrographic basins as a result from the phenotypic plasticity correlated with local temperature, representing a clinal variation along the latitudinal gradient of Uruguay. The sexual dimorphism found in body size is probably the consequence of higher growth rates and/or late sexual maturity in females, which favors larger body size for accommodating larger ovaries, and thus, higher reproductive output.

Morphological and physiological characteristics of abnormal berry development in Vitis amurensis

Heterogeneity among grape berries directly affects wine quality and restricts the wine grape industry’s development. To study the heterogeneous development of Vitis amurensis berries, the morphology and physiology of three different types—large berry, medium berry, and live green ovary (LGO)—in the same clusters of wine-making cultivar ‘Shuangfeng’ were monitored at different growth stages from June to September. External differences in berry development were distinguishable at 12 days after full bloom (DAF). The pedicel, berry size, fresh weight, and seed length of the medium berries were intermediate between those of large berries and LGOs. Seeds are crucial for fruit set and normal berry development. The activity levels of soluble acid invertase and cell-wall-bound acid invertase in large berries increased earlier, at 18 DAF, than the accumulation of sugar. Abscisic acid concentrations in medium berries and LGOs were greater than that in large berries at 18 DAF. The greater endogenous indole-3-acetic acid concentration in the medium berries compared with LGOs might protect the former from abscission.

LATE ONSET OHSS AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME: A CASE REPORT

Ovulation induction has been an important mode of treatment of infertility.Ovarian stimulation may result in a supraphysiologic response leading to an iatrogenic complication known as the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome(OHSS) . This syndrome is a potentially lethal condition,the pathophysiologic hallmark of which is the accumulation of massive extravascular exudate combined with profound intravascular volume depletion and hemoconcentration.we report a case of severe OHSS with very large ovaries in a 38yr old case of G2A1 with 4weeks 5days GA ,ICSI conception with TCTA triplets presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain,ascites and respiratory distress . The patient was managed symptomatically with no complications. Although ovarian hyperstimulation is a rare entity ,it is important that the physician recognizes this condition.prompt diagnosis and successful management is likely to avoid serious and rapid development of complications.

Effects of Bushen Yiqi Huoxue Decoction in Treatment of Patients with Diminished Ovarian Reserve: A Randomized Controlled Trial

To explore the therapeutic effect of Bushen Yiqi Huoxue Decoction BYHD) in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). A total of 180 patients with DOR diagnosed from December 2013 to December 2014 were equally assigned into progynova and duphaston (E+D) group, Zuogui Pill group and BYHD group with 60 cases in each by computerized randomization. Patients received E+D, Zuogui Pill or BYHD for 12 months, respectively. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), antral follicle count (AFC), ovarian volume, endometrial thickness, and the resistance indices (RIs) of ovarian arteries and uterine arteries were observed before and after treatment. Nine women (4 from the E+D group, 3 from the Zuogui Pill group, and 2 from the BYHD group) withdrew from the study. After 6 months, Zuogui Pill and BYHD significantly decreased FSH and LH and increased endometrial thickness and AMH (all P<0.01). BYHD also resulted in E2 elevation (P<0.05), ovary enlargement (P<0.05), AFC increase (P<0.01), and RI of ovarian arteries decrease (P<0.05). After 12 months, further improvements were observed in the Zuogui Pill and BYHD groups (all P<0.01), but BYHD showed better outcomes, with lower FSH, larger ovaries and a thicker endometrium compared with the Zuogui Pill group (all P<0.01). However, E+D only significantly increased endometrial thickness (P<0.01) and no significant improvements were observed in the RI of uterine arteries in the three groups. BYHD had a favorable therapeutic effect in patients with DOR by rebalancing hormone levels, promoting ovulation, and repairing the thin endometrium. The combination of tonifying Shen (Kidney), benefiting qi and activating blood circulation may be a promising therapeutic strategy for DOR.

Equine nonneoplastic abnormal ovary in a draft mare with high serum anti-Müllerian hormone: a case study.

We performed a standing hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariectomy in a draft mare that presented with high serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level and had an enlarged single cystic ovary. Histopathological examination revealed no tumor cell proliferation in the ovary, but the presence of a large ovarian cyst was confirmed. In the diagnosis of abnormal ovaries in mares, a comprehensive assessment should be performed, including the monitoring of ovarian morphology and biomarkers over time, to determine the disease prognosis and treatment plan. The case of this mare with a nonneoplastic abnormal ovary and increased serum AMH level was rare. We suggest that standing hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariectomy is useful for the removal of large ovaries in draft mares.

When size matters: The gonads of larger female yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) have different fatty acid profiles compared to smaller individuals

How the size of female yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) affects their spawning capability and fecundity is still an open and unresolved question due to the difficulties in investigating these complex effects in highly migratory pelagic marine fish species. However, this information is key to understanding the reproductive potential and resilience of the stock. We investigate how energetic resources are allocated for reproduction by female yellowfin tuna according to their size in the Gulf of Guinea (central-eastern Atlantic Ocean). Our results reveal that larger females have not only larger ovaries by virtue of their greater abdominal cavity, but also different fatty acid profiles in the gonads compared to smaller females, with potential effects on their spawning and recruitment patterns. This study contributes to the knowledge of size-dependent variation in female yellowfin tuna and paves the way for future studies on size-dependent effects on reproductive parameters in this species.