Large Schemas Research Articles

Building product ontology: Core ontology for Linked Building Product Data

The digitalisation of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction domain introduced new methods for digital collaboration, i.e. Building Information Modelling (BIM). While this method focuses on building data, the distribution of digital product models is still problematic, complicating uniform product searches and automated product data processing. Existing schemas, such as a subpart of the Industry Foundation Classes or the German VDI 3805, rely on rigid or template-driven schemas, that do not support the description of innovative or multi-functional products or impose a large schema overhead and complexity on manufacturers. Therefore, this article combines flexible and modular product descriptions with Semantic Web technologies and Linked Data. By applying Web-based technologies, the searchability of product data and the applicability of distributed data are expected to be enhanced.More precisely, this article proposes a concept for Linked Building Product Data and introduces the generic Building Product Ontology as a potential core schema of the concept. To demonstrate the feasibility of Linked Building Product Data and the Building Product Ontology, the authors apply both the concept and the data schema to innovative and multi-functional example products that cannot be described with the existing approaches for product descriptions. The evaluation demonstrates the flexibility, modularity and overall suitability of the presented concepts, meeting all collected requirements for digital product descriptions. Hence, Linked Building Product Data may solve existing issues with rigid product description schemas. At the same time, this approach complements the current research trend of Linked Building Data.

Improved Approach of Large Scale XML Schema Matching Method based on Tree Mining

Improved Approach of Large Scale XML Schema Matching Method based on Tree Mining

Психологическая характеристика норм подчинения в рамках культурно-исторического анализа

The article examines the psychology of submission. Given psychological characteristic standards of submission historically embodied in the moral codes and legal sources. The subject of analysis are historical regulations XII—XX centuries, the customs, in which the fixed rate of submission, as well as the memoir literature. There are four basic psychological lines of development in the history of the rules of subordination, in particular: a special regulation of the rules of subordination and increasing social importance of the role of subordinate. It is proved that psychological acceptance of a subordinate role and the satisfaction of its implementation includes the requirement of special rules regulating authority and emphasis on the social importance of the role of subordinate. It was established that one of the reasons that the job satisfaction of employees of state structures higher than employees of private companies, a large schema definition of relations with management. Hierarchical role is considered in terms of two components: the role of attributes and rules, rules of conduct. The article focuses on the fact that the individual external signs, locking status subordination, increase the level of self-esteem of subordinate.

S193 Saturation biopsy does not increase cancer detection rate after large schema initial biopsy in atypical small acinar proliferation and high grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia: The results of the prospective randomised double blind trial

S193 Saturation biopsy does not increase cancer detection rate after large schema initial biopsy in atypical small acinar proliferation and high grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia: The results of the prospective randomised double blind trial

Personalised code generation from large schema sets for geospatial mobile applications

XML and XML Schema are used in the geospatial domain for the definition of standards that enhance the interoperability between producers and consumers of spatial data. The size and complexity of these geospatial standards and their associated schemas have been growing with time reaching levels of complexity that make it difficult to build systems based on them in a timely and cost-effective manner. The problem of producing XML processing code based on large schemas has been traditionally solved by using XML data binding generators. Unfortunately, this solution is not always effective when code is generated for resource-constrained devices, such as mobile phones. Large and complex schemas often result in the production of code with a large size and a complicated structure that might not fit the device limitations. In this article we present the instance-based XML data binding approach to produce more compact application-specific XML processing code for geospatial applications targeted to mobile devices. The approach tries to reduce the size and complexity of the generated code by using information about how schemas are used by individual applications. Our experimental results suggest a significant simplification of XML Schema sets to the real needs of client applications accompanied by a substantial reduction of size of the generated code.

On computing the importance of associations in large conceptual schemas

The visualization and the understanding of large conceptual schemas require the use of specific methods. These methods generate clustered, summarized or focused schemas that are easier to visualize and to understand. All of these methods require computing the importance of the elements in the schema but, up to now, only the importance of entity types has been taken into account. In this paper, we present three methods for computing the importance of associations by taking into account the knowledge defined in the structural and behavioral parts of the schema. We experimentally evaluate these methods with large real-world schemas and present the main conclusions we have drawn from the experiments.

Summarizing Large-Scale Database Schema Using Community Detection

Schema summarization on large-scale databases is a challenge. In a typical large database schema, a great proportion of the tables are closely connected through a few high degree tables. It is thus difficult to separate these tables into clusters that represent different topics. Moreover, as a schema can be very big, the schema summary needs to be structured into multiple levels, to further improve the usability. In this paper, we introduce a new schema summarization approach utilizing the techniques of community detection in social networks. Our approach contains three steps. First, we use a community detection algorithm to divide a database schema into subject groups, each representing a specific subject. Second, we cluster the subject groups into abstract domains to form a multi-level navigation structure. Third, we discover representative tables in each cluster to label the schema summary. We evaluate our approach on Freebase, a real world large-scale database. The results show that our approach can identify subject groups precisely. The generated abstract schema layers are very helpful for users to explore database.

Towards Supporting Users in Semantic Exploration of Large Distributed Schemas

Abstract Emergency management increasingly depends on various information systems to support crisis operations and facilitate communication and coordination. In this paper, we address the issues that may arise in large schemas that are developed collaboratively by diverse community of users for data sharing. We share our experience with the U.S. National Information Exchange Model and the free web-based tools available for searching its schemas. Based on what we learned, we propose techniques for enhancing the tools designed for search and exploration of such complex schemas.

Unfree Verse: John Wilkinson's The Speaking Twins

This essay revisits the relationship between philosophy and poetry. It argues that a crucial term, ‘verse’, is often missing from discussion of that relationship. The broader term, ‘poetry’, is so difficult to define that it offers insufficient specific resistance to large philosophical schemas. The question is explored here through an analysis of the prosodic microstructures in John Wilkinson's The Speaking Twins. I conclude that Wilkinson's poem is an instance of ‘unfree verse’ (in a sense which I define in the essay) and that the poem's verse technique is also the site of its historical truth-content.

Matching large schemas: Approaches and evaluation

Current schema matching approaches still have to improve for large and complex Schemas. The large search space increases the likelihood for false matches as well as execution times. Further difficulties for Schema matching are posed by the high expressive power and versatility of modern schema languages, in particular user-defined types and classes, component reuse capabilities, and support for distributed schemas and namespaces. To better assist the user in matching complex schemas, we have developed a new generic schema matching tool, COMA++, providing a library of individual matchers and a flexible infrastructure to combine the matchers and refine their results. Different match strategies can be applied including a new scalable approach to identify context-dependent correspondences between schemas with shared elements and a fragment-based match approach which decomposes a large match task into smaller tasks. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the match strategies using large e-Business standard schemas. Besides providing helpful insights for future match implementations, the evaluation demonstrated the practicability of our system for matching large schemas.

Component development and construction for database design

Principles for database modeling were developed and intensively investigated in the late 1970s and early 1980s. They are based on concepts such as supertypes and subtypes, restructuring through normalization, type construction by constructors, generic models, and associations with pre-specified semantic meaning, e.g., classified relationship types. Use of these principles can result in large and complex database schemas that are difficult for developers to understand, integrate, and extend. We observe that often such schemas consist of identifiable sub-schemas that are loosely coupled. We use this observation to develop a design theory aimed at component-based construction of schemata. Building blocks used for schema construction are termed kernel components. Kernel components are composed to form more complex components by the application of the component constructors. Our approach allows a developer to derive an understandable schema topography for very large and complex databases.

A visual modelling language for EXPRESS schema

ISO 10303 is the set of standards that define the Product Data Exchange using STEP or PDES. Part 11 of the standard is the EXPRESS modelling language, an objectoriented modelling language upon which the application protocols for data exchange are based. To display and analyse EXPRESS schema, ISO10303 contains a graphical depiction of a subset of EXPRESS, termed EXPRESS-G. When using EXPRESS-G to design large schema, the authors have found it to be limited in visualizing and interpreting the schema and the implied relations between entities and types. This paper presents a graphical language for designing schema to be represented in EXPRESS. Across between EXPRESS and more traditional ER modelling approaches, Visual-EXPRESS is a more compact diagram when compared to EXPRESS-G. The specification for Visual-EXPRESS also includes the algorithm to convert the graphical schema into a legal EXPRESS schema.

Data sharing economics and requirements for integration tool design

In most of today's companies we find heterogeneous database systems containing redundant and inconsistent data. This threatens the ability to make coordinated, organization-wide responses to business problems. Benefits of data integration need not dominate the costs. In spite of this, we argue that some kind of common understanding of information structures is necessary. Thus, data integration is necessary at least to some degree. In the literature only technical aspects of schema integration are treated. Also, the complexity issue (large schemata are hard to understand) is usually not addressed explicitly. We present a business process oriented strategy for data integration. This method allows the determination of the order and the degree of integration. Complexity is reduced by schema clustering during the pre-integration phase.