Large-scale Scientific Projects Research Articles

MONITORING RESEARCH IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION SCIENCES

The article interprets and systematizes the idea of monitoring as a research method in the field of social communication sciences for the solution of traditional issues of journalism science and outlines the prospects of its application in view of the current issues of media science, which introduce into the research field the latest trends in the development of the mass media system at the current stage of deployment information society. The scientific value of monitoring as a research method is inseparable from its ability to see mass media as a complex heterogeneous system object and to ensure systematicity (complexity of vision, comparability of data, consistency of aspects of object analysis) of observations of this object at its different levels and in different sections. It is also important to be aware of the need to see the background as a theoretical basis for interpreting monitoring data. Self-sufficient, self-valued empirical monitoring studies of mass media activity can be good material for larger research projects, which demonstrates the high research potential of the monitoring method. Monitoring studies of mass media is the accumulation of empirical material for large-scale research projects in the field of social communications of both synchronic and diachronic type. However, only qualitative data from monitoring studies can be adequately used in the future and productively included in large-scale scientific projects, where comparison of data, combination of disparate empirical material with other analytical data is expected. Monitoring studies of mass media is a perspective of using the accumulation of empirical material for media critical studies and providing recommendations and practical advice for the implementation of mass media activities of editorial teams. This is the potential of monitoring research in the aspect of management decisions in the mass media system. The latest media phenomena that are of research interest, but have not yet entered the science of social communications as an object and subject of scientific understanding, with clearly defined parameters, are probably promising material for monitoring observations. This is a question of understanding the potential of the monitoring method in its application to the newest media phenomena that are significantly transforming the sphere of mass communication activity. Among the media phenomena that can become material for monitoring studies, the author of the article sees, first of all, such notable and influential phenomena as constructive journalism (journalism of solutions) and brand journalism. Monitoring provides an opportunity to verify, through the observation of extensive empirical material, the theoretical statements of scientists regarding the requirements for constructive journalism and brand journalism, which are formulated on the basis of the construction of a conceptual model of this type of mass media work. Thanks to monitoring, it is possible to study constructive journalism and brand journalism in terms of their use of forms of information submission, the specifics of addressing narrow target segments of the mass audience, technologies for retaining the recipient’s attention, etc. The data obtained during the monitoring can be used in a comparative study in the future, which can significantly expand the understanding of modern science about the latest media phenomena, which are still difficult to fit into the limits of scientific interpretations. If we see the latest trends and phenomena in the mass communication environment as indicators of transformations and look for factors of significant changes and shifts in social communication activity, then monitoring as a research method can be extremely useful and promising in understanding changes in the mass media system.

EEGManyPipelines: A Large-scale, Grassroots Multi-analyst Study of Electroencephalography Analysis Practices in the Wild.

The ongoing reproducibility crisis in psychology and cognitive neuroscience has sparked increasing calls to re-evaluate and reshape scientific culture and practices. Heeding those calls, we have recently launched the EEGManyPipelines project as a means to assess the robustness of EEG research in naturalistic conditions and experiment with an alternative model of conducting scientific research. One hundred sixty-eight analyst teams, encompassing 396 individual researchers from 37 countries, independently analyzed the same unpublished, representative EEG data set to test the same set of predefined hypotheses and then provided their analysis pipelines and reported outcomes. Here, we lay out how large-scale scientific projects can be set up in a grassroots, community-driven manner without a central organizing laboratory. We explain our recruitment strategy, our guidance for analysts, the eventual outputs of this project, and how it might have a lasting impact on the field.

Architecting complex, long-lived scientific software

Software is a critical aspect of large-scale science, providing essential capabilities for making scientific discoveries. Large-scale scientific projects are vast in scope, with lifespans measured in decades and costs exceeding hundreds of millions of dollars. Successfully designing software that can exist for that span of time, at that scale, is challenging for even the most capable software companies. Yet scientific endeavors face challenges with funding, staffing, and operate in complex, poorly understood software settings. In this paper we discuss the practice of early-phase software architecture in the Square Kilometre Array Observatory’s Science Data Processor. The Science Data Processor is a critical software component in this next-generation radio astronomy instrument. We customized an existing set of processes for software architecture analysis and design to this project’s unique circumstances. We report on the series of comprehensive software architecture plans that were the result. The plans were used to obtain construction approval in a critical design review with outside stakeholders. We conclude with implications for other long-lived software architectures in the scientific domain, including potential risks and mitigations.

К 70-летию С.Ю. Монахова

The article is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Professor Sergei Yu. Monakhov, Doctor of Sciences (History), whose whole life has been connected with Saratov State University. Professor Monakhov has passed all the stages of the university career from a junior researcher at the archaeological laboratory to a professor at the Department of Ancient World History. Currently, he is the head of this department and the head of the Institute of Archeology and Cultural Heritage of Saratov State University. Several large-scale scientific projects have been implemented under his scientific leadership.

Ethical considerations in social media analytics in the context of migration: lessons learned from a Horizon 2020 project

The ubiquitous use of social platforms across the globe makes them attractive options for investigating social phenomena including migration. However, the use of social media data raises several crucial ethical issues around the areas of informed consent, anonymity and profiling of individuals, which are particularly sensitive when looking at a population such as migrants, which is often considered as ‘vulnerable’. In this paper, we discuss how the opportunities and challenges related to social media research in the context of migration impact on the development of large-scale scientific projects. Building on the EU-funded research project PERCEPTIONS, we explore the concrete challenges experienced in such projects regarding profiling, informed consent, bias, data sharing and ethical approval procedures, as well as the strategies used to mitigate them. We draw from lessons learned in this project to discuss implications and recommendations to researchers, funders and university ethics review panels. This paper contributes to the growing discussion on the ethical challenges associated with big social data research projects on migration by highlighting concrete aspects stakeholders should be looking for and questioning when involved in such large-scale scientific projects where collaboration, data sharing and transformation and practicalities are of importance.

Improving the Funding of Megascience Projects under Current Budget Policy of Russia

The article looks at the peculiarities of funding national projects and large-scale scientific projects as part of adoption of innovative economic model of the society’s development. In particular, funding of mega-science projects in Russia and abroad and its specifics has been studied. Particular examples of financial activities undertaken by the entities implementing mega-science projects like PIK and NICA have been provided. Ways to improve the funding of this sphere have been specified.

Digital twins in surgery: achievements and limitations

To review the possible options for digital twin technology in surgery, as well as to build a patent and publication landscape for identifying technological and academic leaders of the frontier. Scientometric and patent analysis was performed. Possible options for digital twin technology in surgical practice were reviewed. Development of scientific and technological trend «digital twins in surgery» in the world was assessed (2002 - idea, concept, definition; 2007-2014 - large-scale studies in academic sector; 2014 - active participation of regulators in translation of pilot digital models of patient organs into practical healthcare; 2014-2017 - large-scale studies in business sector; 2018-2021 - development of a market of medical services based on digital twin technologies in surgery). According to scientometric and patent analysis of digital twins in surgery, there is no a single Russian-language article on to this issue in journals indexed in WOS at the end of 2021. Our country ranks the 23rd in the world regarding its share in the total number of patent applications for inventions. Over a 20-year period, large-scale scientific projects have been carried out in the world to develop digital twin algorithms for surgery. Regulators were involved in the process of broadcasting their results into practical health care. Network interaction of all authors and beneficiaries of technological frontier occurred (research centers, hospitals, companies, manufacturers of medical equipment and information services). Technological ecosystems developed (startups, gazelles, investment seed capital). Technological leaders and key players in new market niches have been identified. Development of this field is insufficient in the Russian Federation. There are no qualified customers and companies in the real sector of economy that could become the beneficiaries of the frontier.

Journal launch: Welcome Opto-Electronic Science

Optics is an ancient and vibrant subject with a rich history of thousands of years. Since Maxwell discovered that light is an electromagnetic wave, optics has always been accompanied by electricity. Optics and opto-electronics play a vital role in many key fields related to the development and progress of mankind, such as energy, information, internet, astronomy, and medicine, etc. Many large-scale scientific projects, ranging from laser nuclear fusion to gravitational wave detection, from large-aperture telescopes to lithography equipment, are mainly based on opto-electronic science. <br/> In the history of scientific development, the opto-electronic discipline is also extremely important. A large number of Nobel Prize winning works on Theory of relativity, Quantum theory, Lasers, Laser cooling, Light-emitting diodes, and Topological phase transitions, are deeply rooted in opto-electronic science. Nowadays, there are still many unaddressed issues in the field of opto-electronic science, in particular the optical diffraction limit, the coupling of photons and electrons, new opto-electronic materials, and the analogy between topological electron and topological photon related effects, which require our in-depth investigations. New breakthroughs, new paradigms and new horizons in fundamental research are therefore needed. <br/> To promote discussions among scientific community and interdisciplinary collaboration, here we announce the launch of a new journal, <em>Opto-Electronic Science</em>, to display the emerging groundbreaking research focused on opto-electronics, and to encourage researchers to discover more the nature of science. <br/> <em>Opto-Electronic Science</em> (OES) is founded and sponsored by the Institute of Optics and Electronics (IOE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which is a crucial research institute in the field of opto-electronics in China, with a glorious history of over 50 years. OES is an open-access journal to promptly publish peer-reviewed Articles, Letters, Reviews, and Editorials, etc. This new journal will focus more on theoretical and fundamental innovations covering the broad area of optics, photonics and opto-electronics. Selected as a China’s high-profile new journal, it is supported by China Association for Science and Technology (CAST). <br/> We are very honored in assembling an outstanding editorial board of world-leading scientists who are actively engaged in the research community. They are dedicated to select effective professional reviewers and manage the high-standard peer-reviewing processes of the manuscripts with their expertise and insight. OES has firm supports from the excellent editorial team of its sister journal <em>Opto-Electronic Advances</em> (OEA). <br/> We are looking forward, with the most excellent contributions from the community, to making Opto-Electronic Science an outstanding platform for exhibiting the finest fundamental innovations in opto-electronics and related disciplines. We also hope that it will bring new inspirations for researchers and usher them into the exciting and bright future of opto-electronics science.

Practical System and Research Issues on Large-scale Scientific Project Communication

Large-scale scientific projects have become important scientific and technological infrastructure in the contemporary era. Currently, a significant number of large-scale scientific projects are being planned or under construction in China. As a complex system, large-scale scientific projects have complex communication practices as well. Studies from the perspective of communication can not only promote the construction and operation of the project, but also contribute to engineering studies, engineering philosophy, philosophy of science,<italic>etc.</italic> Based on the analysis of the practical system of large-scale scientific projects, this paper puts forward 16 important issues in communication study on large-scale scientific projects.

Department of Family Medicine NWGMU named after I.I. Mechnikov. First 25 years

The article describes the history of the creation of the Department of Family Medicine of the NWSMU named after I.I. Mechnikov, notes the role of international projects in its establishment and development of the main areas of activity. Examples of successful long-term cooperation are given, in particular, with the University of Iowa (USA). The main stages of the formation of teaching the specialty General Practice (Family Medicine) within the framework of professional retraining of primary health care doctors and residency are described. The importance of using various interactive technologies in the learning process is emphasized, including the development of skills in simulation conditions, which were introduced at the department long before their use in the process of accreditation of specialists. The features of teaching the discipline Polyclinic Therapy for the 6th year students of the medical faculty, as well as the experience of leading scientific research that was carried out by participants of the student scientific society are noted. The main directions of scientific research carried out at the department in recent years are described, aimed at a comprehensive study of the features of the management of elderly patients in general medical practice and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk. The role of international cooperation in the implementation of large-scale scientific projects, in particular with the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium), is emphasized. The perspectives for the development of the Department of Family Medicine in the near future are outlined.

Wooden Church Architecture of the Russian North in the Russian Art History of the Early 21st Century

The article represents a historiographical review of publications on the wooden architecture of the Russian North, published in 2000–2010s. In these years the main perspectives of the research of the wooden church architecture of the Russian North can be distinguished as follows: the regional studies in the framework of large-scale scientific projects; studying the construction history and analysing the architectural features of specific objects, including in connection with their restoration; “rehabilitation” of the late period (19th–20th centuries) in the history of church wooden church building, which is a fundamentally new approach to this segment of the architectural heritage of the North; attracting a wide range of archival sources and gradually moving away from the speculative nature of unsubstantiated theoretical conclusions. An analytical review of publications on wooden church architecture published over the past twenty years is important not only for summing up intermediate results, but also for indicating further prospects for creating a complete panorama of wooden church building in the Russian North, which still remains unconnected and fragmentary, that is, forming from the history of individual monuments in different regions. The interaction of researchers of Russian wooden architecture with each other in the framework of long-term scientific projects is the key to successful joint work on the identification and introduction into scientific circulation of archival documents of the early period (16th–18th centuries) and conducting field surveys of preserved objects. The subsequent integration of the obtained data on chronological, quantitative and typological indicators will allow us to obtain a new objective picture of the historical development and artistic diversity of the monuments of wooden architecture of the Russian North.

INSTITUT LAUE-LANGEVIN (ILL) AS A FORM OF SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION

The integration of states in the field of education has given rise to the expansion of various forms of cooperation in this area. The subject of the study is one of the large-scale scientific projects called "megasience" — Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), based in Grenoble, France. Such international research centers are designed to achieve breakthrough discoveries, like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Europe, the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in the United States, and neutron research through the research reactor complex PIK, under construction in Russia. Large research infrastructures are an important phenomenon of public life. In France, megasience installations are officially called "very large research infrastructures", briefly TGIR, in Australia — "landmark research infrastructures".The Institut Laue-Langevin is established as a national legal entity and is managed by three partner countries: France through the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS); Germany through the Jülich Research Centre (FZJ) and the United Kingdom through the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).This form of cooperation between countries, integration of states in the field of education has a number of positive aspects and can be used in Russia to find the most effective model for organizing mega-science projects. Thus, ILL make ot possible to use different sources of funding-funds from both the state and private research and grants, as well as European projects. The ILL provides for the possibility of diverse cooperation and participation of various states, the involvement of scientists and individuals, including non-European countries, open membership. The positive features are also the ease of management and reorientation of ILL, flexibility, as well as the ease of cooperation with various institutions of both national and European and international level.

KlyC: 1.5-D Large-Signal Simulation Code for Klystrons

The High Efficiency International Klystron Activity (HEIKA) was initiated at CERN in 2014 to evaluate and develop new klystron bunching technologies for high-efficiency klystrons in application to the large-scale scientific projects such as the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The success of such development strongly depends on the availability of the specialized klystron computer codes. Unfortunately, the accurate and efficient 2-D large-signal codes are proprietary and are not freely available to the wide klystron community. The new 1.5-D klystron code called KlyC has been developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between fast, but approximate 1-D models and time/resources consuming particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. KlyC simulates the specific physical processes such as the current emission from the metal surface, the space charge depression along the klystron, and the residual RF current modulation of the spent beam. KlyC internal eigenmode solver allows fast simulations of the 2-D complex electromagnetic (EM) field in the axis-symmetrical cavity with the arbitrary cavity profile. The internal KlyC optimizer module can help the designer to speed up the klystron development process. In this paper, the theoretical model, general review of the code performance, and benchmarking between KlyC, AJDisk/1-D, PIC code MAGIC/2-D, and CST/3-D are presented using FCC klystrons as an example.

Is Virtual Citizen Science A Game?

The use of game elements within virtual citizen science is increasingly common, promising to bring increased user activity, motivation, and engagement to large-scale scientific projects. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether or not gamifying systems such as these is actually an effective means by which to increase motivation and engagement in the long term. While gamification itself is receiving a large amount of attention, there has been little beyond individual studies to assess its suitability or success for citizen science; similarly, while frameworks exist for assessing citizen science performance, they tend to lack any appreciation of the effects that game elements might have had. We therefore review the literature to determine what the trends are regarding the performance of particular game elements or characteristics in citizen science, and survey existing projects to assess how popular different game features are. Investigating this phenomenon further, we then present the results of a series of interviews carried out with the EyeWire citizen science project team to understand more about how gamification elements are introduced, monitored, and assessed in a live project. Our findings suggest that projects use a range of game elements with points and leaderboards the most popular, particularly in projects that describe themselves as “games.” Currently, gamification appears to be effective in citizen science for maintaining engagement with existing communities, but shows limited impact for attracting new players.

Из истории научно-издательской деятельности Государственного архива Иркутской области

The article follows history of formation and development of scientific publishing in the State Archive of the Irkutsk Region over almost a century. Having analyzed the available documentary and historiographic sources, the authors conclude that publishing in the archive began in mid-1920s, initiated by its first directors, most of whom were professional historians directly connected with the Irkutsk State University. The 1920s–1930s publications of the archive were devoted to study and promotion of the history of the Bolshevik party and revolutions of 1905 and 1917. In late 1930s the archives were subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, becoming a part of state machinery that served interests of the ruling party. In early 1960s the situation changed, as the archives were transferred under the government agencies’ management; their research and publishing activities grew more scientific. At that period the archive published anthologies, which contained materials not only of the Bolshevik party, but also of the Social Revolutionaries, anarchist, and monarchist organizations that flourish in early 20th century Siberia. The archive’s publishing was on the increase, the number and quality of its publication grew, interactions between archival workers and professional historians of the region strengthened. In late 1980s scientific work of the archive rose to new level; several anthologies were published that comprehensively encapsulated the history of government and public institutions in the region throughout Soviet and post-Soviet period. Publication of documents collections series ‘Siberian Archive’ became a milestone in the work of the archive. Over the last 10 years the archive has published more actively than ever: materials from personal fonds, documents on participation of the Irkutsk region inhabitants in the World Wars I and II, memoirs on contemporary history. The article concludes that scientific and publishing work of the archive has always met the demands of the time; the archive has accumulated a huge experience which allows to continue its large-scale scientific projects.

La mycologie au début du 21èmesiècle : crise et renouveau

Although they are key players in the biosphere and have important roles in human industry, agriculture and health, fungi are largely understudied and, more disturbingly, often underrepresented in biology classes at all levels. Nevertheless, it is most likely that mycology will soon undergo a renewal of interest. Firstly, because fungi are becoming more prominent in human concerns, as their impact on human, animal and ecosystem health are increasing, animal and plant biologists become more aware of their importance. Moreover, mycologists have organized to make their discipline more visible and to enable large scale scientific projects, such as the global analyses of fungal phylogeny and of their genome structure, function and evolution. This, combined with the next generation of sequencing technologies, now permits an in depth and global understanding on how fungi are organized and how they function. It also enables the development of strategies that will help to fight fungi when they negatively interfere with human concerns, as in human mycosis, or to use them in industries such as in renewable energy usage.

Systems Engineering and Safety Issues in Scientific Facilities Subject to Ionizing Radiations

The conception and development of large-scale scientific facilities emitting ionizing radiations rely more on project management practices in use in the process industry than on systems engineering practices. This paper aims to highlight possible reasons for this present situation and to propose some ways to enhance systems engineering so that the specific radiation safety requirements are considered and integrated in the approach. To do so, we have reviewed lessons learned from the management of large-scale scientific projects and more specifically that of the Large Hadron Collider project at CERN. It is shown that project management and systems engineering practices are complementary and can beneficially be assembled in an integrated and lean managerial framework that grants the appropriate amount of focus to safety and radiation safety aspects.

Experimental study of hypervapotron under conditions of high heat flux

In the light of the needs to develop high-performance heat transfer component for nation-level large-scale scientific projects of China, a hypervapotron experimental platform with supply of heat flux 1–10 MW m−2 was established. With this platform, the multiphase flow and heat transfer phenomena on the surface of triangular fin when the subcooled water flowed through were observed and measured with the planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) and high-speed photography techniques. The temperature contour on the slice plane of fin symmetry was measured and the heat flux contour was processed based on gradient computation. It is confirmed that: 1) PLIF with high-speed photography is very powerful technique to investigate the multiphase flow of hypervapotron quantitatively; 2) evaporation is the primary way in heat transfer mechanism of hypervapotron flow under the condition of high heat flux. The techniques and results obtained will provide useful reference in the R&D of hypervapotron technology in China.

Scientometrics of big science: a case study of research in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Large-scale scientific projects have become a major impetus of scientific advances. But few studies have specifically analyzed how those projects bolster scientific research. We address this question from a scientometrics perspective. By analyzing the bibliographic records of papers relevant to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we found that the SDSS helped scientists from many countries further develop their own research; investigators initially formed large research groups to tackle key problems, while later papers involved fewer authors; and the number of research topics increased but the diversity of topics remains stable. Furthermore, the entropy analysis method has proven valuable in terms of analyzing patterns of research topics at a macroscopic level.

DNA and radiobiological material bank of persons exposed to ionising radiation

The structure of the DNA and radiobiological material bank of the Seversk Biophysical Research Center is described. Workers of the Siberian Group of Chemical Enterprises (SGCE) and their relatives are the subjects of the storage. Cytogenetic analysis, including Gbanding, is being performed for the participants. Currently, the bank contains 700 DNA and blood samples of workers of SGCE, 123 DNA and blood samples of cancer cases, about 500 DNA samples of children from Seversk city, and 100 blood samples of SGCE workers who survived acute myocardial infarction. DNA and blood accumulation is still in progress, but by this time, it is ready for large scale scientific projects devoted to the study of the genetic basis of individual radiosensitivity and consequences of low dose irradiation effect on the human genome.