Large-scale Residential Areas Research Articles

Travel Equity between Relocatees and Non-Relocatees before and after a Shopping Plaza’s Opening in the Megacity-Peripheral Large-Scale-Residential Area: A Case in Shanghai, China

In Chinese megacity centers, substandard housing is being removed. The inhabitants are relocated to peripheral large-scale residential areas, and we call them “relocatees”. After the relocation, their housing quality is improved but travel quality may worsen. Little attention has been paid to the change in travel equity over time for shopping-related trips of relocatees and non-relocatees in these areas in rapidly developing countries, especially for the change before and after the major built environment development, such as a shopping plaza’s opening. To fill this research gap, we conducted two surveys before and after Wanda Shopping Plaza’s opening. We used statistical analysis, estimated discrete choice models focusing on mode choice, and calculated consumer surplus as a measurement of travel equity. Results show a relocatee has a lower travel quality for shopping-related trips. Travel equity between relocatees and non-relocatees for shopping-related trips becomes worse after Wanda’s opening. Differences in consumer surplus between relocatees and non-relocatees provide a reference for the travel subsidy policy.

A Constrained Programming-Based Algorithm for Optimal Scheduling of Aggregated EVs Power Demand in Smart Buildings

In this paper, a novel cooperative charging strategy for electric vehicles tuned by a constraint programming algorithm has been proposed. The implemented model handles heterogeneous and large-scale residential areas by not only reducing the EV peak charging load, but also improving the user satisfaction levels. The evaluation of the capability of the proposed model at both individual and aggregated levels is considered through various scenarios. The simulated results prove the potential of the proposed cooperative EV strategy in outperforming the uncoordinated EV charging model in terms of peak-to-average ratio reduction, user satisfaction level, and load factor improvement in addition to the suppression of the peak load increase. Furthermore, comparative analysis with existing models shows that the proposed algorithm can manage more complex policies and is performed significantly and efficiently.

Relation of the Green Structure and the Appropriation of Public Spaces in Large-Scale Residential Areas

More than a half of residents in some capital cities of the former Socialist block live in large-scale residential areas that had been built from the 1950s to the 1980s. The public space satisfaction in the areas is low, the residents rarely appropriate the yards and streets of the housing complexes. The aim of the paper is to provide a framework for the understanding of residents’ assessment of public space and its relation to the appropriation; the framework can be used for the development of building or landscape architecture projects focused at reconstruction of the public space. Public Space Quality Model is generated in the paper. The model includes three spatial categories that are defined by metrical values, configuration components and dominant spatial elements – elements that determine size, category, and the structure of a space. Using the observation method in the residential areas of the former East Berlin, the research concludes that the model demonstrates the highest precision of predictability of the appropriation intensity of the public space when the green structure is used as the dominant spatial element. A method accompanying the model is presented in the paper that permits to use specific types of trees or shrubs in particular distancing and concrete arrangements to create spaces of high, medium, or low appropriation level in large-scale residential areas.

How is public transit in the megacity peripheral relocatees’ area in China? Captive transit rider and dynamic modal accessibility gap analytics in a peripheral large-scale residential area in Shanghai, China

In the process of Chinese megacity suburbanization, central-city substandard housing is demolished. The government relocates residents to megacity peripheral relocatees’ areas. So far, few studies have focused on captive transit riders and analyzed the dynamic points of interest (POI) accessibility by public transit compared to the private mode in these areas. To fill this gap, this study conducts a survey in Jinhexincheng, one of these areas in Shanghai, China; analyzes captive-transit riders with multiple models; and computes the dynamic modal accessibility gap (DMAG) of public transit and private travel mode using multi-source heterogeneous data. Results show that 71.77% of transit-rider samples acknowledge they “have no other choice and have to travel by transit.” These captive transit riders are more often older, female, non-working, without a driving license, and with more complaints toward public transport. Subjective transit evaluation’s ordinal regression models show that waiting time, speed, operating hours, and number of lines/stops contribute to the low transit subjective evaluation. These things should be given a high priority in transit improvement. As for the captive transit riders, transit’s transfer and bicycle availability should be improved. Using big data analytics, a more fine-grained scale is brought in by computing a DMAG index. It shows a person mostly has a better POI accessibility by private mode for the 30-minute, real-travel-covered area for 24 hours of the average day. For the 60-minute, real-travel-covered area, public transit mostly has a better POI accessibility. This study supports transit planning and decision-making for megacity peripheral relocatees’ areas using multi-source heterogeneous data analytics.

Urban Densification of Large Housing Estates in the Context of Privatisation of Public Open Space: the Case of Imanta, Riga

Abstract Urban regeneration with a view to efficient use of urban areas has been a strategy for urban development for decades. Densification is used as a planning approach to promote the implementation of the compact city model and to discourage urban sprawl. The central parts of the city are usually of high density, so the areas outside the city’s historic centre are seen as potential sites for urban densification. In many European cities large-scale residential areas built after the Second World War occupy a significant part of the territory outside of the city’s historic centres. Today, these housing areas are in most cases sleeping areas with great potential for development. Densification of urban areas outside of urban nuclei is not an easy task, and deals with a whole series of challenges. The paper examines the existing approaches focused on densification in large housing estates. In order to define the typical challenges of this process, the examples of infill developments in large housing area Imanta in Riga are analysed. The analysis of infill development in Imanta showed four possible approaches. Some approaches contribute to the improvement of public space for neighbourhood inhabitants in general, still some approaches tend to isolate the new development and inhabitants from the surrounding territory.

Are relocatees different from others? Relocatee’s travel mode choice and travel equity analysis in large-scale residential areas on the periphery of megacity Shanghai, China

Residential displacement by urban regeneration in western economies and passive relocation in eastern countries have attracted the attention of researchers. Over the past decades, Chinese megacities have undergone massive passive relocation. They are reforming their old downtown areas and demolishing substandard housing. The government relocates residents to affordable city-peripheral large-scale residential areas. These residents are called “relocatees”. So far, few studies have explored relocatee and non-relocatee on travel-mode-choice preferences and travel equity in these types of areas with adequate resident samples. To fill this gap, this study conducts a survey in five peripheral large-scale residential areas in Shanghai, uses statistical analysis of individual demographic characteristics and transportation-related decisions of relocatees and non-relocatees, and estimates travel mode choice models for three different groups (relocatee, non-relocatee, and overall samples). Consumer surplus difference is calculated as a measurement of travel equity. Results show that compared to non-relocatees, relocatees are older, poorer, and have a higher mode share of bus and lower mode share of car. Non-relocatees' value of time (¥25.23 per hour) is greater than relocatees' (¥22.62 per hour). As for travel mode preferences, for relocatees, the males tend to choose motorcycle, moped or e-bike, then bicycle. For non-relocatees, the males tend to choose motorcycle and then car. Relocatee has a ¥6.88 per person lower travel quality than non-relocatee. Megacity-periphery development and relocation process have a more negative effect on relocatee’s travel than on other population, from a travel equity perspective. This study contributes to the literatures on travel behavior and equity in megacity peripheral areas in developing countries. The findings point to important implications for the peripheral area’s policy.

Economic and environmental assessment of rooftops regarding suitability for photovoltaic systems installation based on remote sensing data

Within the last few years, the increase of the world's energy consumption has substantially impacted the environment. Solar energy initiative is more than ever involved to tackle this issue, especially when deploying PV (photovoltaic) systems over large-scale residential areas. However, not all surfaces in these areas are economically suitable, while some surfaces have low CO2 mitigation. With the availability of high-resolution remote sensing data, the estimation of suitable rooftops for PV systems installation can be performed automatically by estimating the PV potential. This paper presents a novel method for estimating NPV (net present value) of the potential PV systems installed on rooftops by using LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data and PV systems' nonlinear efficiency characteristics. More importantly, the environmental impact is estimated for each rooftop through EPBT (energy payback time) and GGER (greenhouse gas emission rate), based on the life-cycle of a specific PV system. This is combined with NPV in order to find rooftops that are both economically and environmentally viable candidates for PV systems deployment. Results demonstrate a case study LiDAR data for predicting each building's economical and environmental impact, as well as providing an overall view of resulting cumulative CO2 mitigation over large residential area.

Progressing Suburbanization and the Controversial Land Use Management in a Japanese Local City -A Case Study of Miyakonojo City, Japan-

Japanese cities have suffered from numerous problems, including deteriorated city-center and expanding suburban area without sufficient infrastructure and trends of deregulation and decentralization. Furthermore, Japan faces the period with shrinking and aging population that is especially severe in small provincial cities. These cities have to seek a balance between proper land use control and economic vitalization. This paper examines the long-term development trend in Miyakonojo City, Miyazaki Prefecture, based on the building applications during 1985-2011 and then evaluates the city’s latest land use guideline, ‘Land Use Control Guideline (provisional edition)’. This paper offers the analyses of a) population, total numbers of building applications and purpose of the buildings; b) distribution of the size of development plots; c) specific geographical development locations; d) detailed features of development in the un-zoned area; and e) total evaluation of the city planning and land use management in the city. The major conclusions are the followings: 1) During 1995-2011, the total number of building applications transitioned between 600 and 800. The tendency for half of the total applications being for the un-zoned area has continued. Most developments are housing ones in both the zoned area and the un-zoned area. Suburbanization is caused mainly by housing. 2) The size of a detached housing plot is larger in the un-zoned area than that in the zoned area. The collective housing is increasing in the un-zoned area as well as in the zoned area. 3) Not a few development concentration districts are found in the un-zoned areas that are the conventional local town-center districts, neighborhood of the interchange, areas along trunk roads, and adjacent areas to the zoned area. 4) Not a few housing agglomerations are formed by the incremental developments of single (small) developments, which generate a large-scale residential area without sufficient infrastructure. 5) Since the city did not apply the special land use restriction district in the un-zoned area, the City Planning Act 2000 did not affect the development trends. 6) The Land Use Control Guideline shows a well thought-out direction for the land use management. However, to obtain a consensus in the earlier stage of the suburbanization, a monitoring system for the developments and enlightenment of the public regarding land use management system is required.

Residents’ Characteristics and Transport Policy Analysis in Large-Scale Residential Areas on a City Periphery

Big cities in China are reforming their old downtown areas and demolishing substandard housing. The government relocates residents to large-scale residential areas on the city periphery, where the residents often find transport service unsatisfactory. However, in the search for policies that could be applied to ease this problem, there were no studies supplying effective quantitative forecasts that assessed improvements in travel quality in such areas. To provide a policy scenario forecast that could measure travel quality, one that is also subject to the so-called transit priority strategy, this study takes the case of Jinhexincheng, Shanghai, China, analyzes its residents’ characteristics, estimates a mode choice mixed logit model, and applies the model to six policy scenario forecasts. Consumer surplus is calculated as the travel quality metric; mode shares are calculated as the transit priority metric. Results show that central city migrants and the others are similar in gender, education, years living locally, and transportation-related decisions, despite their different motives for moving to the area. People are different in age, in whether they have Shanghai permanent residency, in apartment ownership, and in years living in Shanghai. In all possible mode choice logit models, there is no sign of different mode preferences; so in the policy scenario forecasts, they are considered the same. Of all six sets of possible policy scenarios, building retail closer has the highest consumer surplus increase—thus, it improves travel quality the most. Meanwhile, it also has an acceptable transit share. This means the scenario is not against transit priority. In future planning, this policy should be the first considered.

THE ORIGINS AND DIRECTIONS OF LARGE SCALE POST-WAR RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS / MASINĖS STATYBOS GYVENAMŲJŲ RAJONŲ FENOMENO IŠTAKOS IR KRYPTYS

The present Lithuanian urban structures in particular have had a significant impact, and retains the phenomenon - the mass construction of large scale residential areas. Analyzed and summarized literature published in Lithuania and abroad in the mass construction of a large scale theoretical framework for the implementation process and effects of urban structures. Attention is drawn to the crucial social and political attitudes and economic factors which determined the identical theoretical level concepts become different urban forms.

The Development Process and Regional Problems of Large-scale Residential Areas in the Sendai Metropolitan Area after 1991

The Development Process and Regional Problems of Large-scale Residential Areas in the Sendai Metropolitan Area after 1991

The Development Process of Large-Scale Residential Areas in the Kagoshima Metropolitan Area

The Development Process of Large-Scale Residential Areas in the Kagoshima Metropolitan Area