Large-scale Quantitative Analysis Research Articles

Geographic structure of Chinese dialects: a computational dialectometric approach

Abstract Dialect classification is a long-standing issue in Chinese dialectology. Although various theories of Chinese dialect regions have been proposed, most have been limited by similar methodological issues, especially due to their reliance on the subjective analysis of dialect maps both individually and in the aggregate, as well as their focus on phonology over syntax and vocabulary. Consequently, we know relatively little about the geolinguistic underpinnings of Chinese dialect variation. Following a review of previous research in this area, this article presents a theory of Chinese dialect regions based on the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the data from the Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects, which was collected between 2000 and 2008, providing the most up-to-date picture of the full Chinese dialect landscape. We identify and map a hierarchy of 10 major Chinese dialect regions, challenging traditional accounts. In addition, we propose a new theory of Chinese dialect formation to account for our findings.

Retaining Black Women in Computing: A Comparative Analysis of Interventions for Computing Persistence

Black women remain severely underrepresented in computing despite ongoing efforts to diversify the field. Given that Black women exist at the intersection of both racial and gendered identities, tailored approaches are necessary to address the unique barriers Black women face in computing. However, it is difficult to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of interventions designed to retain Black women in computing, since samples of computing students typically contain too few Black women for robust statistical analysis. Using about a decade of student survey responses from an National Science Foundation–funded Broadening Participation in Computing alliance, we use regression analyses to quantitatively examine the connection between different types of interventions and Black women’s intentions to persist in computing and how this compares to other students (specifically, Black men, white women, and white men). This comparison allows us to quantitatively explore how Black women’s needs are both distinct from—and similar to—other students. We find that career awareness and faculty mentorship are the two interventions that have a statistically significant, positive correlation with Black women’s computing persistence intentions. No evidence was found that increasing confidence or developing skills/knowledge was correlated with Black women’s computing persistence intentions, which we posit is because Black women must be highly committed and confident to pursue computing in college. Last, our results suggest that many efforts to increase the number of women in computing are focused on meeting the needs of white women. While further analyses are needed to fully understand the impact of complex intersectional identities in computing, this large-scale quantitative analysis contributes to our understanding of the nuances of Black women’s needs in computing.

Decoding the writing styles of disciplines: A large-scale quantitative analysis

Disciplinary writing style stems from the practice of science, reflecting the scientific culture. This study aims to explore the differences and evolution of scientific writing styles from the perspective of disciplines. A large-scale quantitative analysis was conducted over 14 million abstracts from the Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) database across eight soft and hard disciplines. Represented by a comprehensive set of 14 symbolic, lexical, syntactic, structural, and readability features, the evolution of disciplinary writing styles was analyzed over 30 years. Interpretable machine learning methods were performed to test the discernibility of writing styles across disciplines and disclose their linguistic differences. Our findings reveal the linguistic features of soft disciplines (Art, Philosophy, and Sociology) and Mathematics generally keep stabilized, and a general trend of increasing linguistic complexity was observed for Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, and Psychology. The good performance of the pairwise writing style classifiers indicates a well discriminability of the writing styles between disciplines. A correlation between the performance of classifiers and the distance between disciplines was identified. The feature contribution analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Kendall's Tau rank correlation revealed the detailed commonalities and disparities in disciplines’ linguistic features. This study provides profound insights into the understanding of scientific writing and norms, which further helps develop useful tools for academic text analysis, foster interdisciplinary communication, and assist educators to construct discipline-specific writing guidance.

Making plans findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable with data infrastructure: A search engine for constructing, analyzing, and visualizing planning documents

Local land-use plans help guide future development, but it is often difficult to compare content across jurisdictions, making regional coordination and plan evaluation challenging. This research reviews federal, state, and local data infrastructure guidance for land-use plans and compares such guidance to compliance with a California use-case. Findings indicate a number of obstacles to fostering data sharing and comparative analysis of plans: there is currently no central repository of land-use plans; plans are not uniform in format and are often out of date; many plans are not machine-readable thereby inhibiting text extraction, and planning language varies so greatly that there are numerous synonyms for terms of interest. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that the creation of digital platforms for archiving and searching across plans is currently feasible and enables large-scale quantitative analysis. Based on currently available metadata in existing land-use plans, we designed and piloted a structured database to enable users to search for terms and phrases across over 500 land-use plans. To center issues of social equity, the open access platform was developed in collaboration with state agencies and community organizations focused on environmental justice. Based on the pilot, we conclude with a framework for both developing plan data infrastructure given current constraints in standardized plan metadata and availability as well as guidance for plan formatting using FAIR standards (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable).

A cost-effectiveness analysis of an integrated clinical-radiogenomic screening program for the identification of BRCA 1/2 carriers (e-PROBE study)

Current approach to identify BRCA 1/2 carriers in the general population is ineffective as most of the carriers remain undiagnosed. Radiomics is an emerging tool for large scale quantitative analysis of features from standard diagnostic imaging and has been applied also to identify gene mutational status. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of integrating a radiogenomics model with clinical and family history data in identifying BRCA mutation carriers in the general population. This cost-effective analysis compares three different approaches to women selection for BRCA testing: established clinical criteria/family history (model 1); established clinical criteria/family history and the currently available radiogenomic model (49% sensitivity and 87% specificity) based on ultrasound images (model 2); same approach used in model 2 but simulating an improvement of the performances of the radiogenomic model (80% sensitivity and 95% specificity) (model 3). All models were trained with literature data. Direct costs were calculated according to the rates currently used in Italy. The analysis was performed simulating different scenarios on the generation of 18-year-old girls in Italy (274,000 people). The main outcome was to identify the most effective model comparing the number of years of BRCA-cancer healthy life expectancy (HLYs). An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was also derived to determine the cost in order to increase BRCA carriers-healthy life span by 1 year. Compared to model 1, model 2 increases the detection rate of BRCA carriers by 41.8%, reduces the rate of BRCA-related cancers by 23.7%, generating over a 62-year observation period a cost increase by 2.51 €/Year/Person. Moreover, model 3 further increases BRCA carriers detection (+ 68.3%) and decrease in BRCA-related cancers (− 38.4%) is observed compared to model 1. Model 3 increases costs by 0.7 €/Year/Person. After one generation, the estimated ICER in the general population amounts to about 3800€ and 653€ in model 2 and model 3 respectively. Model 2 has a massive effect after only one generation in detecting carriers in the general population with only a small cost increment. The clinical impact is limited mainly due to the current low acceptance rate of risk-reducing surgeries. Further multicentric studies are required before implementing the integrated clinical-radiogenomic model in clinical practice.

Identification of Core-Fucosylated Glycoproteins by Single-Step Truncation of N-Glycans.

Alpha-1,6 core fucosylation (CF) is a unique glycoform of N-glycans, and studies showed that CF modifications are involved in the occurrence and progression of various diseases and may provide potential disease biomarkers. Current strategies for the CF glycoproteome are often based on multistep enrichment of glycoproteins or glycopeptides and sequential cleavage with different glycosidases to truncate the N-glycans. Although the detection ability of low-abundance glycoproteins is improved, sample loss, high cost, and the time-consuming multistep operation also affect the reproducibility of results and the practicality of the method. Here we developed a single-step truncation (SST) strategy and evaluated its potential for the CF glycoproteome of human serum. The SST strategy has the advantages of fewer operational steps, lower cost, higher number of identifications, and better quantitative stability compared with previous approaches and provides an efficient solution for large-scale quantitative analysis of the CF glycoproteome. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Single-step truncation strategy for core fucosylation glycoproteome analysis in human serum Basic Protocol 2: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification of site-specific core fucosylation glycopeptides Alternate Protocol: Pretreatment of cellular samples of core fucosylation glycoproteome with single-step truncation strategy.

Robust Glycoproteomics Platform Reveals a Tetra-Antennary Site-Specific Glycan Capping with Sialyl-Lewis Antigen for Early Detection of Gastric Cancer.

The lack of efficient biomarkers for the early detection of gastric cancer (GC) contributes to its high mortality rate, so it is crucial to discover novel diagnostic targets for GC. Recent studies have implicated the potential of site-specific glycans in cancer diagnosis, yet it is challenging to perform highly reproducible and sensitive glycoproteomics analysis on large cohorts of samples. Here, a highly robust N-glycoproteomics (HRN) platform comprising an automated enrichment method, a stable microflow LC-MS/MS system, and a sensitive glycopeptide-spectra-deciphering tool is developed for large-scale quantitative N-glycoproteome analysis. The HRN platform is applied to analyze serum N-glycoproteomes of 278 subjects from three cohorts to investigate glycosylation changes of GC. It identifies over 20000 unique site-specific glycans from discovery and validation cohorts, and determines four site-specific glycans as biomarker candidates. One candidate has branched tetra-antennary structure capping with sialyl-Lewis antigen, and it significantly outperforms serum CEA with AUC values > 0.89 compared against < 0.67 for diagnosing early-stage GC. The four-marker panel can provide improved diagnostic performances. Besides, discrimination powers of four candidates are also testified with a verification cohort using PRM strategy. This findings highlight the value of this strong tool in analyzing aberrant site-specific glycans for cancer detection.

Using CRISPR-Cas9/phosphoproteomics to identify substrates of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2δ

Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMK2) family proteins are involved in the regulation of cellular processes in a variety of tissues including brain, heart, liver, and kidney. One member, CAMK2δ (CAMK2D), has been proposed to be involved in vasopressin signaling in the renal collecting duct, which controls water excretion through regulation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2). To identify CAMK2D target proteins in renal collecting duct cells (mpkCCD), we deleted Camk2d and carried out LC-MS/MS-based quantitative phosphoproteomics. Specifically, we used CRISPR/Cas9 with two different guide RNAs targeting the CAMK2D catalytic domain to create multiple CAMK2D KO cell lines. AQP2 protein abundance was lower in the CAMK2D KO cells than in CAMK2D-intact controls. AQP2 phosphorylation at Ser256 and Ser269 (normalized for total AQP2) was decreased. However, trafficking of AQP2 to and from the apical plasma membrane was sustained. Large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis (TMT-labeling) in the presence of the vasopressin analog dDAVP (0.1nM, 30min) allowed quantification of 11,570 phosphosites of which 169 were significantly decreased, while 206 were increased in abundance in CAMK2D KO clones. These data are available for browsing or download at https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/Databases/CAMK2D-proteome/. Motif analysis of the decreased phosphorylation sites revealed a target preference of -(R/K)-X-X-p(S/T)-X-(D/E), matching the motif identified in previous invitro phosphorylation studies using recombinant CAMK2D. Thirty five of the significantly downregulated phosphorylation sites in CAMK2D KO cells had exactly this motif and are judged to be likely direct CAMK2D targets. This adds to the list of known CAMK2D target proteins found in prior reductionist studies.

Consumer Morality Formation on Social Media Platforms: The Case of Guns in Brazil

Moral disputes regarding consumption issues are increasingly mediated by social media platforms. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research explaining how social media platforms shape consumer morality. Thus, this article combines large-scale quantitative text analysis with qualitative methods to explain the construction of moral discourses concerning guns on YouTube and Twitter among Brazilian users. We contribute to theory on consumer morality by proposing the Process of Morality Formation on Social Media Platforms, which explains how moral discourses are fueled by social actors displaying and commenting about news pieces and political events; how the expressive and connective affordances of social media platforms mediate the dynamics of moral discourses; and how social actors differently appropriate content, frame and justify their public positions by adopting different “worlds of justification” (Boltanski and Thévenot 2006). The implications of this work for marketing and society are discussed, and government and corporate initiatives are suggested.

Evolution of High-Affinity ssDNA Sequence to Carbon Nanotube

Colloidal ssDNA-wrapped single walled carbon nanotube (ssDNA-SWCNT) has been used as the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000 -1700 nm) fluorescent nanoprobes with outstanding biocompatibility, and acts as various optical nano sensors for biological analytes such as a dopamine and serotonin. The stability and affinity of ssDNA on the SWCNT surface significantly depends on the sequence of ssDNA, however the large-scale quantitative analysis between ssDNA sequence library, which has high affinity to the SWCNT surface, was repeatedly selected from a random ssDNA(N30) library (~1018) and the resulting sequence data was analyzed. The binding affinity of ssDNA to SWCNT was quantitatively characterized. To quantitatively analyze the kinetics of the process which occurs solvatochromic shift by sodium cholate, assumed the dynamics follow a first-order kinetic model and fit the experimental data using exponential regression, from which decay time constants were determined. As a result, the highest binding affinity of ssDNA to SWCNT was quantitatively characterized by time constant (1.5 X106 sec) which increased by 100 times compared to the N30 random library. Through analysis of the ssDNA sequences with high affinity for the SWCNT surface, we found that the sequences contain high contents of cytosine and adenine nucleotides and complementary base pairs appeared at distance of 5 to 8 bases. This novel sequence library can be applied for the preparation of the ultra-stable ssDNA-SWCNT dispersion and used for anchoring surface ligands for SWCNT as biosensor. Figure 1

Differential analysis of core-fucosylated glycoproteomics enabled by single-step truncation of N-glycans.

Alpha-1,6 fucosylation of N-glycans (core fucosylation, CF) represents a unique form of N-glycans and is widely involved in disease progression. In order to accurately identify CF glycoproteins, several approaches have been developed based on sequential cleavage with different glycosidases to truncate the N-glycans. Since multi-step sample treatments may introduce quantitation bias and affect the practicality of these approaches in large-scale applications. Here, we systematically evaluated the performance of the single-step treatment of intact glycopeptides by endoglycosidase F3 for CF glycoproteome. The single-step truncation (SST) strategy demonstrated higher quantitative stability and higher efficiency compared with previous approaches. The strategy was further practiced on both cell lines and serum samples. The dysregulation of CF glycopeptides between preoperative and postoperative serum from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was revealed, and the CF modifications of BCHE_N369, CDH5_N112 and SERPIND1_N49 were found to be potential prognostic markers. This study thus provides an efficient solution for large-scale quantitative analysis of the CF glycoproteome.

Large-Scale Quantitative Proteomic Analysis during Different Stages of Somatic Embryogenesis in Larix olgensis.

Larix olgensis is an economically important tree species native to northeastern China. The use of somatic embryogenesis (SE) is efficient and enables the rapid production of varieties with desirable qualities. Here, isobaric labeling via tandem mass tags was used to conduct a large-scale quantitative proteomic analysis of proteins in three critically important stages of SE in L. olgensis: the primary embryogenic callus, the single embryo, and the cotyledon embryo. We identified 6269 proteins, including 176 shared differentially expressed proteins across the three groups. Many of these proteins are involved in glycolipid metabolism, hormone response/signal transduction, cell synthesis and differentiation, and water transport; proteins involved in stress resistance and secondary metabolism, as well as transcription factors, play key regulatory roles in SE. The results of this study provide new insights into the key pathways and proteins involved in SE in Larix. Our findings have implications for the expression of totipotency, the preparation of synthetic seeds, and genetic transformation.

A quantitative approach to doublets in Russian denominal adjective construction

This article is devoted to the rivalry between suffixes in the derivation of denominal adjectives in Russian. In particular, it proposes a large-scale quantitative analysis based on the Russian National Corpus. Its main goal is to contribute to identifying the properties that determine the choice of the suffix in these derivatives. Denominal adjectival derivation in Russian makes use of a wide variety of exponents. Most of them are phonological variants (extensions) of three main suffixes, - n-, - sk- and - Ov-. These three, which can be considered as basic, constitute the focus of our analysis. Two datasets were built for this research, a general one containing one of the suffixes above, and a more specific one containing doublets, which is to say, adjectives constructed on the same base with different suffixes. Data from the two sets are analyzed by means of various statistical models. Our results globally provide a quantitatively robust confirmation of observations previously made in the literature. In particular, we show that -n- occupies a specific position in the derivational system of Russian, as it is less productive and its derivatives are tendentially less transparent and more prone to display lexicalized meanings that point towards the qualitative pole of the qualitative-relational semantic spectrum. Moreover, - sk- and - Ov- are more likely to form doublets (be attached to the same bases), a further argument in favor of a greater homogeneity between them as opposed to - n-.

Measuring Urban mixed-use conditions and their impact on street vitality: a mixed-method approach tested in the context of Hong Kong’s New Towns

ABSTRACT Mixed land-use patterns have been associated with positive social outcomes such as increased access to jobs and services, improved health and neighbourhood-level quality of life. Despite this important influence, there is a lack of precise methods to quantify mixed land use conditions at district, block and street scales, and there are limited studies around the potential of new data-driven methods for analysing urban function mixing and its influence on neighbourhood vitality. The study presented here has explored how different methods of measuring mixed-use conditions can accurately reflect the experience of mixed-use and correlate with differences in urban street life. It has combined large-scale quantitative analysis with socio-economic indicators such as street store density and street vitality, to expand upon the traditional reviews of land use data and provide more detailed insights into the relationships between mixed urban functions, street vitality and community life. Using Sha Tin and Tin Shui Wai New Towns in Hong Kong as case studies, the findings reveal correlations between finer-grained mixed-use indices and street vitality, represented by the presence of optional social activities.

Quantifying human performance in chess

From sports to science, the recent availability of large-scale data has allowed to gain insights on the drivers of human innovation and success in a variety of domains. Here we quantify human performance in the popular game of chess by leveraging a very large dataset comprising of over 120 million games between almost 1 million players. We find that individuals encounter hot streaks of repeated success, longer for beginners than for expert players, and even longer cold streaks of unsatisfying performance. Skilled players can be distinguished from the others based on their gaming behaviour. Differences appear from the very first moves of the game, with experts tending to specialize and repeat the same openings while beginners explore and diversify more. However, experts experience a broader response repertoire, and display a deeper understanding of different variations within the same line. Over time, the opening diversity of a player tends to decrease, hinting at the development of individual playing styles. Nevertheless, we find that players are often not able to recognize their most successful openings. Overall, our work contributes to quantifying human performance in competitive settings, providing a first large-scale quantitative analysis of individual careers in chess, helping unveil the determinants separating elite from beginner performance.

Syntactic complexity in legal translated texts and the use of plain English: a corpus-based study

This study compared the linguistic difficulty of legal translated texts with the syntactic complexity of native English legal writings in order to demonstrate the statistically significant differences between the two big datasets. The study applies features of the syntactic complexity of sentences within legal text translations that translated texts are less complicated than their original counterparts. It provides an example of how easy plain English translation in legal communication might result in understandable target writings. The findings of the legal translation of the people of three regions reveal striking patterns in terms of syntactic complexity and legal communication in plain English, which are consistent with previous research. Complex nominal and hypotactic structures result in a high number of propositions per sentence, placing a high demand on the cognitive processing abilities of those who read and understand the text. The statistics show considerable differences among the three locations and various forms of company law corpora. The study is the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the accessibility of legal jargon compared to other forms of English, emphasizing the efficacy of plain-language initiatives in legal translations.

Democratic Dead Spots: Local Elections and Human Development in Brazil

ABSTRACT Democracy’s proponents argue that decentralisation improves service delivery, expands local accountability, and engages citizens in public life. However, the combination of democratisation and decentralisation sometimes sustains subnational authoritarianism, resulting in differential redistribution of power that limit citizens’ ability to pursue and secure public goods. In this article we ask: To what extent do authoritarian enclaves affect well-being? Few studies have systematically examined how basic democratic failures affect human development outcomes at subnational levels. We address this gap by investigating the effects of local “democratic dead spots” in Brazil. This approach yields the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the consequences of subnational authoritarianism for human development. Our unique dataset covers Brazil’s 5,570 municipalities from 2006 to 2018 and lets us estimate the effects of local elections on human development over time and across space, while controlling for common explanations for human development (e.g. local governance, wealth, social policy, and partisanship). We find that local democratic dead spots are associated with systemically low levels of human development performance. Following uncompetitive elections, health outcomes are systemically lower over five years: an entire mayoral term and one year beyond in comparison to other, very similar municipalities. Education outcomes are also systemically lower, but the effect does not extend beyond one mayoral term. The cumulative results suggest that uncompetitive elections undermine human development, at the very least in the short to medium term.

Exploring the Rice Cultivars in Large-Scale Chinese Local Gazetteers: A Computational Approach

Chinese local gazetteers have long been widely used by scholars to investigate the local products, culture, economy, and much more. Confronted with large-scale digitized resources nowadays, researchers can explore historical texts in a novel way. In this paper, we propose a computational approach in order to perform large-scale quantitative analysis of plant knowledge embedded in Chinese local gazetteers. We select the typical rice cultivars by their occurrences in the records, interpret their common features, and leverage the data clustering algorithm to investigate the inner connections among cultivars. We conduct a case study on a dataset of records of rice cultivars over 8 centuries in Jiangsu Province, China. We find that although planting early-season rice in Jiangsu province was the common practice, the local rice farmers cared more about the color, quality, and uses of cultivars than their sowing time. In addition, not all the rice varieties mentioned frequently in records are local plants. Plants imported from other provinces or countries were also highly recorded because of their good quality and special characteristics. Our study offers a practical guide and reference to history study as well as useful clues for modern agriculture.

Governing Online Goods: Maturity and Formalization in Minecraft, Reddit, and World of Warcraft Communities

Building a successful community means governing active populations and limited resources. This challenge often requires communities to design formal governance systems from scratch. But the characteristics of successful institutional designs are unclear. Communities that are more mature and established may have more elaborate formal policy systems (as cause or effect of their success). Alternatively, they may require less formalization precisely because of their maturity: because they have more latitude and capacity to select and acculturate new members, or because their reputations encourage greater self-selection. Indeed, scholars often downplay the role that formal rules relative to unwritten rules, norms, and values. But in a community with formal rules, decisions are more consistent, transparent, and legitimate. To understand the relationship of formal institutions to community maturity and governance style, we conduct a large-scale quantitative analysis applying institutional analysis frameworks of self-governance scholar Elinor Ostrom to 80,000 communities across 3 platforms: the sandbox game Minecraft, the MMO game World of Warcraft, and Reddit. We classify communities' written rules according to several institutional taxonomies in order to test predictors of institutional formalization. From this analysis we extract two major findings. First, institutional formalization, the size and complexity of an online community's governance system, is generally positively associated with maturity, as measured by age, population size, or degree of user engagement. Second, we find that online communities employ similar governance styles across platforms, strongly favoring "weak" norms to "strong" requirements. These findings suggest that designers and founders of online communities converge, to some extent independently, on styles of governance practice that are correlated with successful self-governance. With deeper insights into the patterns of successful self-governance, we can help more communities overcome the challenges of self-governance and create for their members powerful experiences of shared meaning and collective empowerment.?

The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps

PurposeTo add new empirical knowledge to debates about social practices of peer production communities, and to conversations about bias and its implications for democracy. To help identify Wikipedia (WP) articles that are affected by systematic bias and hopefully help alleviate the impact of such bias on the general public, thus helping enhance both traditional (e.g. libraries) and online information services (e.g. Google) in ways that contribute to democracy. This paper aims to discuss the aforementioned objectives.Design/methodology/approachQuantitatively, the authors identify edit-warring camps across many conflict zones of the English language WP, and profile and compare success rates and typologies of camp edits in the corresponding topic areas. Qualitatively, the authors analyze the edit war between two senior WP editors that resulted in imbalanced and biased articles throughout a topic area for such editorial characteristics through a close critical reading.FindingsThrough a large-scale quantitative study, the authors find that winner-take-all camps exhibit biasing editing behaviors to a much larger extent than the camps they successfully edit-war against, confirming findings of prior small-scale qualitative studies. The authors also confirm the employment of these behaviors and identify other behaviors in the successful silencing of traditional medicinal knowledge on WP by a scientism-biased senior WP editor through close reading.Social implicationsWP sadly does, as previously claimed, appear to be a platform that represents the biased viewpoints of its most stridently opinionated Western white male editors, and routinely misrepresents scholarly work and scientific consensus, the authors find. WP is therefore in dire need of scholarly oversight and decolonization.Originality/valueThe authors independently verify findings from prior personal accounts of highly power-imbalanced fights of scholars against senior editors on WP through a third-party close reading of a much more power balanced edit war between senior WP editors. The authors confirm that these findings generalize well to edit wars across WP, through a large scale quantitative analysis of unbalanced edit wars across a wide range of zones of contention on WP.