Large-scale Engineering Projects Research Articles

A closed-loop human-computer interactive design method based on sequential human intention prediction and knowledge recommendation

Designers working on large-scale complex engineering projects may encounter design errors due to limited experience and expertise. Therefore, during the design process, accurately identifying the designer’s design intention and recommending relevant design knowledge can enhance design efficiency and reduce errors. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop human–computer interactive design method based on sequential human intention prediction and knowledge recommendation. This method leverages the Function-Behaviour-Structure (FBS) model to reduce the dimensionality of design action sequences, so as to facilitate the analysis of potential design patterns. The processed action sequences are used to train Transformer to predict design intentions. In different input sequences, Transformer achieved a highest prediction accuracy of 92.09%. We construct a Design Knowledge Recommendation Framework (DKRF) and its corresponding design knowledge matching algorithm. This framework accurately recommends design knowledge to designers, solving design stagnation and improving design efficiency. Finally, a case study of four types of mechanical model design is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and wide applicability of the proposed closed-loop human–computer interactive design method.

Investigating Environmental Efficiency Upgrading Path of Construction Waste Based on Configuration Analysis

The rapid development of urbanization and large-scale engineering projects have led to the output of a large quantity of construction waste, which also puts great pressure on the environment. Environmental efficiency, as one of the criteria for measuring sustainable development, can be used to measure the impact of enterprises, industries, or regions on the environment when creating economic value. This research takes 30 provinces in China as samples and uses configuration analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methods to analyze the combined effects of factors affecting the environmental efficiency of construction waste generation, to find upgrading paths to improve environmental efficiency. The results indicate that five configurations can promote provinces to achieve high environmental efficiency, which can be classified into three types: population density, technological innovation, and policy economy. These three configurations reveal the comprehensive impact of systematic correlations among population, technology, policy, and economic factors on environmental efficiency improvements. This research provides a certain theoretical reference for exploring the influencing factors of environmental efficiency and provides theoretical guidance for selecting different paths to improve the environmental efficiency of construction waste in regions with different social conditions.

Integrated alliance system architecture for lifecycle risk management in large-scale complex engineering projects

Integrated alliance system architecture for lifecycle risk management in large-scale complex engineering projects

RISK ASSESSMENT OF COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROJECT BASED ON FUZZY PETRI NET UNDER THE PERSPECTIVE OF VULNERABILITY

Traditional engineering risk management has been unable to adapt to the complexity and variability due to its constituent elements and dynamic nature of internal and external environments. Vulnerability, as a concept closely related to risk, has been neglected in the traditional risk management due to its hidden characteristics. This study attempts to quantify and evaluate vulnerabilities of complex engineering projects independently and explore the transmission mechanism between risk and vulnerability factors. Twenty different types of large-scale engineering projects in China were selected as case studies from the Mega Project Case Study Center (MPCSC) of Tongji University. Vulnerability and risk factors of each project were identified and analysed. A mechanism model was developed to explore the impacts of vulnerabilities and risks through ta Fuzzy Petri Net. Four main vulnerability-risk critical paths were identified through the reverse labelling method. The overall evaluation of engineering project risks considering the impacts of vulnerabilities is the highlight of this paper. This study interprets the cognition and evaluation of complex engineering risks from a new perspective, enriches the connotation of engineering risk management, and provides a reference for risk management and decisionmaking of complex engineering projects.

Analysis of air quality issues and air quality management status in five major African cities

Poor air quality is one of the main dysfunctions of the rapid urbanisation process in Africa. Although the information is fragmented, the limited evidence available points out that air quality is a leading health risk in Africa, especially affecting the poorest, most vulnerable communities. In this study, we look into five cities in Africa to understand the nature of urban air quality issues and to delve into the initial responses. We report on the status of the main air quality management dimensions, including air quality standards and monitoring strategy/capabilities, emission inventories and air quality modelling, health impact assessment studies, communication practices, development and implementation of clean air action plans (in connection with other relevant strategies, i.e. climate change policies) and governance issues. We find that all cities have limited monitoring capabilities although communication strategies may differ substantially. While indoor pollution sources are declining in more developed economies, traffic is a growing concern in all five cities. In most cases, air quality issues are mostly related to PM2.5 and natural contributions worsen air pollution from road transport, biomass and open waste burning. While nationally-driven strategies, often based on large-scale engineering projects and financial schemes, may report substantial gains in early stages, multi-level governance and planning is likely to maximize benefits and provide a useful framework for the complex problem of air quality management in the long run. The integration of air quality plans in overarching strategies to tackle persistent poverty and social inequity is urgently needed.

Mathematical Model of Three-Component Suspension Transport

Introduction. Prediction of suspension deposition zones is required to assess and minimize the negative impact on the ecosystem of the reservoir during dredging within the framework of large-scale engineering projects, prediction of suspension deposition zones is required to assess and minimize the negative impact on the ecosystem of the reservoir. It is necessary to build a mathematical model that takes into account many factors that have a significant impact on the accuracy of forecasts. The aim of the work is to construct a mathematical model of transport of multicomponent suspension, taking into account the composition of the soil (different diameter of the suspension particles), the flow velocity of the water flow, the complex geometry of the coastline and bottom, wind stresses and friction on the bottom, turbulent exchange, etc.Materials and Methods. A mathematical model for the transport of a multicomponent suspension and an approximation of the proposed continuous model with the second order of accuracy with respect to the steps of the spatial grid are described, considering the boundary conditions of the Neumann and Robin type. The approximation of the hydrodynamics model is obtained based on splitting schemes by physical processes, which guarantee fulfillment mass conservation for discrete model.Results. The proposed mathematical model formed the basis of the developed software package that allows to simulate the process of sedimentation of a multicomponent suspension. The results of the work of the software package on the model problem of sedimentation of a three-component suspension in the process of soil dumping during dredging are presented.Discussions and Conclusions. The mathematical model of transport of three-component suspension is described and software implemented. The developed software allows to simulate the process of deposition of suspended particles of various diameters on the bottom, and to evaluate its effect on the bottom topography and changes in the bottom composition. The developed software package also allows to analyze the process of sediment movement in the case of resuspension of multicomponent bottom sediments of the reservoir, which causes secondary pollution of the reservoi

Carbon Emission Model and Emission Reduction Technology in the Asphalt Mixture Mixing Process

This paper attempts to develop a calculation model to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during the mixing process of asphalt mixtures and explore energy-saving and emission reduction technologies. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the mixer’s working mechanism, mixing quality requirement, and theoretical deductions, a CO2 emission model for the mixing process of asphalt mixtures is established. The model highlights the significant impact of mixing time on both mixing quality and carbon emissions. The model demonstrates that the mixing quality improves with an increase in mixing time, but the degree of improvement diminishes after an initial significant enhancement, eventually stabilizing. Importantly, excessive mixing time does not significantly improve the mixing quality; conversely, an extended mixing time has a notable impact on carbon emissions. Results show that when the deviation of the asphalt content is changed from 0.3% to 0.2% for a 5% asphalt content mixture, the mixing time and resulting CO2 emissions increase by 14%; similarly, when the deviation is 0.1%, the mixing time and resulting CO2 emissions increase by nearly 40%. Additionally, the agitator’s capacity also significantly influences the CO2 emissions. For a project of a given scale, increasing the agitator capacity leads to a reduction in total carbon emissions during the mixing process. Compared to a type 1500 agitator, employing agitators of types 3000, 4000, and 5000 can achieve reductions in total CO2 emissions by 26.3%, 32.9%, and 36.8%, respectively. Therefore, for large-scale engineering projects aiming to minimize CO2 emissions during the mixing process, it is essential to determine the optimal mixing time to avoid excessive mixing and select a larger capacity agitator, preferably type 4000 or higher. These findings could support the development of effective emission reduction measures in the field of road construction, thereby contributing to the achievement of emission reduction targets and promoting the advancement of sustainable road development.

Human activities further amplify the cooling effect of vegetation greening in Chinese drylands

Vegetation change can provide strong feedback to climate system, but there is a severe shortage of understanding regarding how biogeophysical (BGP) processes related to vegetation changes and their impact on local temperature in arid and semi-arid regions of China (ASAC), a unique region where large-scale ecological engineering projects have been implemented. To address this knowledge gap, this study is aims to investigate the BGP effects of vegetation changes (including growth change and type conversion) and elucidate the BGP mechanisms that link vegetation and surface temperature (Ts) through integrating the Intrinsic Biophysical Mechanism (IBM) method and pairwise comparison analysis. The findings reveal that vegetation change slows down climate warming rate of Ts in ASAC, with a cooling magnitude of -0.0096 K/year (Non-radiative forcing: -0.0114 K/year; Radiative forcing: 0.0018 K/year) from 2000 to 2018, embodied as cooling in summer-autumn and warming in winter-spring. Vegetation-induced BGP effects in ASAC are dominated by non-radiative mechanisms. During the study period, compared to the stable land use/land cover (LULC), cropland expansion and grassland restoration usually led to cooling exceeding -0.05 K and -0.01 K, respectively. However, afforestation and urbanization generally cause warming about 0.02 K and 0.04 K, respectively. From a BGP point of view, avoiding large-scale afforestation in extremely arid regions is an effective strategy. This study highlights the importance of land use/ land cover change (LULCC) in regulating regional climates, and emphasizes the necessity of fully considering the multiple effects of LULCC in the formulation or evaluation of climate change mitigation policies.

An adaptive partitioned reduced order model of peridynamics for efficient static fracture simulation

In this paper, an adaptive partitioning strategy and the proper orthogonal decomposition–Galerkin method are combined to formulate an adaptive partitioned reduced order model (APROM) for fast solution of peridynamic (PD) models involving fractures. A boundary layer separation approach is presented to tackle the inaccurate reproduction of nonlocal boundary conditions in the reduced order model (ROM). Cracks invariably make ROM results more sensitive to the snapshots, i.e. a set of high-fidelity solutions simulated by the full order model (FOM), and this challenge is overcome by an adaptive partitioning strategy. The internal computational domain is divided into two parts: the crack region is modeled by full PD model, and the remaining region is dimensionally reduced. The partitioned configuration is automatically updated with the damage evolution. Several numerical tests are executed to verify the performance of the APROM, which shows that the APROM is able to successfully simulate various fracture phenomena. A significant improvement in computational efficiency is found: the number of degrees of freedom in the full PD model is greatly reduced, leading to an approximately 10 times improvement in CPU time without loss of accuracy. This paper provides strong theoretical support for accelerating PD solutions, thereby promoting the practical application of PD theory in large-scale engineering projects.

Investigation on the reinforcing of cementitious materials by nano-hydroxyapatites

The brittleness of cement-based materials is a major obstacle to application in large-scale engineering projects. The structure of natural biological skeletons has inspired research into toughening cement. Here, we report a strategy for reinforcing cementitious materials by controlling its microstructure through two types of nano-hydroxyapatite (HAP). This strategy includes improving the dispersion of nano-HAP using polycarboxylic acid, studying the dosage of composite nano-HAP to enhance the toughness of cement-based materials, and synergistically analyzing the mechanism of action of nano-HAP using a multi-scale research framework. We found that when the content of modified nano-HAP was 0.5%, the bending strength of the specimens increased by 55% and 22% at 3d and 28d, respectively, while the compressive strength remained unchanged. Compared to ordinary cement hydration, nano-HAP drives the ordered growth of calcium hydroxide crystals inside the cement paste, leading the formation of a ‘brick-mud’ microstructure that alters the direction of crack propagation.

Predicting the performance and optimizing the control parameters of an active vibration control system by pre-identifying the secondary path

In an active vibration control (AVC) system, the secondary path can generally only be identified when the system has been built. The performance of a typical adaptive feedforward control system using the filtered-x least mean square (FxLMS) algorithm is heavily dependent upon the dynamic characteristics of the secondary path. It would, therefore, be helpful for engineers to have knowledge of this behavior early in the design process. In this paper, pre-identification of the secondary path is proposed, which means its offline identification model can be obtained without installing the AVC equipment. This can save both time and money. In the pre-identification process, the secondary path is split into three parts. The first part includes the actuator and related electrical equipment. The frequency response function of this part can be identified after the hardware has been selected. The second part involves the dynamic behavior of the structure to be controlled, which is identified by impact excitation using a specially developed pneumatic impact harmer. The third part concerns the analogue/digital and digital/analogue converters whose effect on the secondary path is offset by a phase shift corresponding to half the sampling time. In this paper, the pre-identification process of the secondary path components is described, and some experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility of the approach and to demonstrate the significance of the pre-identification results. This mainly involves predicting the control performance and optimizing the parameters of the control system. Combined with the simulation of the control system, the approach proposed can improve the work efficiency of large-scale engineering projects and reduce the cost of testing.

Three-segmented counterflow pilot-scale electrodialysis for ammonia and potassium treatment in liquid anaerobic digestate: A trade-off among advanced ion removal, nutrients concentration limitation, and energy consumption

In this paper, a three-segmented counterflow (COUN) electrodialysis (ED) for ammonia (NH4+-N) and potassium (K+) treatment in liquid anaerobic digestate (LAD) was proposed to break the high-concentration limit of nutrient recovery without sacrificing the ion removal performance and energy efficiency. The effects of the COUN operation mode on ED performance were studied based on pilot-scale experiments. The results indicate that the COUN mode improves the distribution of concentration difference (Δc). Hence, the ion fluxes of NH4+-N and K+ have increased by 51.0% and 25.3%, respectively. A highly concentrated product (NH4+-N at 10428 ± 225 mg/L and K+ at 7500 ± 156 mg/L) can be obtained, and the concentration multiples of NH4+-N and K+ have increased by 14.1% and 9.8%, respectively, with slight effects on their removal rates. The current efficiency for NH4+-N and K+ was increased by 38.1% and 14.5%, reaching 54.7 ± 3.5% and 12.4 ± 0.5%, respectively, and the final energy consumption of 3.8 ± 0.2 kWh/kg-N) has reduced by 31.8%. The non-ideal transport mechanisms associated with the Δc (back-diffusion and water osmosis) have been taken into consideration. The COUN mode is a new exploration of the ED operating patterns to alleviate the detrimental effect of high Δc. It will provide a reference for designing and operating large-scale engineering projects for nutrient recovery by ED process and a trade-off among advanced ion removal, high-concentration limitation, and energy consumption.

The Prospect of drone applications

As drones technology matures, it will be used in more and more applications in multiple fields. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the prospects for the application of drones. The evaluation is based on three criteria: the environment, engineering, and disaster management. Through analysis, this paper shows that drones have unique advantages in these three areas. Given the use of ground-based sensors for air and water quality testing, drones have a great positive effect on environmental management. It can also be used for large-scale engineering project management and disaster tracking with its HD video and numerous high-resolution aerial photos. However, drones need improved regulatory controls to address risks to safety, privacy, and security. Overall, this article describes the status of drone applications, which will become more popular with the enhancement of the regulatory environment.

Research on Cooperative Evolutionary Game of Design and Construction Consortium of Green Building Project under Design Change

In recent years, with the country’s vigorous promotion of green buildings and the increasingly complex and large-scale engineering projects, the design-construction consortium model can better meet the needs of the organization and implementation of large-scale green projects and become a realistic choice for enterprises in project implementation. Therefore, the formation of a good and stable cooperative relationship between consortium members is increasingly important in improving project revenue and quality. The issue of maintaining the stability of consortium relationships is an urgent problem to be solved at this stage. As such, a three-party evolutionary game model, based on evolutionary game theory, comprising the developer unit, design unit, and construction unit, is constructed here. Then, strategies for ensuring evolutionary stability under different design modalities are discussed. Finally, the influence of relevant parameters under changing design conditions on the stability of the design and construction consortium of green building projects is analyzed through numerical simulation. The research results show the following: (1) If the additional revenue distribution coefficient within the consortium members is closer to 0.5, the influence on the stability of the design and construction consortium will be smaller; in contrast, if the influence on the design and construction consortium is increased, the cooperative relationship within the consortium will be more unstable. (2) The presence of additional revenue ∆π1 can increase the stability of the design and construction consortium. An increase in the additional revenue ∆π1 will inhibit the instability of the consortium on the one hand and strengthen the stability of the consortium on the other but will also lead to the occurrence of opportunistic behavior. (3) The construction unit’s payment of a subsidy to the cooperative members can help promote the stability of the design and construction consortium to a certain extent and can also weaken the effects of other factors on the stability of the consortium, but there is a threshold value for the amount of said subsidy. (4) On the one hand, the cooperation members actively cooperate with each other to maximize the cooperation benefits of the design and construction consortium, while on the other hand, the construction unit actively promotes the implementation of the green building project, strictly monitors the implementation of the green design and green construction approach by the design and construction units in the early and implementation stages of the project, prevents the design changes caused by the final product failing to meet the green building standard, and actively solves design change problems in a manner that benefits the sustainable development of the green building, so that the cooperative relationship among the members of the consortium can develop steadily, which is beneficial to the green and ecological development of architectural design and construction.

Design of a Self-Supporting Liner for the Renovation of a Headrace Tunnel at Chivor Hydropower Project

Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy, as declared in the United Nations’ Agenda 2030, requires both the inclusion of new renewable energy sources, and the renovation of existing hydropower infrastructure, since this resource is considered a key strategy to support flexibility in electric grids with high penetrations of variable generation. This paper addresses the design of a self-supporting lining for the renovation of a headrace tunnel, that has been affected by a buckling event, in order to extend the operating life of the Chivor Hydropower Project, located in Colombia. Studies performed by AES Corporation about the buckling events that affected the headrace tunnel and the condition assessment are first described. Then, the design alternatives to renovate this important part of the hydropower plant’s infrastructure are presented in a general way. The detailed design and construction planning for the selected alternative are then illustrated by showing some calculations used in hydropower design. Such a renovation project is one of the first of its class in Colombia and goes from studies of the buckling events to the design of a modern lining that will be constructed while keeping the 1000-MW (6% of Colombia’s demand) hydropower plant in operation conditions, in order to extend its life for 50 more years, which represents an example for managers and practitioners of large-scale hydraulic engineering projects.

Culture Shock: the legacy of the 1960s power generation schemes in Aotearoa New Zealand

In 1960s Aotearoa New Zealand the response to a post war energy shortage was to look to the country's rivers, lakes, and geothermal areas as a source of electric power. The Ministry of Works began a programme of dam building which peaked in the 1960s and made irreversible changes our lakes, rivers, and landscapes. Although New Zealand now produces about 80% of its electricity through renewable energy, the 1960s also saw a rise in environmental activism and a revaluing of the natural "wilderness." Professor John Salmon's influential book, Heritage Destroyed: The Crisis in Scenery Preservation in New Zealand (1960), drew public attention to the environmental degradation caused by large-scale engineering projects, and the decade ended with the "Save Manapōuri" campaign which, in the early 1970s, prevented the raising of lakes Manapōuri and Te Anau to guarantee power to the Tiwai Point aluminium smelter. This paper considers the legacy of the 1960s power generation schemes, including changes to the physical landscape; new legislation for the preservation of the built and natural environments; and alternative ways to consider the cultural and natural landscapes that prioritise Te Mana o te Wai.

The influence of ecological engineering projects on dust events: A case study in the northern China

Since the late 1970s, many large-scale ecological engineering projects have been implemented to mitigate and remediate hastily degraded ecological condition in northern China. The purpose of this study is to assess the influences of these projects by examining the correlation between natural factors and dust events. First, the spatiotemporal variations in dust events in study area are analyzed, using the dust report data of 270 stations of the synoptic observation from 1978 to 2018. Furthermore, the variations in vegetation and meteorological conditions are evaluated and the correlation between dust events and various natural factors is investigated. The results show that dust events are generally decreased, along with significant improvement in vegetation, especially on the edge of desert areas. Moreover, >75% of dust events occurred before year 2000. Also, spatial distribution of dust events is quite diverse. The area with declining dust events is accordance with the area with increasing NDVI, while the NDVI improving trend in 2000–2018 is more significant than that in 1982–1999. Through hotspot analysis, evaporation and relative humidity are two leading factors with higher relative importance and correlation coefficient in all groups. Nonetheless, owing to substantial geographical difference and climatic dissimilarity, there are noticeable differences among various groups, as RHU is the only factor with highest correlation in all six groups, EVP is the highest correlated factor in G1 and G3, and WIN dominates in G2, G4, G5, and G6. These findings can be important guidelines for dust storm prevention design in ecological engineering projects

Impact of the Construction of New Port Facilities on Primary Production of Plankton in the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea)

A significant increase in the human population on marine coast and steady growth of maritime water transport causes the construction of port infrastructure and the creation of new lands, which affects the ecosystems of coastal waters. Despite the widespread occurrence of such large-scale engineering projects in coastal areas, their impact on various components of aquatic ecosystems, including phytoplankton, is still poorly understood. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the construction of ports and the alluvium of new lands in the Neva Estuary in 2000s on the productivity of phytoplankton. Digging and dredging of bottom sediments results in one order of magnitude elevation of suspended particulate matter (SM), which mostly consisted of sand and clayed deposits and in significant decrease water transparency, as compared to the average long-term values. Concentrations of total phosphorus in the estuarine waters during the works significantly positively correlated with the concentrations of SM. However, the multiple increase in nutrients was less important for phytoplankton development than expected. Analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the main predictor of the primary production of plankton in the periods of construction was water transparency. Gross primary production decreased significantly. In contrast to short-term effects caused by wind-induced events, which often stimulated phytoplankton development, long-term construction works of new port facilities negatively influenced phytoplankton productivity. Apart from pristine conditions when the phosphorus concentration was the main factor limiting the primary production in the estuary, the main limiting factor during long-term engineering projects became water transparency. Taking into account plans for further development of ports in coastal areas around the world, the influence of the large-scale engineering projects on the conditions for the development of phytoplankton may provide a new aspect of long-term regulation of algal blooms and ecosystem functioning in the coastal and estuarine zones.

Urbanizing the Eternal City: How did the ancient Romans transform and adapt to Rome’s riverine landscape?

This case study considers the trajectory of Ancient Rome’s urban development in its riverine environment. Recent geoarchaeological investigations in Rome’s river valley have shed light on the pre-urban setting and landscape changes that occurred alongside urbanization. With these new discoveries and a rich corpus of archaeological and historical evidence, Rome offers one of the longest records available for exploring how rivers impact cities and cities impact rivers.In order to build in their flood-prone lowlands in the mid-1st millennium BCE, the inhabitants of Rome engaged in large-scale landscape modification projects and flood mitigation measures. Urbanization at Rome, however, triggered fresh ecological challenges, including rapid sedimentation and escalating floods. The inhabitants of Rome responded to their volatile river with a range of adaptive strategies. Over the centuries, they continued to mitigate the effects of overbank flooding through the use of strategic urban planning, land reclamation, flood-resistant architecture, and bureaucratic oversight of the riverine landscape. It is noteworthy that, despite having the capabilities, the ancient Romans chose not to enact large-scale engineering projects to prevent floods altogether. The so-called Eternal City, therefore, should be seen as a resilient city—one that persevered in the face of dynamic ecological conditions and recurrent inundations.This article emphasizes the value of historical applications for modern sustainability studies: the past offers both empirical evidence and a vibrant perspective for conceptualizing the complexities of human-environment interactions over many centuries. The story of Rome’s relationship with its river ultimately underscores the eternal co-evolution of society and the environment.

Ecological Engineering Projects Shifted the Dominance of Human Activity and Climate Variability on Vegetation Dynamics

Global greening and its eco-environmental outcomes are getting mounting international focus. The important contribution of China to the global greening is highly appreciated. However, the basic driving forces are still elusive. The Loess Plateau (LP) and Three-River Source Region (TRSR) were chased as study areas in Northern China. The prior one represents the region experiencing intensive human interventions from ecological engineering projects, while the latter is a typical region that is experiencing faster climate change. Hypothesized to be driven by a disproportionate rate of human activities and climates, also being regions of typical large-scale ecological engineering projects, the study goal is to identify the actual driving forces on vegetation dynamics in these two regions. Trend analysis, correlation analysis, and residual trend-based method (RESTREND) were utilized to understand the relationships between climate variability, human activities, and vegetation dynamics. The spatiotemporal variations of vegetation from 1982 to 2019 were evaluated and the respective impacts of climatic and anthropogenic factors on vegetation dynamics were disentangled. Indicating apparent vegetation restoration in LP and TRSR, the results depict that annual LAI has remarkably increased during the 38 years. Temperature and precipitation promoted vegetation growth, whereas the solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit hampered it. After implementing the ecological engineering projects, the primary climatic factor changed from temperature to precipitation. Meanwhile, human activities act as the major driving factor in vegetation greening in the entire study area, with a contribution rate exceeding 70%. This information highlights that ecological engineering can significantly reduce the risks of ecosystem degradation and effectively restore vegetation, especially in ecologically sensitive and vulnerable areas.