Large-scale Deployment Of Carbon Capture And Storage Research Articles

Carbon capture and storage at Malaysia power plants: Evaluation of its feasibility and requisite enablers

Rapidly growing GHG emissions are significantly altering the world climate, necessitating a global decarbonization efforts to avert irreversible catastrophic failure of the world ecosystem. Malaysia is pledging to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and has subsequently identified Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as one of the solutions for carbon removal from its energy sector by 2050. However, the implementation of CCS presents formidable challenges, encompassing both technical and commercial complexities, especially for a nation like Malaysia, which has limited experience in large-scale CCS deployment. This study evaluates the feasibility of CCS implementation in Malaysia's fossil fuel power plants by conducting a comprehensive techno-economic assessment, taking into considerations the prevailing energy landscape of the country. This assessment is very crucial to demonstrate the feasibility of this plan within the timeframe, considering the limited research have been done to assess a national-scale implementation, as well as to provide the important insights for future policy implication to promote CCS adoption. The CCS scenarios are assessed through an analytical approach, and comparative analyses are conducted between alternative paths. The result shows that a large-scale implementation of CCS at Malaysia's fossil fuel power plant to achieve net-zero emission by 2050 are feasible given a strong enforcement on emission policy and establishment of CCS legal framework. CCS can potentially reduce 60% of Malaysia's energy sector total emissions, and a solar-supported CCS helps to reduce it further. Levelized Cost of Electricity analysis reveals that the implementation of CCS leads to only a minimal increase between pre- and post-CCS LCOE when carbon price is considered. A SWOT-PESTLE analysis was also conducted to identify gaps in regulatory framework, financial and social aspects. It can be concluded that CCS is a techno-economically viable solution, however Malaysia's readiness for CCS implementation is still at a very novice stage, and aggressive actions are needed to enable a successful full-scale implementation.

Incentive policies to realize large-scale deployment of CCS in China's power sector and its economy-wide impacts

Given the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is still in the demonstration phase, large-scale deployment of CCS is urgently needed in the coming decades, especially in the power sector. Therefore, we built a computable general equilibrium model with detailed electricity technology module and assessed the economy-wide impacts of multiple incentive policies on large-scale deployment of CCS in the power sector. Results show that, first, if only CCS is subsidized, without supplementing carbon pricing, it will lead to deviations from the core environmental objectives of CCS development. Secondly, when CCS subsidies are combined with carbon pricing, if the sectoral indirect tax is reduced, the GDP loss can be better alleviated, and it can also have an obvious positive impact on energy conservation and emission reduction. Finally, a gradual sector-coverage way of carbon pricing contributes to further mitigating the accumulated GDP loss, easing sectoral profit losses, and improving positive effects on energy indicators.

A preliminary assessment of CO2 capture, transport, and storage network for China's steel sector

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has emerged as a promising way for achieving deep decarbonization of China's steel sector. Large-scale CCS deployment necessitates a comprehensive source-sink matching analysis to offer early engineering guidance. To address this issue, this study conducted a source-sink matching analysis of China's steel sector, assessing CO2 sources, CO2 storage capacities and costs, and CO2 pipeline layouts under three capture targets. The findings reveal an obvious spatial mismatch between CO2 sources and potential CO2 sinks for China's steel sector. CO2 sources are mainly situated in eastern China, while main CO2 storage sites are located in western China. The average unit costs of CCS under low (30%), medium (60%), and full capture (90%) targets are 83, 91, and 118 $/t CO2, respectively. In particular, as capture target increases, the CO2 transportation cost will supersede the capture cost and dominate the average CCS unit cost, owing to the construction of longer pipelines. This study recommends prioritizing CCS demonstration with steel plants in regions having suitable CO2 storage basins nearby. Moreover, future investigations should concentrate on on-site experiments of CO2 storage basins and the technology development of offshore carbon storage in China.

Risks and uncertainties in carbon capture, transport, and storage projects: A comprehensive review

The rapid escalation of climate change and global warming underscores the critical role of CO2 emissions, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has emerged as a promising way to address this challenge. It is estimated that CCS could account for 25–67% of emissions reductions in heavy industries. Nonetheless, the realization of large-scale CCS deployment demands a meticulous evaluation of associated risks (e.g., pure and speculative) and uncertainties (e.g., aleatoric, epistemic and Knightian) across the entire process. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the risks and uncertainties (R&U), both technical (e.g., oprational and site chractrization) and non-technical (e.g., financial, political and social) inherent in CCS initiatives. Drawing from a diverse array of recent literature sources—including more than 400 CCS-related articles, books, theses, and reports—the analysis spans the period from 2015 to 2023. The methodology adheres rigorously to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, ensuring methodical precision and coherence. Our analysis indicates that approximately 47% of studies found from 2015 focused on technical R&U in CCS, while the remaining 53% addressed non-technical R&U. This distribution demonstrates a relative equilibrium in the research landscape as depicted in the literature. This review by considering R&U within the CCS landscape can provide crucial insights for engineers and researchers in decarbonization. It serves as a vital guide for navigating intricate challenges in CCS projects. Moreover, administrators and developers can use this knowledge to enhance technological security and cost-efficiency. Ultimately, this paper identifies practical strategies and methodologies that enhance the feasibility of CCS, offering concrete recommendations and suggestions to elevate the success potential of CCS endeavors.

Smarter ways to capture carbon dioxide – exploring alternatives for small to medium-scale carbon capture in Kraft pulp mills

Carbon capture from the calcination process in Kraft pulp mills, also known as sulphate pulp mills, has potential as a part of carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure deployment. Growing concern of climate change is increasing the interest for so-called negative emission technologies (NETs), and large emission points have great potential. However, among other factors, lack of financial incentives, trade-off with investments in existing products, and the necessity of large infrastructure that stretch across country borders, constrain deployment. This study investigates two concepts for carbon capture in combination with lime kilns in Kraft pulp mills: oxyfuel combustion and electric arc plasma calcination. The results from the modelling of six configurations show that carbon capture from the calcination process with these technologies can be made with comparatively low additional energy demand. Sulphate pulp production from Kraft pulp mills, which use lime kilns, is increasing in Europe and in the world. Therefore, there is large potential for capture of CO2 from these alternative calcination technologies, both as a first step towards and as a part of a large-scale deployment of CCS and bioenergy with CCS (BECCS).

Carbon Capture and Storage: History and the Road Ahead

The large-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is becoming increasingly urgent in the global path toward net zero emissions; however, global CCS deployment is significantly lagging behind its expected contribution to greenhouse gas emission reduction. Reviewing and learning from the examples and history of successful CCS practices in advanced countries will help other countries, including China, to promote and deploy CCS projects using scientific methods. This paper shows that the establishment of major science and technology CCS infrastructures in advanced countries has become the main source of CCS technological innovation, cost reduction, risk reduction, commercial promotion, and talent training in the development and demonstration of key CCS technologies. Sound development of CCS requires a transition from pilot-scale science and technology infrastructures to large-scale commercial infrastructures, in addition to incentive policies; otherwise, it will be difficult to overcome the technical barriers between small-scale demonstrations and the implementation of million-tonne-scale CCS and ten-million-tonne-scale CCS hubs. Geological CO 2 storage is the ultimate goal of CCS projects and the driving force of CO 2 capture. Further improving the accuracy of technologies for the measurement, monitoring, and verification (MMV) of CO 2 storage capacity, emission reduction, and safety remains a problem for geological storage. CO 2 storage in saline aquifers can better couple multiple carbon emission sources and is currently a priority direction for development. Reducing the energy consumption of low-concentration CO 2 capture and the depletion of chemical absorbents and improving the operational efficiency and stability of post-combustion CO 2 capture systems have become the key constraints to large-scale CCS deployment. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is also important in order for countries to maximize fossil fuel extraction instead of importing oil from less environmentally friendly oil-producing countries.

A Systems Approach to Business Models and Public-private Risk Sharing for Large Scale CCS Deployment

This paper builds on insights gained from the attempts to deploy Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Europe over the last ten years and describes results of research into business models and public-private risk sharing for large scale CCS that has been undertaken within two European multi-lateral funded projects: ELEGANCY and ALIGN CCUS. Various techno-economic modelling techniques have repeatably shown that CCS infrastructure is essential for meeting mid-century climate targets at lowest cost, but many questions still remain for both public and private stakeholders on how to facilitate investment in, and deployment of, this infrastructure at the requisite scale. The work presented in this paper highlights the structural need for a whole systems or multi-sectoral design of business models and policy intervention in order to enable efficient and effective risk sharing between governments and private sector investors.

Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States: Perceptions, preferences, and lessons for policy

Although Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies can potentially play an important role in climate change mitigation efforts, commercial CCS projects are still rare. Knowledge about the technical challenges of these technologies is rapidly advancing, but the challenges related to their public acceptance are still underinvestigated. Here we try to close this research gap by investigating public perceptions of CCS and public attitudes towards policies to scale up these technologies in the United States, where most existing industrial-scale CCS projects are operating. Based on a demographically representative sample of US residents, we find that awareness of CCS is very low. Using a conjoint experiment, we show that policies that outlaw the construction of new coal- and gas-fired power plants without CCS find higher public support than CCS subsidies and increases in taxes on unabated fossil fuel power generation. Public support decreases with rising costs of CCS deployment and decreasing minimal distance requirements of CCS plants from residential areas. Our results provide insights into the political feasibility of a large-scale deployment of CCS and show that specific policy design choices play an important role in influencing public support for policies to scale up these technologies.

Moomba carbon capture and storage case study: material emissions reduction at Moomba plant

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is essential for meeting the Paris agreement global emissions targets – all identified pathways to net zero 2050 emissions require large scale deployment of CCS. The Moomba CCS project is an example of the type of projects that the oil and gas industry can undertake in Australia and globally to reduce emissions and create new business opportunities. The project is a CO2 capture, transport and storage project in the Cooper Basin with the aim of delivering material emissions reduction of 1.7 mtpa CO2-e. The project utilises existing and new infrastructure as well as depleted hydrocarbon fields to capture, compress, dehydrate and store CO2 that is currently vented. This study will provide an overview of this project including the technical challenges that were overcome to enable project success.

The Prospects of Carbon Capture and Storage in China’s Power Sector under the 2 °C Target: A Component-based Learning Curve Approach

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is indispensable in achieving the well below 2 °C warming target, especially for China with coal-dominated energy structures. However, high investment makes the development of CCS far from the global warming target. Concerns about the high cost have led to a spread of pessimistic attitude towards the future of CCS to some extent. Therefore, this study provides the first instance to determine the unit CO2 avoided cost learning curves of various CCS pathways for China’s thermal power generation based on a component-based approach, and establishes a non-linear technology optimization model with endogenous technological progress. Model developed by this study aims to explore the economically optimal CCS deployment strategy for achieving the necessary emission reductions in line with 2 °C target in China and the amount of investment required. Results show that the nominal learning rates of CO2 avoided costs are in the range of 0.018 to 0.151 for four CCS pathways. The strategic priority should be given to the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) pathway and the supercritical pulverized coal (SPC) pathway, considering that they have greater cost reduction potential than that of oxy-combustion and gas-fired pathway. To achieve the 2 °C target, the total abatement cost will be at least 330 billion US dollars with a CCS capacity of 499 GW for power sector by 2050. The preferred time of large-scale deployment of CCS in China's power sector is around 2030. Postponing CCS commercialization will surge the abatement cost to $626 billion by 2050. In addition, this study provides the long term break-even CO2 prices for implementing CCS, ranging from approximately $46/ton CO2 to $62/ton CO2, which is informative for the future subsidy setting and carbon trading market.

Researching candidate sites for a carbon storage complex in the Central Appalachian Basin, USA

The purpose of the Central Appalachian Basin-Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise Integrated Prefeasibility Project was to identify candidate sites in eastern Ohio for a storage complex capable of storing 50 million tonnes. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be essential in the Appalachian Basin, which includes coal-fired power plants, natural gas processing, refineries, chemical plants, and natural gas power. The project team investigated Cambrian-Ordovician Age sandstones and carbonates collocated near depleted oilfields, where enhanced oil recovery could provide a stepping stone for developing a storage hub. Feasible routes for linking sources to sinks via regional pipelines were assessed. The sub-basinal analysis demonstrated significant potential storage capacity in both deep saline reservoirs and depleted oil and gas fields. The project definition analysis revealed the project footprint would be reasonable and only two wells would be needed for injection of CO2. Project economics illustrated a need for both government and private investment in the absence of a regulatory mandate. Ohio also lacks a comprehensive policy for long-term liability and subsurface storage rights, which could be addressed during pilot testing. Developing qualified sites within two selected areas for large-scale deployment of CCS appears feasible and the study helped to define future research needs.

Overview of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Facilities Globally

The Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Facilities Database maintained by the Global CCS Institute contains a comprehensive list of CCS facilities around the world, covering large-scale, pilot and demonstration scale facilities and test centres. This report presents a complete overview of the status of global CCS facilities. The review spans the full life cycle of the facilities, from early development to in completion, and covers a wide range of industries and sectors. Globally, as of September 2018, there are 23 large-scale CCS facilities in operation and under construction, capturing ~ 40 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) of CO2. There are over 28 key demonstration-scale CCS facilities in operation and under construction. These demonstration-scale CCS facilities have a cumulative CO2 capture capacity of over 3 Mtpa. Early CCS facilities in the 1970s and 1980s involved processes in which CO2 was already routinely separated in a high purity form, such as in natural gas processing and fertiliser production for CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The technology and techniques derived from these early operations have significantly advanced the deployment of CCS. Nowadays, the portfolio of CCS facilities covers a diverse range of sectors, including power generation, iron and steel manufacturing, cement production, chemical and hydrogen production, and bioenergy. Consistent learning from the existing portfolio of large-scale and demonstration-scale facilities, when combined with rising global R&D efforts and commitments to emission reductions, can lower costs further and drive global CCS deployment using next generation and transformational technologies. Since 1972, more than 230 million tonnes of anthropogenic CO2 has been captured and injected into deep storage complexes. Over half of that CO2 is concentrated in the United States and mostly in CO2-EOR operations. It is critical to maintain the momentum by growing the pipeline of facilities in development. That pipeline currently includes six large-scale facilities in advanced development and 14 in early development. However, the current pipeline of large-scale CCS deployment does not go anywhere near the envisaged role of CCS to meet the Paris Agreement climate goals. To avoid dangerous climate change, CCS must be deployed across a broad range of industrial processes, particularly in regions that are heavily reliant on fossil fuels, where CCS can deliver on emission reductions and meanwhile meet economic development and energy security goals.

CCS Research Development and Deployment in a Clean Energy Future: Lessons from Australia over the Past Two Decades

Abstract There is widespread, though by no means universal, recognition of the importance of carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a carbon mitigation technology. However, the rate of deployment does not match what is required for global temperatures to stay well below 2 °C. Although some consider the hurdles to achieving the widespread application of CCS to be almost insurmountable, a more optimistic view is that a great deal is now known about CCS through research, demonstration, and deployment. We know how to do it; we are confident it can be done safely and effectively; we know what it costs; and we know that costs are decreasing and will continue to do so. We also know that the world will need CCS as long as countries, companies, and communities continue to use fossil fuels for energy and industrial processes. What is lacking are the necessary policy drivers, along with a technology-neutral approach to decrease carbon emissions in a cost-effective and timely manner while retaining the undoubted benefits of ready access to reliable and secure electricity and energy-intensive industrial products. In this paper, Australia is used as an example of what has been undertaken in CCS over the past 20 years, particularly in research and demonstration, but also in international collaboration. Progress in the large-scale deployment of CCS in Australia has been too slow. However, the world’s largest storage project will soon be operational in Australia as part of the Gorgon liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, and investigations are underway into several large-scale CCS Flagship program opportunities. The organization and progress of the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) Otway Project, which is currently Australia’s only operational storage project, is discussed in some detail because of its relevance to the commercial deployment of CCS. The point is made that there is scope for building on this Otway activity to investigate more broadly (through the proposed Otway Stage 3 and Deep Earth Energy and Environment Programme (AusDEEP)) the role of the subsurface in carbon reduction. There are challenges ahead if CCS is to be deployed as widely as bodies such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consider to be necessary. Closer international collaboration in CCS will be essential to meeting that challenge.

International Transport of Captured $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 : Who Can Gain and How Much?

If carbon capture and storage (CCS) is to become a viable option for low-carbon power generation, its deployment will require the construction of dedicated CO2 transport infrastructure. In a scenario of large-scale deployment of CCS in Europe by 2050, the optimal (cost-minimising) CO2 transport network would consist of large international bulk pipelines from the main CO2 source regions to the CO2 sinks in hydrocarbon fields and saline aquifers, which are mostly located in the North Sea. In this paper, we use a Shapley value approach to analyse the multilateral negotiation process that would be required to develop such jointly optimised CO2 infrastructure. First, we find that countries with excess storage capacity capture 38–45 % of the benefits of multilateral coordination, implying that the resource rent of a depleted hydrocarbon field (when used for CO2 storage) is roughly \({\$}1\) per barrel of original recoverable oil reserves, or \({\$}2\) per boe (barrel of oil equivalent) of original recoverable gas reserves. This adds 25–600 % to current estimates of CO2 storage cost. Second, countries with a strategic transit location capture 19 % of the rent in the case of national pipeline monopolies. Liberalisation of CO2 pipeline construction at EU level could eliminate the transit rent and is shown to reduce by two-thirds the differences between countries in terms of cost per tonne of CO2 exported. Reaching agreement on such liberalisation may be politically challenging, since the payoffs are shown to be strongly divergent across countries.

A “carbonshed” assessment of small- vs. large-scale CCS deployment in the continental US

We present a model for rapidly costing and mapping out the cheapest option for organizing infrastructure to transport and store the CO2 emissions that might be captured in United States if carbon capture and storage (CCS) is deployed. We present the organization of transport infrastructure in terms of carbonsheds, regions in which it is cheaper to transport and store CO2 internally than to send the CO2 to other regions. We use our carbonshed framework to evaluate the effect of economies of scale on transport and storage. This is analyzed as the difference between developing small- vs. large-scale CCS systems on a national level, including how the potential depletion of CO2 reservoirs over time could impact costs born by coal power plants that capture CO2. We find that the average value of transport and storage when sources cooperate to reduce transport costs is roughly $10/ton, with costs decreasing as more storage reservoir options are included, and increasing as storage resources are depleted. Our depletion analysis indicates that large, centralized reservoirs could form the backbone of a major carbon storage system in the United States. Policymakers and industry planners could rapidly advance large-scale storage networks by skipping fragmented early networks and moving to large-scale systems at a relatively minor cost of $0–2/ton if 1.5Gt/year are captured from existing power plants by emphasizing cooperation or integrated planning and optimization.

Assessment of the consumption of water and construction materials in state-of-the-art fossil fuel power generation technologies involving CO2 capture

There is a growing concern about the impact of energy system decarbonisation on natural resources, such as raw materials and freshwater. Along this line, this paper assesses the needs for cooling water and construction materials of pulverised coal combustion (PF), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power generation technologies with and without CCS (Carbon capture and storage). Moreover, the paper evaluates how the integration of CCS technologies influences the economics and operational performance of power plants providing up-dated techno-economic indicators. Introduction of CO2 capture results in an increase of specific water consumption compared to a conventional plant which is more significant in the cases of PF and NGCC (56–62% and 50%) than in IGCC (9–12%). Therefore, the large scale deployment of CCS can have a significant impact on freshwater resources. The introduction of CO2 capture also increases significantly the amount of plant construction materials. The increase is up to 100% for concrete and steel and up to 27% for copper and polyethylene. The cost of construction materials is 8–15% of total investment costs, hence any changes in their prices can have a measurable impact on the cost of a plant and hence on the competitiveness of the underlying technology.

Prospective life-cycle modeling of a carbon capture and storage system using metal–organic frameworks for CO2 capture

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising new material media for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. Their tunable adsorption patterns may allow relatively efficient separation of gases, e.g. from power plant exhaust. Here we conduct scenario-based prospective life-cycle system modeling to estimate the potentials and implications of large-scale MOF application for post-combustion carbon capture and storage (CCS), and estimate the source and magnitude of uncertainties. The methodological approach includes parametric system modeling to quantify relations between system components; scenario projections of plausible pathways for system scale-up; proxy data on analogous materials and processes; and uncertainty analysis of parameter significance. We estimate the system-wide material and energy flows and economic costs associated with projected large-scale CCS deployment. We compare the performance of a MOF-based system to currently more mature amine-based capture technology. We discuss balancing two critical factors that determine the success of CO2 capture media: thermodynamic efficiency of the capture/regeneration cycle, and life-cycle embodied energy and cost of the material and its ancillary systems.

The SiteChar Approach to Efficient and Focused CO2 Storage Site Characterisation

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the solutions that can significantly reduce CO2 during the transition from fossil fuel-based energy to an energy system based on renewable energy sources. Recent studies point out that sufficient storage capacity in saline aquifers and depleted gas fields is available to permanently store several decades worth of current CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, a significant hurdle for the post-demonstration phase of CCS development is the lack of proven and tested storage reservoirs. One of the goals of the EU FP7 SiteChar project is to develop an efficient site characterisation workflow, to support the development of the numerous storage sites that will be needed for large-scale deployment of CCS. The workflow is designed to address all aspects of safe and secure storage required by the EU Storage Directive. The links between the Storage Directive requirements and the site characterisation workflow are described in detail. The workflow is currently being applied to five sites suitable for CCS across Europe. A final version of the workflow will be published early 2014.

Analysis of Global CCS Technology, Regulations and Its Potential for Emission Reduction with Focus on China

This paper introduces the development of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, the progress in CCS demonstration projects, and regulations and policies related to CCS. Barriers and limitations for the large-scale deployment of CCS are discussed. CCS and different technological solutions for emission reduction (e.g., energy conservation and renewable energy) are compared. The analysis shows that China should carefully evaluate the negative impacts of CCS deployment and needs to enhance the research and development input in CCS in order to master core technologies of CCS systems. Furthermore, CCS incentives should depend on actual CCS development. Based on the current situation, China may need to focus on retrofitting existing thermal power plants with CCS technology, so CCS can be promoted for future large-scale application. CitationFan, Y., L. Zhu, and X. Zhang, 2011: Analysis of global CCS technology, regulations and its potential for emission reduction with focus on China. Adv. Clim. Change Res.,2(2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00057.

Strategy for promoting low-carbon technology transfer to developing countries: The case of CCS

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the critical enabling technology that would reduce CO 2 emissions significantly while also allowing fossil fuels to meet the world’s pressing energy needs. The International Energy Agency analysis shows that although the developed world must lead the CCS effort in the next decade, there is an urgent need to spread CCS to the developing world. Given technologies for reducing GHG emissions originate mainly in developed countries, technology transfer, as an important feature emphasized by both the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, therefore has a key role to play in bridging a gap between developed and developing countries. The main objective of this paper is to explore potential policies and schemes promoting the transfer of CCS technologies to developing countries. First, it reviews the global CCS status, analyzes the significant gap of CCS in developed and developing countries, and investigates stakeholder perceptions of diffusing CCS to China, which is a major developing country and a significant potential candidate for large-scale CCS deployment; then the authors make an attempt to understand technology transfer including its benefits, barriers, and definition. The UNFCCC explicitly commits the developed (Annex I) countries to provide financial and technical support to developing countries under favorable terms. The authors argue that the ultimate goal of technology transfer should not only be limited to apply CCS in developing countries, but also to enhance their endogenous capabilities, which will enable future innovation and ensure long-term adoption of low-carbon technologies. As a result, the authors propose a four-pronged approach to the transfer of CCS technologies, which involves physical transfer of explicit technologies, a financial mechanism, endogenous capacity building, and a monitoring mechanism. Concrete enhanced actions to promote CCS technology transfer are also proposed. The four-pronged approach and related enhanced actions proposed in this paper are also applicable to other low-carbon technology transfer.