Large-scale Cohort Study In Japan Research Articles

Cross-sectional surveillance study of long COVID in Toyonaka city, Osaka prefecture, Japan

BackgroundAs the COVID-19 epidemic continues, concerns about long-term health impacts, specifically long COVID, persist. While the prevalence and symptomatology of long COVID have been explored in various global contexts, large-scale cohort studies in Japan remain limited, especially after the advent of the Omicron variant. MethodsIn this observational study, 4,047 residents with a history of COVID-19 living in Toyonaka City, Osaka Prefecture, were assessed for long COVID symptoms using the VOICE mobile application and a paper survey. Respondents provided demographic and health information, as well as information regarding COVID-19 infection and subsequent symptoms. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for overall morbidity of long COVID symptoms. ResultsThe survey found that 5.2 % of participants reported the persistence of one or more symptoms at 30 days post-onset. Fatigue was the most commonly reported symptom (1.75 %), followed by hair loss (1.41 %), and cough (1.28 %). Factors associated with an increased risk of experiencing long COVID symptoms included BMI, severe illness during the acute phase, and infection with certain COVID-19 variant strains, including Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. However, the incidence rate of long COVID appears to be decreasing with the dominance of the Omicron variant. ConclusionsThis large-scale study from Toyonaka City suggests a 5.2 % prevalence rate for persistent COVID-19 symptoms 4 weeks post-infection, potentially indicating a lower prevalence of long COVID in Japanese populations after the rise of the Omicron variant.

Abstract 2179: Relationship between daily habits and risk of death in patients with biliary tract cancer: a large-scale cohort study in Japan

Abstract Objective: Biliary tract cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in East Asia. Death due to this disease comprises 5% of total cancer deaths in Japan. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between biliary tract cancer and daily habits using data from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Education (JACC study). Methods: In the JACC study, a cohort of 110,792 subjects aged 40-79 from 19 prefectures in Japan completed the baseline survey during 1988-1990. The subjects were followed up until 2009. The endpoint for the present study was death due to biliary tract cancer, coded as C22.1 (intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, CCC), C23 (malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder, GB cancer), and C24 (malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of the biliary tract, BD cancer) in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). The hazard ratio (HR) of biliary tract cancer mortality for smoking and drinking habits, high intake of fatty food, body mass index, and the job category (office job, field work, and others) was evaluated. All results were considered to be significant at the 5% critical level. Results: High intake of fatty food, smoking habit, and field work showed a significant positive association with death in female patients due to BD cancer in females [HR = 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-3.39; HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.02-2.39; and HR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.03-4.84, respectively]. No significant relationship was observed between daily habits and death due to CCC and GB cancer. Conclusion: High intake of fatty food is often a key factor in the risk of death due to biliary tract cancer, and it is well known that smoking can cause various other cancers. Our findings support the results of a previous research. Moreover, our results suggest that occupational differences may have an effect on mortality in female patients with biliary tract cancer. Therefore, a more detailed analysis of the job category is required for a more meaningful interpretation of the data. Citation Format: Shinji Otani, Youichi Kurozawa, Takenobu Hosoda, Haosheng Mu, Kazunari Onishi, Yae Yokoyama, Joji Watanabe, Teruhisa Sakamoto, Kanenori Endo, Masahide Ikeguchi. Relationship between daily habits and risk of death in patients with biliary tract cancer: a large-scale cohort study in Japan. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2179. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2179

Body mass index and breast cancer risk in Japan: a pooled analysis of eight population-based cohort studies

A positive association between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women has been reported, and a weak inverse association has been suggested among premenopausal women from studies in the Western population. The effects of BMI on breast cancer have remained unclear among the Asian population, especially in premenopausal women. We assessed the associations between BMI and breast cancer incidence by a pooled analysis from eight representative large-scale cohort studies in Japan. Cancer incidence was mainly confirmed through regional population-based cancer registries and/or through active patient notification from major local hospitals. Breast cancer was defined as code C50 according to ICD10. Pooled estimates of the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) for breast cancer were calculated using random-effects models. Analytic subjects were 183 940 women, 1783 of whom had breast cancer during 2 194 211 person-years of follow-up. A positive association between BMI and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer was observed (trend P<0.001). The HRs for premenopausal breast cancer were 1.05 (95% CI 0.56-1.99), 1.07 (95% CI 0.76-1.52), 0.91 (95% CI 0.64-1.30), 1.15 (95% CI 0.76-1.73), 1.45 (95% CI 0.71-2.94), and 2.25 (95% CI 1.10-4.60), respectively, in BMIs of <19, 19 to <21, 21 to <23, 25 to <27, 27 to <30, and ≥30 kg/m2. These results were not substantially altered after excluding the patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer in the first 2 years of follow-up. The increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer among women with higher BMIs was confirmed in Japanese. A borderline-significant positive association between BMI and premenopausal breast cancer was observed, suggesting that body mass in Asian women might have opposite effects on breast cancer compared with Western women.

P1-351 Effect of coffee consumption on all-cause and total cancer mortality: findings from the JACC study

Coffee consumption is known to be related to various health conditions. Recently, its antioxidant effects have been suggested to be associated with all-cause or cancer mortality by various cohort studies....

Effect of coffee consumption on all-cause and total cancer mortality: findings from the JACC study

Coffee consumption is known to be related to various health conditions. Recently, its antioxidant effects have been suggested to be associated with all-cause or cancer mortality by various cohort studies. However, there has been only one small Asian cohort study that has assessed this association. Thus, we tried to assess the association of coffee with all-cause and total cancer mortality by conducting a large-scale cohort study in Japan. A total of 97,753 Japanese men and women aged 40-79 years were followed for 16 years. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of all-cause and total cancer mortality in relation to coffee consumption were calculated from proportional-hazards regression models. A total of 19,532 deaths occurred during the follow-up period; 34.8% of these deaths were caused by cancer. The all-cause mortality risk decreased with increasing coffee consumption in both men and women, with a risk elevation at the highest coffee consumption level (≥4 cups/day) compared with the 2nd highest consumption level in women, although the number of subjects evaluated at this level was small. No association was found between coffee consumption and total cancer mortality among men, whereas a weak inverse association was found among women. The present cohort study among the Japanese population suggested that there are beneficial effects of coffee on all-cause mortality among both men and women. Furthermore, the results showed that coffee consumption might not be associated with an increased risk of total cancer mortality.

Projected Cancer Mortality Among Japanese Males Under Different Smoking Prevalence Scenarios: Evidence for Tobacco Control Goal Setting

Male smoking prevalence is still high in Japan, and quantitative information for tobacco control is scarce. The aim of the present study was to project cancer mortality among Japanese males under different future scenarios of smoking prevalence. The target population comprised Japanese males aged 40-79 years in 2007, whose smoking prevalence was 35%. On the basis of the pooled data from three large-scale cohort studies in Japan, the effects of age, years of smoking and years after smoking cessation on the time to all-cancer or lung cancer death were estimated by an accelerated failure time model. The parameter estimates were used to project the annual number of deaths from all cancers and lung cancer by running simulations for different future scenarios of smoking prevalence. Each scenario was evaluated by the cumulative number of avoided deaths when compared with the status quo and by the percent change (from the baseline year) in age-standardized rate of mortality. Reducing the smoking prevalence from 35% in 2007 to 0% in 2017 was estimated to avoid 333 900 all-cancer deaths and 171 100 lung cancer deaths in 20 years. Even when we shortened the projection period to 10 years, these numbers of avoided deaths would be 81 100 and 38 800, respectively. The age-standardized rate of all-cancer mortality was estimated to decrease by 9.6% in 10 years and 18.1% in 20 years. Reducing the prevalence of smoking among males would be effective in reducing the cancer burden even within 10 years in countries with a high male smoking prevalence.

Japanese Dietary Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Disease

To demonstrate the reasons for low morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD) and reconfirm the effectiveness of the Japanese dietary lifestyle for preventing CAD, we herein review the CAD risk transition, and post-war changes in Japanese food and nutrient intake. Large-scale cohort studies in Japan were selectively reviewed. Low serum total cholesterol contributed to preventing CAD, and decreased blood pressure was the major factor favoring stroke reduction. Japanese consumed more plant and marine origin foods, but fewer animal foods with saturated fatty acids (SFA) during the 1960-70s than in recent decades. Adequate control of total energy with restriction of saturated fatty acids from animal foods, increased intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including fish, soybean products, fruits and vegetables together with low salt intake are responsible for promoting CAD and stroke prevention. A diet with adequate total calories and increased intake of fish and plant foods, but decreased intake of refined carbohydrates and animal fat, a so-called Japan diet, appears to be quite effective for prevention of CAD risk factors and is recommended as dietary therapy for preventing CAD.

Impact of alcohol intake on total mortality and mortality from major causes in Japan: a pooled analysis of six large-scale cohort studies

ObjectivesUsing common alcohol consumption categories, to conduct a pooled analysis of six ongoing large-scale cohort studies in Japan in order to produce concrete estimates of the quantitative contribution of alcohol...

The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese: pooled analysis of three large-scale cohort studies in Japan

ObjectivesTo estimate the gender-specific risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease according to smoking status and time since smoking cessation among former smokers in Japan.DesignProspective study.Setting140 026 males and 156 810...

Taste preferences and body weight change in Japanese adults: the JPHC Study

Limited data are available with regard to longitudinal changes in body weight by food taste preference. Here, we examined the associations between taste preferences and weight change in adults for a large-scale cohort study in Japan. Longitudinal analysis of data from a population-based cohort study, the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study). A total of 29,103 middle-aged men and women, who participated in a JPHC Study and returned questionnaires on lifestyle and diet, including taste preferences, at both baseline and the 10th year of follow-up. We assessed the relations of preferences for rich and heavy taste and a sweet taste to weight changes between the age of 20 years and baseline and those during the 10-year follow-up period. Preferences for rich and heavy taste and for sweet taste were significantly positively associated with weight increases between the age of 20 years and baseline (P for trend <0.001); the fully adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) comparing the 'like' versus 'dislike' groups with a preference for rich and heavy taste were 1.45 (1.31-1.24) for men and 1.28 (1.16-1.41) for women, whereas that for a sweet taste preference was 1.22 (1.09-1.36) for women. As regards weight change during the 10 years of follow-up, subjects who liked the sweet taste and those who neither liked nor disliked this taste experienced a significantly greater increase than those who disliked it in both men and women. There was no such difference for rich and heavy taste. These results suggest that food taste preferences may be an important predictor of weight changes in adults. Taste preferences need to be considered when counseling patients to achieve weight control.

Clinical Significance of IgG Antibody Titer against Helicobacter pylori

We clarified the clinical significance of measurement of IgG antibody titers against Helicobacter pylori using data from a nested case-control study from a large-scale cohort study in Japan. Participants included 36,745 subjects from the Japan Health Center-based Prospective Study who responded to the baseline questionnaire and provided a blood sample. Subjects were aged 40-69 years and were followed over 15 years after initial sampling. Controls were matched to 511 gastric cancer patients. Plasma surface antigen (Hp)-IgG titer was measured using ELISA, and mucosal atrophy was determined by measuring pepsinogen I and II levels. Seropositive subjects with low Hp-IgG titer and mucosal atrophy showed a higher risk for gastric cancer than high-titer subjects. Odds ratio (OR) referred to cases with true negative IgG titers and no mucosal atrophy. In moderately atrophic subjects, the low titer OR was 19.0, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 7.7-46.9, and 12.5 for high titer, with a 95% CI of 5.2-30.0. In severely atrophic subjects, the low titer OR was almost double that of high-titer subjects (OR = 30.2, 95% CI = 12.4-73.7 and OR = 15.9, 95% CI = 6.3-40.3, respectively). These associations were observed more frequently for differentiated than undifferentiated gastric cancer. Combination assay with Hp-IgG titer and pepsinogens may help identify groups at high risk for gastric cancer. Subjects with low Hp-IgG titer and mucosal atrophy were at extremely high risk for gastric cancer, particularly differentiated cancer. Subjects with this background may require ongoing observation and periodic endoscopic examination for early cancer detection.

Overweight and obesity trends among Japanese adults: a 10-year follow-up of the JPHC Study

Limited data are available regarding longitudinal changes in body weight. Here, we describe changes in the prevalences of overweight and obesity and calculated the incidence of these indices during a 10-year follow-up period for a large-scale cohort study in Japan. Longitudinal analysis of data from a population-based cohort study, the Japan Public Health Center (JPHC) Study. A total of 65 095 Japanese men and women, who were between the ages of 40 and 69 years at baseline and participated in the 5th- and 10th-year follow-up surveys of the JPHC, were enroled in the study. Mean body mass index (BMI), calculated using self-reported height and weight, and the prevalences of overweight (BMI >or=25 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI >or=30 kg/m(2)) at each survey period. Incidences of overweight and obesity during the 10-year period. On an average, individuals living in Okinawa had much higher BMIs than those living on the Main islands for all sex and age groups. During the follow-up period, the prevalences of overweight and obesity steadily increased in the cohorts aged less than 50 years at baseline in both sexes. Men in younger cohorts had a higher mean BMI than those in the same age group of older cohorts, whereas the opposite trend was observed in women. The incidence of overweight individuals was greater in Okinawa than on the Main islands and among younger generations than among older ones. A longitudinal analysis at the individual level showed that the prevalences of overweight and obesity increased among middle-aged Japanese participants during the follow-up period. Among men, an increasing prevalence of obesity was observed among the younger generations. These findings should be taken into consideration when planning preventive strategies for obesity and its related diseases.

Reduced Life Expectancy due to Smoking in Large-Scale Cohort Studies in Japan

BackgroundTo show the reduction in life expectancy due to smoking and the recovery of normal life expectancy by smoking cessation is useful for tobacco control health policy.MethodsThis study included 140,026 males and 156,810 females aged 40-79 years, who were participants of large-scale cohort studies in Japan (Japan Health Center-based Prospective Study [JPHC]-I, JPHC-II, Three-Prefecture Study, and Japan Collaborative Cohort [JACC] Study), which commenced around 1990. The mean follow-up period (±standard deviation) was 9.6 ± 2.3 years, during which 16,282 men and 9,418 women died. For persons aged 40-79 years grouped according to each defined smoking status in the baseline questionnaire, sex- and age-specific death rates at attained ages were calculated. The age-specific death rate was calculated by dividing the number of persons who died at the age by the number of persons who were followed-up at the attained age. From these death rates, current life tables were constructed according to the smoking status, and survival curves were plotted.ResultsThe life expectancy of male smokers, ex-smokers, and never-smokers at age 40 years was 38.5, 40.8, and 42.4 years respectively. In women, the corresponding life expectancies were 42.4, 42.1, and 46.1 years. In both sexes, the age by which half of the current smokers had died was approximately 4 years younger than that for never-smokers. The life expectancies of male ex-smokers who quit smoking before ages 40, 50, 60, and 70 years were 4.8, 3.7, 1.6, and 0.5 years longer than those of smokers, respectively.ConclusionSmoking considerably reduced the life expectancy, and earlier smoking cessation resulted in a better survival than that seen with continued smoking.

Ozasa K, et al. Reduced life expectancy due to smoking in large-scale cohort studies in Japan. J Epidemiol 2008; 18(3): 111-118

On page 111, the second line of the left column, the values of '42.4, 42.1 and 46.1 years' in women should be '42.5, 42.8 and 46.1 years'On page 115, the forth line of the left column, the value of '43.2' should be '42.4'On page 115, the sixth line of the left column, the value of '42.4' should be '42.5'On page 115, the lowest line of the left column, the value of '43.1' should be '42.8'On page 115, the first line of the right column, the value of '46.8' should be '46.1'The editorial board regrets these errors.

Decrease in risk of lung cancer death in Japanese men after smoking cessation by age at quitting: Pooled analysis of three large‐scale cohort studies

To evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on individuals and populations, we examined the decrease in risk of lung cancer death in male ex-smokers by age at quitting by pooling the data from three large-scale cohort studies in Japan. For simplicity, subjects were limited to male never smokers and former or current smokers who started smoking at ages 18-22 years, and 110,002 men aged 40-79 years at baseline were included. During the mean follow-up of 8.5 years, 968 men died from lung cancer. The mortality rate ratio compared to current smokers decreased with increasing attained age in men who stopped smoking before age 70 years. Among men who quit in their fifties, the cohort-adjusted mortality rate ratios (95% confidence interval) were 0.57 (0.40-0.82), 0.44 (0.29-0.66) and 0.36 (0.13-1.00) at attained ages 60-69, 70-79 and 80-89 years, respectively. The corresponding figures for those who quit in their sixties were 0.81 (0.44-1.48), 0.60 (0.43-0.82) and 0.43 (0.21-0.86). Overall, the mortality rate ratio for current smokers, relative to non-smokers, was 4.71 (95% confidence interval 3.76-5.89) and those for ex-smokers who had quit smoking 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24 and >or=25 years before were 3.99 (2.97-5.35), 2.55 (1.80-3.62), 1.87 (1.23-2.85), 1.21 (0.66-2.22), 0.76 (0.33-1.75) and 0.67 (0.34-1.32), respectively. Although earlier cessation of smoking generally resulted in a lower rate of lung cancer mortality in each group of attained age, the absolute mortality rate decreased appreciably after stopping smoking even in men who quit at ages 60-69 years.

Diseases and Life Style: A Large-scale Cohort Study in Japan

265, 118 adults aged 40 and above in 6 Prefectures in Japan were followed up for 17 years and age standardized mortality rates from each cause of death were compared by life style variables studied at the time of enrollment. Multifactor-multidisease risk matrix thus constructed revealed that out of 44 causes of death 65.9% and 0% of them showed significantly higher and lower risk respectively in daily cigarette smokers while 2.3% and 34.1% of them showed significantly higher and lower risk respectively in daily consumers of green-yellow vegetables. Possible mechanisms of such associations and effective strategies achieving healthy aging were discussed based on these results.

A large-scale cohort study on risk factors for primary liver cancer, with special reference to the role of cigarette smoking.

A large-scale cohort study in Japan (1966-1982) of life styles and primary liver cancer in men (123 out of 1,709,273 person-years) revealed a close association with cigarette smoking comparable to that for lung cancer, the relative risk (r.r.) for those smoking 1-29 and 30 or more cigarettes daily being 3.09 (1.78-5.35), 6.83 (3.56-13.10) for liver cancer, and 4.45 (3.77-5.25), 6.80 (5.51-8.41) for lung cancer, respectively. For liver cirrhosis, daily cigarette smoking was of less importance compared to daily alcohol drinking, r.r. = 1.17 (1.00-1.36) and 1.82 (1.63-2.04). However, for liver cancer, the risk from daily cigarette smoking was much higher than from daily alcohol drinking, r.r. = 3.14 (1.82-5.42) and 1.89 (1.40-2.55). The risk of liver cancer among the liver cirrhosis cases was therefore calculated as 2.67 (1.49-4.79) for daily cigarette smokers and 1.00 (0.72-1.38) for daily alcohol drinkers. These results must be of special importance in interpreting the reason for the increasing, unique mortality trend of liver cancer in men in recent years in Japan.

咽頭・食道・喉頭・肺の各癌の比較疫学とその１次予防

Male preponderance is a common epidemiological feature in cancers of the pharynx, esophagus, larynx and lung. A rising trend is observed in cancers of the pharynx and lung. Primary prevention of these cancers is believed to be effective based on results of a largescale cohort study in Japan. Risks were commonly high in daily cigarette smokers and dependent on cigarette dose. Risks for cancers of the pharynx and esophagus were also high in daily alcohol drinkers, especially when alcohol drinking was combined with cigarette smoking. Daily consumers of green-yellow vegetables showed a significantly lowered risk for cancer of the lung.

Cancer mortality in nonsmoking women with smoking husbands based on a large-scale cohort study in Japan

Cancer mortality in nonsmoking women with smoking husbands based on a large-scale cohort study in Japan

Cancer mortality in nonsmoking women with smoking husbands based on a large-scale cohort study in Japan

Mortality of 91,540 nonsmoking wives was studied in relation to the smoking habits of their husbands by means of a cohort study in Japan. During 16 years of follow-up, 200 deaths from lung cancer took place. The relative risks of lung cancer in these nonsmoking wives were 1.00, 1.36, 1.42, 1.58, and 1.91 when husbands were nonsmokers, ex-smokers, or daily smokers of 1-14, 15-19, or 20 or more cigarettes daily, respectively. Specificity of association and internal consistencies were observed. Among cancers of each site, a similar tendency toward risk elevation in nonsmoking wives with smoking husbands was observed for nasal sinus cancer, brain tumors, and cancer of all sites besides lung cancer. In interpreting these results, the significance of proximity in exposure to sidestream smoke in Japanese homes was stressed.