Large-scale Carbon Capture And Storage Projects Research Articles

Exploring attributes of global CCS projects and the key factors to their accomplishment based on the CCUS project database

In recent decades, the serious excessive level of carbon emissions has become the worthiest of human consideration to alleviate the problem. The negative impacts of carbon emissions on human beings involve a variety of aspects, such as sea level rise, deforestation, air pollution, global warming, etc. Any one of these issues could cause serious negative impacts on human society. In a large number of relevant studies, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) programs are considered to be the most promising and effective approach. The carbon produced during production is captured and transported to rock formations deep underground where it is centrally stored. There are nearly 300 CCS plants in operation around the world that demonstrate the feasibility of such projects. However, one relevant question is whether the project is costly and has barriers to deploy at a scale. We gathered a comprehensive list of large-scale CCS projects globally by utilizing the CCUS Projects Database. We then conducted a comparative analysis of these projects across various categories of project status, ensuring comparability by standardizing cost and extraction figures for each project. We found that the cost of Capture and Storage Projects is the highest, followed by just Capture Projects and just Storage Projects. These plants predominantly exist in developed regions: the U.S. hosts the most, then Europe, parts of Australia, with fewer plants scattered globally. Based on detailed project-specific information, we found that that the two most common reasons for suspended or closed plants are high costs without sufficient financial support and the impact of government agencies permissions and regulation. As such, improvement in the capital market and more policy support would be crucial for the deployment and operation of Carbon Capture and Storage projects.

A Review of the Status of Fossil and Renewable Energies in Southeast Asia and Its Implications on the Decarbonization of ASEAN

The ten nations of Southeast Asia, collectively known as ASEAN, emitted 1.65 Gtpa CO2 in 2020, and are among the most vulnerable nations to climate change, which is partially caused by anthropogenic CO2 emission. This paper analyzes the history of ASEAN energy consumption and CO2 emission from both fossil and renewable energies in the last two decades. The results show that ASEAN’s renewable energies resources range from low to moderate, are unevenly distributed geographically, and contributed to only 20% of total primary energy consumption (TPEC) in 2015. The dominant forms of renewable energies are hydropower, solar photovoltaic, and bioenergy. However, both hydropower and bioenergy have substantial sustainability issues. Fossil energies depend heavily on coal and oil and contribute to 80% of TPEC. More importantly, renewable energies’ contribution to TPEC has been decreasing in the last two decades, despite the increasing installation capacity. This suggests that the current rate of the addition of renewable energy capacity is inadequate to allow ASEAN to reach net-zero by 2050. Therefore, fossil energies will continue to be an important part of ASEAN’s energy mix. More tools, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) and hydrogen, will be needed for decarbonization. CCS will be needed to decarbonize ASEAN’s fossil power and industrial plants, while blue hydrogen will be needed to decarbonize hard-to-decarbonize industrial plants. Based on recent research into regional CO2 source-sink mapping, this paper proposes six large-scale CCS projects in four countries, which can mitigate up to 300 Mtpa CO2. Furthermore, this paper identifies common pathways for ASEAN decarbonization and their policy implications.

Boundary Dam or Petra Nova – Which is a better model for CCS energy supply?

SaskPower’s Boundary Dam plant (Canada) and NRG’s Petra Nova plant (USA) are the only two commercial-scale coal-fired power plants currently operational in the world that use carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. While both CCS installations are retrofit projects that employ a post-combustion CO2 capture system using advanced amines, the two plants differ significantly in their approach to providing the steam and electrical energy requirements of the capture system. This paper presents a comparative techno-economic evaluation of pulverized coal (PC) power plants equipped with the different CCS system configurations used in these two demonstration plants, as well as two additional design configurations that may be of interest. The results presented in this paper illustrate the conditions which favor one approach over the other, and thus provide insights for planning new large-scale CCS projects.

Overview of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Demonstration Project Business Models: Risks and Enablers on the Two Sides of the Atlantic

There are 15 large-scale CCS projects operating globally. Ten out of these fifteen projects, are located in North America [1]. The European Union's (EU) stated ambition was to have up to twelve operating CCS projects by 2015 [2], however this goal was not accomplished. The two projects currently operating storage in the European Economic Area, Sleipner and Snøhvit, are located in Norway. Because of this disparity in the number of projects operating in North America and in Europe – ten vs. two – we have analysed business models of major CCS projects in North America and in Europe, with an aim to identify risks and enablers in CCS project financing development on both continents. We find that successful CCS project development depends on multiple factors, such as (i) clarity of regulatory frameworks, (ii) efficiency of permitting processes, and (iii) early and sustained stakeholder engagement for public acceptance. However, project finance remain the most challenging piece.

Under-expanded jets and dispersion in high pressure CO2 releases from an industrial scale pipeline

The widespread implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in industry will require extensive long-distance CO2 pipeline networks to integrate the component technologies. The potential for pipeline rupture and leakage, possibly resulting in catastrophic accidents, will inevitably increase as networks become more extensive. The study of near-field source terms and dispersion behavior after pipeline rupture is an essential foundation of CO2 pipeline risk assessment and will provide effective technical support for the implementation of large-scale CCS projects and contribute to pipeline safety. In the CO2QUEST project under-expanded CO2 jets, cloud dispersion characteristics and the formation of dry ice particles in the near field were investigated during releases from a 258 m long, fully instrumented pipeline. Experimental data including cloud temperature, CO2 concentration and the visual evolution of the cloud (recorded on film), was gathered to investigate cloud behavior and to support future work in the field of CO2 pipeline safety. Experiments included the release of gaseous and dense phase CO2 through three orifice diameters: 15 mm, 50 mm and Full Bore Rupture (FBR). The lower limit of gaseous CO2 concentration for adverse effects in humans is 5% v/v. Safety distances from the release, based on this threshold concentration limit, are determined and reported for each experiment conducted.

캐나다 아퀴스토어 CCS 프로젝트의 이산화탄소 모니터링을 위한 Baseline 탄성파 속성분석

주입된 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>가 환경에 영향을 미치지 않고 지하에서 안정적으로 저장되어 있는지를 총체적으로 모니터링 하는 주입 및 주입 후 관리 (Monitoring, Mitigation and Verification, MMV) 기술은 이산화탄소 지중저장 분야에서 경제적 및 환경적으로 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 특히, 해외 대규모 지중저장 프로젝트 사례를 보았을 때 주입한 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>의 거동을 가장 효율적으로 모니터링할 수 있는 방법 중의 하나로 탄성파를 이용한 시간 경과 (Time-lapse) 모니터링 기술이 그 핵심으로 떠오르고 있다. 이 연구에서는 캐나다 Estevan에 위치한 Aquistore 이산화탄소 주입 현장의 3차원 베이스라인 (baseline) 탄성파 자료를 수집하고 분석하여 국내 지중저장 탄성파 모니터링 실증화를 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였다. 이산화탄소 주요 저장 대상층은 탄성파 도달 시간 1,800 ~ 1,900 ms 깊이의 Winnipeg 와 Deadwood 사암층이다. Aquistore 탄성파 자료에 대한 에너지, 유사도(similarity)를 도출하고 주파수를 분해하여 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 주입 대상층의 특성을 규명하였다. 그 결과 등시선도 1,800 ms의 연구지역 북측, 1,850 ms의 남측에 탄성파 에너지가 큰 영역이 집중적으로 분포함을 확인할 수 있었고, 탄성파 에너지 속성을 도시하여 반사계수가 큰 사질 퇴적양상이 우세한 영역을 구분할 수 있었다. 또한 탄성파 기록의 유사도를 도출하여 두 개의 주요한 구조선이 북서-남동 방향으로 지중저장 대상층을 절단함을 확인하였다. 탄성파자료의 주파수를 성분별로 분해하고 5, 20 및 40 Hz 성분을 분석한 결과 연구지역의 중앙에서 동서 방향으로 발달하는 균질한 퇴적 양상이 구체화되었다. 베이스라인 자료의 경우 추가적으로 인위적인 잡음을 제거하고 층서 해석 결과를 통합하여 이산화탄소 지중저장 영역을 묘사한다면 시간경과 모니터링 자료와의 효율적인 대비가 가능할 것이다. <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> Monitoring, Mitigation and Verification (MMV) is the essential part in the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in order to assure the storage permanence economically and environmentally. In large-scale CCS projects in the world, the seismic time-lapse survey is a key technology for monitoring the behavior of injected <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>. In this study, we developed a basic process procedure for 3-D seismic baseline data from the Aquistore project, Estevan, Canada. Major target formations of Aquistore CCS project are the Winnipeg and the Deadwood sandstone formations located between 1,800 and 1,900 ms in traveltime. The analysis of trace energy and similarity attributes of seismic data followed by spectral decomposition are carried out for the characterization of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> injection zone. High trace energies are concentrated in the northern part of the survey area at 1,800 ms and in the southern part at 1,850 ms in traveltime. The sandstone dominant regions are well recognized with high reflectivity by the trace energy analysis. Similarity attributes show two structural discontinuities trending the NW-SE direction at the target depth. Spectral decomposition of 5, 20 and 40 Hz frequency contents discriminated the successive E-W depositional events at the center of the research area. Additional noise rejection and stratigraphic interpretation on the baseline data followed by applying appropriate imaging technique will be helpful to investigate the differences between baseline data and multi-vintage monitor data.

The Decision-Making for Large-Scale Carbon Capture and Storage Projects in China and the U.S

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) can be an important technological option for managing CO2 emission in the context of addressing global climate change. Launching large-scale CCS projects is an effective way to accelerate technology development and deployment. In order to draw lessons from large-scale energy projects adoption and implementation, this study compares decision-making for large-scale CCS projects in China and the U.S. It compares the project agenda-setting and adoption process based on case study. It is argued that both countries have different advantages in launching large-scale energy projects. And leadership could be a key element for project adoption and implementation successfully. This factor should be highly considered in the technological innovation research.

Energy Development Linked with Earthquakes

Energy Development Linked with Earthquakes

FINNCAP - Meri-Pori CCS demonstration project

Abstract Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered to be a key technology that can help fight climate change. The European Union has pledged significant funds to support the completion of 10–12 large-scale CCS demonstration projects by 2015. Fortum and Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) are developing such a demonstration project at the Meri-Pori power plant. The project would fit especially well with the EU’s demonstration programme. The project envisages a capture plant that would treat about 50% of the 565 MW condensing coal plant’s flue gases with a capture rate of over 90%. It plans to combine CO2 post-combustion capture technology with ship transportation of the CO2 to an offshore storage site abroad, where enhanced oil recovery opportunities would be explored in conjunction with CO2 storage. The project, called FINNCAP, is one of few large-scale CCS projects that will be able to start operations by 2015 in accordance with EU requirements.