Large Residential Development Research Articles

Typologies of stations’ catchment areas in metropolitan urban peripheries: From car-oriented to sustainable urban strategies

After decades of sprawl and car-dependent urban developments, especially on the peripheries of metropolitan areas, new policies are being oriented towards more efficient and sustainable mobility. In the process of change towards more sustainable mobility patterns in peripheral areas, commuter railways must play a predominant role because of their capacity and speed. The main aim of this paper is to analyse commuter rail stations’ catchment areas (SCAs) to identify typologies of these nodes in large metropolitan areas as a key step in proposing strategies for making mobility much more sustainable, both in the medium and proximity scales, by promoting soft mobility towards stations, a strategy that will facilitate commuters’ use of daily rail transport. The method proposed is based on a twofold clustering analysis. The first is to consider urban-planning variables to detect consolidated stations; the second is to use both public space and land-use variables to characterise the quality of the urban environment for walking/cycling. These methods are applied in the metropolitan area of Madrid and offer some key insights. The results show that different typologies are found – from consolidated, dense and mixed-use SCAs, with large residential developments, to low-density SCAs in sprawl areas or low consolidated mixed-use SCAs with large parking spaces, following the park-and-ride model, among others. This identification of SCAs’ typologies is key for policy makers to propose different strategies, which could be small projects oriented towards improving public spaces promoting soft mobility, or deeper changes that require a re-densification process in the stations’ surroundings, breaking with the rigid definition of transit-oriented developments and adapting the decisions taken to each context.

Habraken, Jacobs, and Ostrom on governing the built environment: the case of common interest developments

AbstractHabraken's Structure of the Ordinary (SOTO), Jacobs' view of cities, and Ostrom's Design Principles and Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework focus on essential elements and relationships for the effective governance of the environment. However, they have different perspectives about what is necessary for successful governance. This article compares and contrasts Habraken's, Jacobs', and Ostrom's views and applies them to Common Interest Developments (CIDs). Habraken, Jacobs, and Habraken discuss the importance of public territory. Habraken views public territory as relative: a territory in a built environment can be private relative to a larger, or higher level, territory, and public relative to an included, lower level, territory. Jacobs discusses the importance of connections and accommodating strangers without sacrificing safety. Ostrom views common-pool resources as goods whose use causes less to be available to others. For their part, CIDs represent a particular governance vehicle for defining what is public and private in large residential developments. For both Habraken and Ostrom, the transformation of the physical environment reflects agents' common values constrained by material, technical, cultural, and economic conditions. Rather than one mutual understanding, Jacobs wrote that balancing the commercial and the guardian values is crucial for society's health and survival.

Politics, water management and infrastructure.

While modern water management has been central to the achievement of a range of beneficial social outcomes, it has increasingly drawn criticism for its disconnection from democratic decision-making, hindering efforts to develop more resilient systems. This paper examines how an experiment with more resilient water infrastructure politicized centralized water management focusing, in particular, on a stormwater re-use 'third-pipe' system at a large residential development in Auckland, New Zealand. Through analysis of resident and expert views on safety, cost and security, the paper attends (1) to the ways in which techno-managerial water management was contested and, thus, politicized through the implementation of the third pipe, and (2) how the mobilization of techno-managerial discourses by water management authorities delegitimized the third-pipe system, rendering it ultimately inoperable. While our case study was thwarted by the de-politicizing apparatus of water management authorities, such experiments offer precedents, resources and hope for more democratic systems of water management. This article is part of the theme issue 'Urban flood resilience'.

Environmental Monitoring of Ecological Safety During Construction Works

Environmental monitoring of the construction works must consists of the modern scientific methods and techniques of physical, chemical, and biological measurements for monitoring the construction sites intermittently or continuously. It determines the pollutant factors and makes the right environmental quality assessment.During the construction period the environmental monitoring subjects are the construction waste water and the sanitary sewage, the surface water around construction site, the noises around the site and from the construction site engines (if the construction period has continuous operations, the monitoring takes place 24 hours a day) and the dust. Particular attention should be paid to monitor the concentration of fine dust particles, due to the negative impact on human health.In order to get the effective data about the PM2.5 and PM10 fine dust particles concentration in the air during the construction operations a slightly polluted area was studied according to the map of the dust emission. This area is located in Zheleznodorozhny district of Rostov-on-Don up to the Seversky Donets River. The large residential development «Ekaterininsky» is under construction there.The environmental monitoring of this fine dust polluted area included the study of three subjects.The results of local dust emission showed the significant amount of fine dust from any height levels where construction works are carried out.This article describes the results of environmental monitoring of dust pollution in Rostov-on-Don and environmental requirement and measures which should be designed in the Construction method statements and the Work performance projects for reducing the environmental impact during construction operations.

Investigating wintertime pedestrian wind environment and user perception in dense residential neighbourhood in a city of hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone, China

Urban wind environment could have an impact on pedestrian’s comfort and safety, as well as pollution dispersion and building energy consumption. For cities in the hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone of China, a proper design residential neighbourhoods is important to facilitate urban ventilation in hot and transient seasons and to protect users from strong winds in cold season. This paper reports the results of field measurements and a questionnaire survey in a large residential development with three different types of housings. Micrometeorology measurement was carried out at the pedestrian height level as well as at a rooftop reference station. Pedestrians’ subjective perception on wind and thermal comfort was recorded through a guided interview and questionnaire survey during the measurement. The measured wind velocity ratio is highest in the long-linear high-rise building layout, and is the lowest in the mid-rise linear building layout. Eight-seven per cent of respondents felt fairly comfortable living in the long-linear high-rise building layout, only 7% less than the mid-rise building layout. For similar housing forms in Shanghai, the wintertime wind shelter may not be critical compared with summertime ventilation requirement, and that the site planning and housing design should focus mainly on summertime wind channelling.

Dexen: A scalable and extensible platform for experimenting with population-based design exploration algorithms

AbstractA platform for experimenting with population-based design exploration algorithms is presented, calledDexen. The platform has been developed in order to address the needs of two distinct groups of users loosely labeled asresearchersanddesigners. Whereas the researchers group focuses on creating and testing customized toolkits, the designers group focuses on applying these toolkits in the design process. A platform is required that is scalable and extensible: scalable to allow computationally demanding population-based exploration algorithms to be executed on distributed hardware within reasonable time frames, and extensible to allow researchers to easily implement their own customized toolkits consisting of specialized algorithms and user interfaces. In order to address these requirements, a three-tier client–server system architecture has been used that separates data storage, domain logic, and presentation. This separation allows customized toolkits to be created for Dexen without requiring any changes to the data or logic tiers. In the logic tier, Dexen uses a programming model in which tasks only communicate through data objects stored in a key-value database. The paper ends with a case study experiment that uses a multicriteria evolutionary algorithm toolkit to explore alternative configurations for the massing and façade design of a large residential development. The parametric models for developing and evaluating design variants are described in detail. A population of design variants are evolved, a number of which are selected for further analysis. The case study demonstrates how evolutionary exploration methods can be applied to a complex design scenario without requiring any scripting.

Golf course irrigation and self-sufficiency water in Southern Spain

During the first decade of the 21st century, many golf courses were developed in the Southeast of Spain, which greatly increased the number of these facilities. Almost all of these golf courses have been accompanied by large residential developments composed of thousands of dwelling units. This article seeks to identify the factors that influence golf courses’ water consumption and estimate the number of dwelling units that an associated residential development needs to have to provide the effluent necessary to fully meet the irrigation needs of a golf course. The study indicates that private golf courses achieve greater levels of irrigation efficiency than public golf courses and that the golf courses associated with residential developments subject the irrigation needs of the grassland to the sale requirements of the real estate properties. The study also estimates that a golf course requires approximately 3000 dwelling units with an average annual occupancy of 33% to achieve self-sufficiency for irrigation.

자연체험 및 휴양가치 등급 설정을 위한 비오톱 구조분석 - 광명시흥 보금자리 주택지구를 대상으로 -

This research The main focus of this research is to provide basic data for concrete recreation planning of future site by selecting Gwangmyeong-Siheung housing district, large residential development district focused on rural areas, by evaluation of recreation value and detailed biotope type classification. The main results of analysis are as follows. As a result of basic survey of the research area, total 79 family and 307 taxonomic groups are identified and also naturalization index and urbanization index were estimated 16.6 % and 17.6% respectively. Also, as a result of biotope type classification, it is divide into 12 biotope type gorups including forest biotope type group and its subordinate 53 biotop types. As a result of first value evaluation, there are total 13 biotope types such as vegetation-full artificial rivers in I grade. In addition it is analyzed as 9 types of II grade, 5 types of III grade, 8 types of IV grade, 18 types of V grade. Lastly, as a result of second evauation, it is analyzed that there are 21 special meaningful areas for recreation and natural experience(1a, 1b), and 50 meaningful areas for recreation and natural experience(2a, 2b, 2c). It is regarded that the results of biotope types classification and recreation value from this research play roles of analyzing the Suitable site for recreation area before development in terms of large residential development district, and then these results provide important basic data to secure recreational and natural experience area in development planning.

Do Large Residential Subdivisions Induce Further Development?

Problem: Most previous research on land use change has been conducted at coarse scales with aggregated data, and there are relatively few studies that attempt to establish and examine these linkages at a disaggregate level. In addition, the cumulative effects of large residential developments have been little investigated as potential drivers of land use change. Purpose: We hypothesize that residential subdivisions of 10 acres or more exert detectable priming effects and influence the rate of subsequent development in the vicinity. We use parcel-level data to test whether unilateral development decisions have spillover effects across both space and time. Methods: We analyze parcel changes and then conduct a spatially explicit hazard analysis of land use change in Mecklenburg County, NC, to identify a set of factors that predict which vacant land parcels are most likely to experience a subdivision event (be subdivided) during a given one-year time period. We also perform a sensitivity analysis to assess how the specification of the priming effect measure affects the analysis, and to gain insight into the spatial extent of the hypothesized relationship between large residential subdivisions and subsequent development. Results and Conclusions: We find evidence of a positive association between large residential subdivision events and an increased likelihood of subsequent subdivision activity. The sensitivity analysis suggests that this relationship is robust to changes in how the priming effect measure is specified and declines with distance. This corroborates previous assumptions that major residential subdivisions drive land conversion. Takeaway for Practice: These results suggest that the project review process should consider impacts at a broader scale. Large residential subdivisions warrant attention not only for their localized impacts on traffic, stormwater, schools, and emergency services, but also for the signals they communicate to the larger development community. We find the effects of converting land to residential use cumulate not only over space, but also over time. Thus, they should be examined within the context of existing land use plans as well as infrastructure and service-delivery capabilities. By understanding the factors that explain parcel subdivision events and considering their capacity to induce further residential development, planners and the communities they serve will be in a stronger position to manage growth. Research Support: None.

Critical Concerns of Production Control System on Projects with Labor Constraints: Lessons from a Residential Case Study

Labor constraints and schedule pressures are common in periods of high market growth. Such conditions can have a significant impact on project performance. However, the extent to which such conditions impact the project depends on the effectiveness of the production control system. This case study analyzes the performance problems on a large residential project with significant labor constraints. The case first describes how the combination of labor shortage, high workload, and quality problems caused extensive workflow disruptions and schedule delays. Then, the analysis discusses why the production control system (the way the work assignments are planned, coordinated, and released for execution) failed to effectively manage these problems. The case is based on data from nine single-family houses in a large residential development. To evaluate the production control system, the authors used lean construction metrics and collected detailed data on the activities completed every week, the activities that we...

Linking Theory and Practice for Restoration of Step-Pool Streams

Step-pools sequences are increasingly used to restore stream channels. This increase corresponds to significant advances in theory for step-pools in recent years. The need for step-pools in stream restoration arises as urban development encroaches into steep terrain in response to population pressures, as stream channels in lower-gradient areas require stabilization due to hydrological alterations associated with land-use changes, and as step-pools are recognized for their potential to enhance stream habitats. Despite an increasingly voluminous literature and great demand for restoration using step-pool sequences, however, the link between theory and practice is limited. In this article, we present four unique cases of stream restoration using step-pools, including the evolution of the approaches, the project designs, and adjustments in the system following restoration. Baxter Creek in El Cerrito, California demonstrates an early application of artificial step-pools in which natural adjustments occurred toward geomorphic stability and ecological improvement. Restoration of East Alamo Creek in a large residential development near San Ramon, California illustrates an example of step-pools increasingly used in locations where such a channel form would not naturally occur. Construction of a step-pool channel in Karnowsky Creek within the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon overcame constraints posed by access and the type and availability of materials; the placement of logs allowed natural scouring below steps. Dry Canyon Creek on the property of the Mountains Restoration Trust in Calabasas, California afforded a somewhat experimental approach to designing step-pools, allowing observation and learning in the future. These cases demonstrate how theories and relationships developed for step-pool sequences over the past two decades have been applied in real-world settings. The lessons from these examples enable us to develop considerations useful for deriving an appropriate course of design, approval, and construction of artificial step-pool systems. They also raise additional fundamental questions concerning appropriate strategies for restoration of step-pool streams. Outstanding challenges are highlighted as opportunities for continuing theoretical work.

L’"urbanisation dispersée polycentrique" hors des aires métropolitaines aux États-Unis : le comté de Beaufort, Caroline du Sud

Beaufort County, particularly across the Sea Islands, shows a special urbanization process both dispersed and polycentric, with three separate urban areas. Directly related to the construction of highways, bridges, new and large residential developments -specially in the form of gated and guarded residential plantations- this process is independent of the one which affects the nearby Savannah and Charleston metropolitan areas.

Secondary Impacts of Major Land Use Projects

Abstract Causal models are hypothesized to explain the induced land use impacts of two types of major projects—large industrial/office parks with 3,600 to 9,100 employees, and large residential developments of 1,100 to 5,300 dwelling units. Using data from forty case studies nationwide, the statistical techniques of path analysis are applied to test the causal models and to determine their parameters. The models indicate that significant statistical relationships exist among variables representing twelve land use types and variables representing induced and noninduced land use growth. Separate predictive equations of land use development for operational purposes were developed because of simultaneity in some of the causal relationships. This analytical tool provides an assessment of the secondary land use and air quality impacts in the area of a planned major development.

Models of needs in large new residential units

This paper describes a methodological approach to the design of large residential developments. Techniques are described for predicting the composition of the population in proposed developments, including changes in the age structure and in household formation over time, as the housing development and its inhabitants mature. Forecasts are also made about where the residents are likely to work, what services they will require, and where their recreation time might be spent. It is assumed that the residential units are sufficiently large for statistical methods to be valid in making forecasts. Foreseen variations in housing needs over time are taken into account by the flexibility within the design of buildings. Methods for determining the sizes of auxiliary urban facilities are also outlined. As comprehensive an approach as possible is taken, the methods themselves being subject to improvement with use and experience.

An Understanding of Public Realty Firms

* Companies heavily involved in home construction, mainly in the building of large residential developments. * Companies which realize the majority of their income from the construction of office and apartment buildings in major metropolitan areas. Frequently, such companies retain these properties for income. * Companies concentrating on land development primarily in the West, Southwest and in Florida. * Companies which engage in the purchase and ownership of a wide variety of existing, income producing properties throughout the country. These companies usually are also interested in construction, resale and other activities as supplements to their prime function of ownership of income producing property.

Large Scale Developments and One House Zoning Controls

All the literature concerning the development of the initial zoning ordinances and most of the literature in the two decades after the adoption of the first large scale zoning resolution in New York City' in I9I6 is permeated with the concept of basic construction on relatively small There is no reference to blocks, super-blocks or other nomenclature designating larger areas in any of the legislation or reports until quite recently. Even as of this date, the New York City Zoning Resolution defines the depth of lot, and the rear of lot. The definition given to lot is a parcel or plot of ground which is or may be occupied by building and accessory buildings including the open spaces required by this resolution. By its own definition the resolution, by limiting the area of lot to that occupied by building, eliminates from most of the resolution any areas or parcels of land which contain more than one building and its accessory structures. In actuality, this had been no great hardship. The general practice of construction was, until the middle Nineteen Thirties, almost entirely in the hands of private developers. Without the power of eminent domain, the acquisition of large areas was limited generally to outlying areas of communities where restrictions, if any, were of minimal sort. Subdivision of the larger areas into small individual lots was the rule. The end result was that construction and development while done on large scale and over large areas were, in so far as law was concerned, individual development of individual lots. Traces of such subdivision, much of it premature, can still be found in such areas of urban centers which were not engulfed in the post-war building boom. The exceptions to this practice of subdividing into individual lots were almost exclusively devoted to large industrial developments which almost invariably were constructed in the more outlying areas. Similarly, the few large residential developments which were planned as unit also were out of the urban core so that they had the same latitude in so far as zoning restrictions were concerned as the non-residential uses. The concepts of large scale developments, except as noted later, did not reach point of general acceptance until the past two decades. The reasons are many