Large Number Of Infected People Research Articles

Evaluating the performance of selected military hospitals in Tehran in response to Covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) led the need to admit a large number of infected people to hospitals in a short period of time, turning them into one of the most important responsive organizations. This study aims to evaluate the performance of selected military hospitals because they carried out a military operation in Tehran in response to the recent pandemic. This is a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of this study consisted of military hospitals responding to Covid-19 pandemic in Tehran. A checklist to evaluate the performance of hospitals in response to Covid-19 pandemic (six areas, 23 sub-areas and 152 items) was used as a data collection tool in this study. This tool had six domains, including risk management and planning, coordination and communication, infection prevention and control, diagnosis and treatment, education and training, and resource management. The overall performance of selected hospitals was 63%, which indicated a good performance. The domain of coordination and communication obtained the lowest score. The investigated hospitals had good performance because they had a desirable access to resources. Periodic self-assessment and accreditation is recommended to improve the performance of these hospitals.

Research and future directions of HPV-related vaccines

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major cause of cervical lesions such as cervical cancer in women. Prophylactic vaccines developed against HPV have been widely used, but these vaccines are only effective against certain types of HPV and do not work in people who are already infected. Therefore, the development of therapeutic vaccines is also particularly important. The use of the modified poxvirus (MVA) as a vector for HPV vaccinations has garnered attention in recent years. It has been found that modified poxvirus vaccines are able to combat human papillomavirus infection and have significant safety and efficacy profiles. Based on the study of the distribution of HPV types in different regions and populations, this paper finds that there are differences in the prevalence of high-risk HPV subtypes in different regions, and that a large number of infected people need more effective treatments. At the same time, by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of preventive and therapeutic vaccines, we recognize that both have roles that cannot be replaced by the other in the task of fighting HPV, and that the two vaccines need to be developed together and complement each other in order to minimize the harm of HPV. Based on these findings, this paper provides a constructive reference for future targeted prevention and treatment of HPV in different regions of the world with different HPV distributions.

Oral Manifestation of COVID – 19 Patients: Online Survey.

The Novel coronavirus Disease (2019) is a fatal disease which Transmitted by Human – to- human & Cause by one of Coronaviruses. Coronavirus Cause life –threatening disorders such as severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) & The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID -19 as a Pandemic Disease ,with most countries reporting Large number of infected people and deaths as December 2019

Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant in Shangyu district, Shaoxing of Zhejiang province

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant in Shangyu district, Shaoxing of Zhejiang province in 2021, and provide evidence for the improvement of COVID-19 control and prevention measures. Methods: The incidence data of COVID-19 in Shangyu from December 7 to 21, 2021 was obtained from Shangyu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of the cases, i.e. the population, time and space distributions, were analyzed, and the incubation period and time-varying reproduction numbers (Rt) were calculated. Results: From December 7 to 21, 2021, a total of 380 COVID-19 cases caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant were detected in Shangyu, the median age of the cases was 52 years, M (Q1，Q3: 38, 61). The male to female ratio of the cases was 1∶1.25, and the cases were mainly workers (36.58%) and farmers (27.63%). The epidemic affected 9 townships (or community) of Shangyu, especially Caoe and Baiguan communities with the cases accounting for 57.10% and 31.53% respectively. The median incubation period of cases was 4.00 days, M (Q1，Q3: 3.00, 5.75). The basic reproduction number (R0) was 4.06, and the Rt was 5.62 in early phase of the outbreak (the highest) and continuously decreased to less than 1.00 within 10 days after the detection of the outbreak. The number of COVID-19 cases decreased to 0 within 14 days after the outbreak (December 7-21), and the main detection methods were screening in centralized isolation (55.53%) and home isolation (40.00%). The infection rates of close contacts and secondary close contacts were 2.06% and 0.46% respectively. Conclusion: The epidemic of COVID-19 in Shangyu characterized by short incubation period, large number of infected people, and case clustering, suggesting the strong transmission of Delta variant (B.1.617.2). Comprehensive prevention and control measures, such as management of close contacts and secondary close contacts, and high-risk area, are essential for the rapid control of the epidemic.

Parental COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy for Children in Romania: National Survey.

Purpose: Once vaccination against COVID-19 was also possible for children over 12 years of age, parents/legal guardians had to give their consent for their vaccination. It is a crucial moment, given the large number of infected people in Romania and the fact that these children are a source of transmission of the virus in the community. The refusal or hesitation of the parents/legal guardians, regarding the agreement for the vaccination of the children, determined us to focus on this subject, wishing, based on the questioning of as many parents as possible, to extract the reasons underlying these decisions. Methods: This study is designed to observe the attitudes of parents/legal guardians regarding the refusal, hesitation, or acceptance of vaccination of children. The persons targeted to answer the questionnaire had to meet three conditions: to be at least 21 years old, to have a stable residence in Romania, and to be parents/legal guardians of at least one child under 18 years of age. The questionnaire was applied online to a number of 581 parents/legal guardians, being structured to obtain socio-demographic data and other categories of data that allow us to analyze their views on vaccinating children. Results: Sociological data resulting from the application of the questionnaire on 581 parents/legal guardians show that 183 (31.5%) adults and 140 (24.1%) children got infected with COVID-19. The total number of respondents shows that only 411 (70.7%) adults and 185 (31.8%) children are vaccinated. Conclusions: From the analysis of the data obtained through the questionnaire, following the application of the Kendall and Spearman statistical analysis tests, it is found that there is a strong link between participants’ trust/distrust in “fake news” information and their decision to vaccinate their children.

Hybridized wavelet neuronal learning-based modelling to predict novel COVID-19 effects in India and USA.

Coronavirus disease so called as COVID-19 is an infectious disease and its spread takes place due to human interaction by their pathogen materials during coughing and sneezing. COVID-19 is basically a respiratory disease as evidence proved that a large number of infected people died due to short breathing. Most widely and uncontrollably spreading unknown viral genome infecting people worldwide was announced to be 2019–2020 nCoV by WHO on January 30, 2020. Based on the seriousness of its spread and unavailability of vaccination or any form of treatment, it was an immediate health-emergency of concern of international-level. The paper analyses effects of this virus in countries, such as India and United States on day-to-day basis because of their greater variability. In this study, various performance measures, such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination ({R}^{2}) , mean absolute standard error (MASE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) which characterize models’ performances. {R}^{2} value has been achieved to be closest to 1, i.e., 0.999 from Wavelet Neuronal Network Fuzzified Inferences’ Layered Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (WNNFIL–MARS) for both the countries’ data. It is important to capture the essence of this pandemic affecting millions of the population daily ever since its spread began from January, 2020.

Serious role of non-quarantined COVID-19 patients for random walk simulations

The infectious disease (COVID-19) causes serious damages and outbreaks. A large number of infected people have been reported in the world. However, such a number only represents those who have been tested; e.g. PCR test. We focus on the infected individuals who are not checked by inspections. The susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model is modified: infected people are divided into quarantined (Q) and non-quarantined (N) agents. Since N-agents behave like uninfected people, they can move around in a stochastic simulation. Both theory of well-mixed population and simulation of random-walk reveal that the total population size of Q-agents decrease in spite of increasing the number of tests. Such a paradox appears, when the ratio of Q exceeds a critical value. Random-walk simulations indicate that the infection hardly spreads, if the movement of all people is prohibited ("lockdown"). In this case the infected people are clustered and locally distributed within narrow spots. The similar result can be obtained, even when only non-infected people move around. However, when both N-agents and uninfected people move around, the infection spreads everywhere. Hence, it may be important to promote the inspections even for asymptomatic people, because most of N-agents are mild or asymptomatic.

Is the second dose of vaccination useful in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected healthcare workers?

Vaccines are the most important public health measure to protect people from COVID-19 worldwide. In addition, healthcare workers account for a large number of infected people. Protecting this population from COVID-19 seems crucial to preserve healthcare systems. In a context of few doses available, serological assays could be useful to decide whether one or two doses are needed. Our results show that a first dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine seems to act as a boost after SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection; a second dose might therefore not be required.

Practical Recommendations of Micronutrients and Food Hygiene for Rehabilitation of Survived COVID-19 Patients: A Review

The outbreak of COVID-19 and a large number of infected people led to this viral disease of varying severity and hospitalization of patients. During periods of illness and recovery, the body uses its reservoirs and resources to fight the disease. In the post-recovery period, the body may experience nutritional insufficiency and deficiency. Therefore, adequateintake of micronutrients, such as water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phytochemicals, as well as the preparation of safe food is of great importance for the recovery of the immune system and strengthening rehabilitation for survived COVID-19 patients. In this work, we aim to review the literature and present a guide for nutritional needs and food hygiene practices for survived COVID-19patients.

The Role of Health Literacy in The Prevention of Covid-19

The Covid-19 infectious disease is caused by a new coronavirus. Its outbreak was first discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and it quickly became a pandemic of this century [1]. The rapid spread of the virus has caused countries to face a large number of infected people, so that as of August 8, 2020, globally, 19,187,943 people have been infected by the virus, and 716,075 people have died.. It is estimated that the mortality rate of this disease is between 1 to 5%, but it varies with age and other health conditions such as a history of underlying diseases . A significant proportion of deaths from Covid-19 infectious occur in the elderly and those with underlying diseases .Preventive behaviors play an important role in reducing the morbidity and mortality of this disease . Measures such as training, awareness promoting, attitude, and adopting preventative and protective actions are an important strategy to prevent Covid-19.

A Review on Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19)

Abstract: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a communicable disease and SARS-COV 2 is the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease this is of exceptional international public fitness concern. Based on the large number of infected people that were exposed to the most animal market in Wuhan City, China, its miles cautioned that this is in all likelihood the zoonotic foundation of COVID-19. Person-to-individual transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the isolation of sufferers that were eventually administered plenty of treatments. Extensive measures to lessen the individual-to-character transmission of COVID-19 were implemented to govern the current outbreak. Special interest and efforts to guard or reduce transmission have to be implemented in susceptible populations which include children, health care providers and elderly people. In this review, the Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of COVID-19 are highlighted. Key words: COVID-19, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-COV 2.

Long-Term Respiratory and Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19.

Since the initial reports of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China in late 2019, infections from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have spread rapidly, resulting in a global pandemic that has caused millions of deaths. Initially, the large number of infected people required the direction of global healthcare resources to provide supportive care for the acutely ill population in an attempt to reduce mortality. While clinical trials for safe and effective antiviral agents are ongoing, and vaccine development programs are being accelerated, long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection have become increasingly recognized and concerning. Although the upper and lower respiratory tracts are the main sites of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the body, resulting in COVID-19 pneumonia as the most common presentation, acute lung damage may be followed by pulmonary fibrosis and chronic impairment of lung function, with impaired quality of life. Also, increasing reports have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection involves the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and directly or indirectly damages neurons, leading to long-term neurological sequelae. This review aims to provide an update on the mechanisms involved in the development of the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the 3 main areas of lung injury, neuronal injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis, and highlights the need for patient monitoring following the acute stage of infection with SARS-CoV-2 to provide a rationale for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of these potential long-term sequelae.

Intuition on virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and represents the causative agent of a potentially systemic disease that has drawn a global attention. Based on the study of large number of infected people who were exposed to the bat animal market in Wuhan city, China, they suggested that the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., COVID-19) is likely to be associated with zoonotic transmission. The disease was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th of March, 2020. The clinical and genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 support a similar pathogenesis pattern with Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). The infection is mainly transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets generated during the course of coughing, sneezing and talking. Extensive measures to reduce the person to person transmission of COVID-19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak. Special attention and efforts reduce the transmission should be applied on the susceptible population including the children, health care providers and elderly people. Several control and preventive measures including; following hand hygiene, using face mask, avoiding person to person contact etc. are recommended to prevent the spread of this virus. To diagnose the viral infection, several methods have been established and recommended including the Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), serological diagnosis, imaging technology etc. Up to the 31th August, 2020, there is no specific therapeutics or vaccines to control this viral infection. So, COVID-19 is posing a great threat for the global public health. The aims of this review were to highlight the current status of COVID-19 worldwide, and to give short notes about its possible prevention and treatment.

Evaluation of Country Dietary Habits Using Machine Learning Techniques in Relation to Deaths from COVID-19.

COVID-19 disease has affected almost every country in the world. The large number of infected people and the different mortality rates between countries has given rise to many hypotheses about the key points that make the virus so lethal in some places. In this study, the eating habits of 170 countries were evaluated in order to find correlations between these habits and mortality rates caused by COVID-19 using machine learning techniques that group the countries together according to the different distribution of fat, energy, and protein across 23 different types of food, as well as the amount ingested in kilograms. Results shown how obesity and the high consumption of fats appear in countries with the highest death rates, whereas countries with a lower rate have a higher level of cereal consumption accompanied by a lower total average intake of kilocalories.

How relevant is the decision of containment measures against COVID-19 applied ahead of time?

The cumulative number of confirmed infected individuals by the new coronavirus outbreak until April 30th, 2020, is presented for the countries: Belgium, Brazil, United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (USA). After an initial period with a low incidence of newly infected people, a power-law growth of the number of confirmed cases is observed. For each country, a distinct growth exponent is obtained. For Belgium, UK, and USA, countries with a large number of infected people, after the power-law growth, a distinct behavior is obtained when approaching saturation. Brazil is still in the power-law regime. Such updates of the data and projections corroborate recent results regarding the power-law growth of the virus and their strong Distance Correlation between some countries around the world. Furthermore, we show that act in time is one of the most relevant non-pharmacological weapons that the health organizations have in the battle against the COVID-19, infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. We study how changing the social distance and the number of daily tests to identify infected asymptomatic individuals can interfere in the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 when applied in three distinct days, namely April 16th (early), April 30th (current), and May 14th (late). Results show that containment actions are necessary to flatten the curves and should be applied as soon as possible.

The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting.

Over the past two decades, there have been two major outbreaks where the crossover of animal Betacoronaviruses to humans has resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In December 2019, a global public health concern started with the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) which has rapidly spread all over the world from its origin in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, which includes human SARS-CoV, MERS and two other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. The fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower than the two previous coronavirus epidemics, but it is faster spreading and the large number of infected people with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness, showed SARS-CoV-2 to be highly contagious. Based on the current published evidence, herein we summarize the origin, genetics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, preventions, diagnosis and up to date treatments of SARS-CoV-2 infections in comparison with those caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Moreover, the possible impact of weather conditions on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is also discussed. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to reconsider the two previous pandemics and provide a reference for future studies as well as therapeutic approaches.

Lacticodeshydrogénase (LDH) and Ferrétinémia, Biomarkers of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-COV2 and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern [1-2]. Its involves humans as well as animals and may cause serious damage to the respiratory tract, including the lung: coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This pathogenic virus has been identified in swabs performed on the throat and nose of patients who suffer from or are suspected of the disease [1]. Based on the large number of infected people that were exposed to the wet animal market in Wuhan City, China, it is suggested that this is likely the zoonotic origin of COVID-19 [2].

O papel da atenção primária no combate ao Covid-19

A doença do novo Coronavírus (Covid-19) é causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 e representa o agente causador de uma doença potencialmente fatal que tem se revelado um problema de saúde pública global. A pandemia causada pelo Covid-19 tem causado prejuízos severos nos sistemas de saúde em diversos países. Diante do grande número de pessoas infectadas e da ausência de tratamento específico, várias nações têm enfrentado superlotação em seus hospitais. Com a confirmação de casos desta doença no Brasil, várias ações têm sido tomadas por gestores públicos e privados, tanto a nível hospitalar quanto em nível de atenção primária, a fim de minimizar os impactos para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O presente artigo apresenta uma breve análise do papel da atenção primária na luta contra o Covid-19 em âmbito nacional, além do impacto em saúde pública e das futuras perspectivas. Com base no grande número de pessoas infectadas no mundo e a experiência de diversos sistemas de saúde, torna-se imperativo a adaptação e adequação do SUS na condução de mecanismos de resposta para pandemia, sendo a atenção primária peça fundamental neste processo

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a pandemic (epidemiology, pathogenesis and potential therapeutics).

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is highly pathogenic viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Currently, COVID-19 has caused global health concern. It is assumed that COVID-19 has zoonotic origin based on the large number of infected people who were exposed to the wet market in Wuhan City, China. The phylogenetic analysis has revealed that SARS-CoV-2 has significant sequence similarity with severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS-like) bat viruses, thus bats could be primary possible reservoir. The intermediate host and there subsequent transfer is not known yet, although human to human transfer is widely confirmed. The transmission of COVID-19 infection from one person to another resulted in the isolation of patients who were subsequently given a variety of treatments. To monitor the current outbreak, robust steps have been taken around the globe to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 infection particularly banning international and domestic flights, inducting lockdowns in vulnerable areas, social distancing etc. No clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine against COVID-19 is reported yet. However, in clinical trials, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs were evaluated against COVID-19 infection which resulted in clinical recovery. In this article emergence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection along with potential therapeutic strategies are analyzed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: Could pigs be vectors for human infections?

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: Could pigs be vectors for human infections?