Large Number Of Ethnic Groups Research Articles

Bodo Conflicts and Signing of Accords

India’s North-East region (NER), comprising of eight states- Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim, is inhabited by a large number of ethnic groups. The region is juxtaposed with a large number of challenges simultaneously- armed conflict, ethnic conflict, poverty, inequality, etc. A multicultural, poly-ethnic region, ethnicity and the ethno-nationalists sentiments of the numerous communities of the region have often led fanning political and ethnic conflicts. Ethnic violence can be categorised in three different types- first, there is violence fabricated by armed ethnic organisations in order to achieve their goals, often targeted against the government, involving rival organisations in the same ethnic groups or even against civilians belonging to other ethnic groups. Second, violence is set up by student (and other) organisations, including protests against the government through road blockades, the burning of bridges, and sometimes clashes with police or para-military forces. Third, there are inter-group clashes. Assam, the second largest state of the NER has been in turmoil and agitation since long. The Bodoland region is one of the most disturbed areas in Assam. Inhabited by various ethnic groups like the Bodos, Gorkhas, Assamese, Santhals, Bengali speaking Muslims etc., this region has witnessed several conflicts.

Technical points of human use experience of ethnic medicine

Ethnic medicine has a rich history of application. Because of the large number of ethnic groups, wide geographical distribution, and unique medical systems in China, the research on the human use experience(HUE) of ethnic medicine should combine the characteristics of ethnic medicine, be based on practical experience, and respect folk practice and tradition. The clinical positioning of ethnic medicine should consider three factors, i.e., population region, dominant diseases, and clinical demand. We should consider the development of traditional preparations that meet the needs of ethnic regions and encourage the development of new drugs that can be popularized and used nationwide for the dominant diseases of ethnic medicines. Attention should be paid to the problems such as a large number of customary articles or substitutes of ethnic medicinal materials, the phenomena of foreign bodies with the same name and different names for the same substance, the different standards of medicinal materials, and the poor processing standards. The name, processing method, source, medicinal parts, and dosage of ethnic medicinal materials or decoction pieces should be determined, and resources should be carefully evaluated to ensure the safety of medicinal resources and ecology. The preparation of ethnic medicine is mostly in the form of pills, powder, ointment, etc., with simple processing technology. The problems of low-quality stan-dards of some preparations, different prescriptions with the same name, and inconsistent processing technology should be overcome, and the process route and main process parameters should be clarified to lay the foundation for the subsequent empirical research on HUE. In the collection and analysis of the HUE data of ethnic medicine, the core guiding ideology of "patient-centered" should be established, and the experience data of patients should be collected. The problems of weak links existing in the inheritance of ethnic medicine should be solved, and flexible and diverse methods should be adopted. Meanwhile, on the premise of complying with the requirements of the principles of medical ethics, we should respect the religion, culture, and customs of ethnic areas to obtain the key HUE information of ethnic medicine. On the basis of the patient preference information and differences in regional disease epidemiology, population characteristics, and medical practice, whether the HUE conclusions of ethnic medicine can be extrapolated to patients outside the region is evaluated from the aspects of clinical benefits, risk tolerance, risk acceptance, etc. The HUE research on ethnic medicine is carried out in a clear way to guide the research and development of new ethnic medicines.

Language Policy of the Russian Federation

This paper presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the current linguistic situation in the Russian Federation. Preservation and development of the Russian language represents the national interest of the state. The Russian language has the status of a state language, but, given the large number of ethnic groups living on the territory of Russia, it must not jeopardise other national languages, as this could lead to inter-ethnic conflicts. Some of the key issues Russia is currently facing in this field are: the process of globalisation, the uncontrolled penetration of anglicisms into the Russian language, the adverse impact of the Internet and social networks on literacy, especially with the younger population. All valid rules of the Russian orthography are, in fact, prescribed by the Government of The Russian Federation. Laws regulating the area of language policy are the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, and the Law on the State Language of the Russian Federation.

Reputation and the occurrence and success of mediation in civil wars

In this article, we argue that because governments fear that accepting mediation and reaching agreements with opponents may signal weakness to other potential challengers, civil war governments tend to resist mediation as a means of demonstrating their resolve. Building on current theories of reputation in civil war, we argue that the threat of future challenges from other groups is likely to be particularly acute in states with multiple ethnic groups, especially states with high levels of ethnic exclusion. We therefore expect that civil wars in these states will be less likely to see mediation and to produce agreements when they do. By examining all instances of mediation in intrastate conflict from 1990 to 2008, we test this argument empirically and find that mediation is more likely to emerge in civil wars where there are a large number of ethnic groups, but is less likely to occur when many of those ethnic groups are excluded from the political process. Once mediation is underway, however, it is less likely to yield a negotiated settlement when there are a large number of ethnic groups, but more likely to end in a negotiated settlement when many of the ethnic groups are excluded from the political process.

Distribution and ethnomycological knowledge of wild edible mushrooms in Sabah (Northern Borneo), Malaysia

Ethnomycological knowledge is a combination of biological resources, cultural and human patterns, in particular collective traditional uses and the importance of fungi in daily life. Despite the large number of ethnic groups in Sabah, the native ethnomycological knowledge of wild edible mushrooms and poisonous mushrooms are poorly documented. This study attempted to document wild edible mushrooms and their ethnomycological uses and practices in the tropical rainforest of Sabah, Borneo. Opportunistic samplings and ethnomycological surveys were made within the indigenous communities of Sabah. Collectively, 50 respondents from four different ethnic communities i.e. Dusun, Kadazan, Orang Sungai, and Bisaya were interviewed. A total of 25 wild mushroom species were documented as edible mushroom for food, and five species for medicinal uses. The highest number of wild edible mushroom collected and reported were of the Pleurotaceae family (five species), followed by Polyporaceae family (three species) and Auriculariaceae family (three species). The results also showed that Schizophyllum commune (Kulat Kodop), Volvariella volvacea (Kulat Sawit), Pleurotus spp., (Cendawan Tiram) Auricularia spp., (Kulat Korong) and Marasmiellus species were mostly consumed by the indigenous people of Sabah as part of their daily diet. Local names, culinary, and the edibility types were distinct among the different local communities. Elderly indigenous people possess vast knowledge on uses of wild mushrooms compared to the younger generation. Women play an important role in wild mushroom collection and its edibility, uses and practices. The findings from this study showed that ethnomycological knowledge of wild mushroom in Sabah is still lacking and more attention is needed. A study on the ethnomycological aspect in Borneo is a necessity in creating awareness among the public on edible and poisonous mushrooms, and its culinary and medicinal properties.

ESTADO DA ARTE SOBRE ENTEROPARASITOS EM COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS DO BRASIL

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura acerca das pesquisas científicas sobre a ocorrência das enteroparasitos em povos indígenas no Brasil, de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA. Para a pesquisa foram usadas as bases de dados Scielo, LILACS, MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Bireme, Biblioteca de Manguinhos, Biblioteca Lincoln de Freitas Filho e o banco de teses da USP. Foram selecionadas 57 produções científicas. Do total, 46 artigos, 8 dissertações, 1 tese, 1 monografia e 1 relatório técnico. Os estudos sobre enteroparasitos em indígenas aumentaram significativamente nos últimos anos, entretanto, a maioria foi desenvolvida na região Norte e Centro-Oeste. Isso demonstra uma escassez de pesquisas sobre a temática nas demais regiões do país, a exemplo da Nordeste, que possui um grande número de etnias distribuídas em seu território, e poucos trabalhos vêm sendo desenvolvidos.

Recent Evolution of the Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease in China: A Conversation With Ya-Ling Han, MD, PhD.

Ya-Ling Han, MD, PhD, was born in Wuhan, Hubei province, in 1953. She graduated from Haebin Medical University in 1978. She received her doctorate in 1994 from Shanghai Second Military Medical University. She was a visiting scholar at the National Heart Center, Singapore. She is currently a professor and the director of the Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region; the director of the Cardiovascular Research Institute; and the director of the Key Laboratory of Acute Severe Cardiovascular Treatment Research of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. She is the president of the Chinese College of Cardiovascular Physicians and Chairperson-elect of the Chinese Society of Cardiology. Dr Rutherford asks: Could you describe the scope of clinical cardiac care provided in the Department of Cardiology at the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region? Dr Ya-L ing Han replies : The Department of Cardiology at the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, together with the departments of congenital heart disease and cardiovascular surgery, constitute the cardiovascular institute of the People’s Liberation Army, which is among the top 5 centers in China providing comprehensive care for CVD. Our center is located in Northeast China, an area with the highest prevalence of CAD, so the treatment and prevention of CAD is our major focus. We are a busy center: we perform ≈7000 PCIs, 1400 radiofrequency ablations, 550 pacemaker implantations, 900 congenital heart disease interventions, and ≈2500 cardiovascular surgeries annually, with an overall in-hospital mortality rate of <1%. We have pioneered many facets of CVD treatment in China, including PCI for complicated coronary lesions, CTO of coronary arteries, left main coronary disease, treatment of high-risk patients with AMI, novel antithrombotic strategies for coronary patients, and surgical and percutaneous treatment of complicated congenital heart disease. Over the past 2 decades, you and your team have …

The Paternal Landscape along the Bight of Benin - Testing Regional Representativeness of West-African Population Samples Using Y-Chromosomal Markers.

Patterns of genetic variation in human populations across the African continent are still not well studied in comparison with Eurasia and America, despite the high genetic and cultural diversity among African populations. In population and forensic genetic studies a single sample is often used to represent a complete African region. In such a scenario, inappropriate sampling strategies and/or the use of local, isolated populations may bias interpretations and pose questions of representativeness at a macrogeographic-scale. The non-recombining region of the Y-chromosome (NRY) has great potential to reveal the regional representation of a sample due to its powerful phylogeographic information content. An area poorly characterized for Y-chromosomal data is the West-African region along the Bight of Benin, despite its important history in the trans-Atlantic slave trade and its large number of ethnic groups, languages and lifestyles. In this study, Y-chromosomal haplotypes from four Beninese populations were determined and a global meta-analysis with available Y-SNP and Y-STR data from populations along the Bight of Benin and surrounding areas was performed. A thorough methodology was developed allowing comparison of population samples using Y-chromosomal lineage data based on different Y-SNP panels and phylogenies. Geographic proximity turned out to be the best predictor of genetic affinity between populations along the Bight of Benin. Nevertheless, based on Y-chromosomal data from the literature two population samples differed strongly from others from the same or neighbouring areas and are not regionally representative within large-scale studies. Furthermore, the analysis of the HapMap sample YRI of a Yoruban population from South-western Nigeria based on Y-SNPs and Y-STR data showed for the first time its regional representativeness, a result which is important for standard population and forensic genetic applications using the YRI sample. Therefore, the uniquely and powerful geographical information carried by the Y-chromosome makes it an important locus to test the representativeness of a certain sample even in the genomic era, especially in poorly investigated areas like Africa.

Assertion of Dimasa Identity: A Case Study of Assam

Assam has been the meeting place of different races and consequently a large number of ethnic groups have been residing in Assam. The process of ethnic assimilation remained incomplete in Assam. Situation did not change after independence. The policy of segregating the people was continued on the one hand , and on the other, state power and the fruits of development were monopolized by the elites. Tribals and other marginalized sections were kept out of the narrow field of employment. At this juncture the movement to install Assamese as the official language of the state deeply disturbed the tribals and linguistic minorities living in the state. It was taken by the elite of those sections as a move to establish permanent monopoly of power in the state for Assamese. The rising expectations of different sections and the injustice led to militancy and fanned the flames of separatism of different types. Most ethnic groups reconstructed their past so as to constitute a national heritage resulting in what is referred to as the politics of identity. The present study is an attempt to understand historical background of the assertion of Dimasa ethnic identity in Assam.

Deslindes lingüísticos en las tierras bajas del Pacífico ecuatoriano. Primera parte

El conocimiento de las lenguas que se hablaron en la región litoral de nuestro país antes de la conquista española, no sólo es parcial sino a menudo tergiversado. La escasez de datos y la falta de métodos y herramientas de tipo lingüístico así como la descontextualización de los datos fuera de un marco socio-histórico han impedido cualquier tipo de avance en este tema desde los trabajos de Jijón y Caamaño en los años cuarenta del siglo pasado. El presente artículo corresponde a la primera de tres partes dedicadas a trazar larr situación lingüística de la costa ecuatoriana en tiempos prehispánicos en base a una nueva sistematización y evaluación de los datos toponímicos y antroponímicos disponibles para esta región, cotejándolos en todo momento con fuentes etnohistóricas de primera y segunda mano y con información más reciente de tipo arqueológico para la costa de nuestro país. En este marco se ofrece además una aproximación crítica a los contados estudios lingüísticos sobre el tema y se definen algunas pautas metodológicas que deben guiar todo estudio toponímico y antroponímico que busque superar las prácticas comunes en ambas áreas de investigación.

Genetics and biochemistry of primary congenital glaucoma.

Several observations noted by early investigators supported the supposition that in most cases, congenital glaucoma is determined by genetic factors. The genetic heterogeneity of PCG was confirmed by genetic linkage studies conducted in the 1990s when the authors determined that CYP1B1 is the congenital glaucoma gene at the GLC3A locus. The coding sequence of CYP1B1 has been subjected to extensive screening in familial and sporadic cases of glaucoma from numerous countries and from a large number of ethnic groups. These studies have provided evidence for extensive allelic heterogeneity at the GLC3A locus. This article also discusses the molecular evidence for reduced penetrance in congenital glaucoma and the phenotypic heterogeneity of CYP1B1 mutations, mouse models of CYP1B1, and the biochemistry of CYP1B1.

Assimilation in the United States: An Analysis of Ethnic and Generation Differences in Status and Achievement

This paper uses a new data source to investigate differences in occupational achievement among a large number of ethnic groups. The November, 1979 Current Population Survey is a unique source since it provides information on both the ancestry and nativity of a large national sample of respondents. These data are particularly valuable because they permit the identification of first-, secondand thirdor higher-generation individuals, thereby providing a clearer picture of the process of assimilation. We focus upon the achievements of men, age 20 to 64 classified simultaneously by nativity and ethnicity. Not surprisingly, there are notable differences in the occupational attainment of foreign-born men. Some of these differences are due to the diverse social and economic backgrounds of the different nationalities, but important differences in the rates of return to background characteristics are also evident. The assimilation perspective predicts that eventually ethnic background will no longer be an important determinant of socioeconomic achievement. By the third generation, we find this to be true for the most part, although important exceptions are discussed in this paper.

Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Botswana

The idea of an historical dictionary relating to a country appears to be a good one. At the flick of a page one can find the relevant information on a particular subject without having to consult several reference books and wade through a lot of information that is not wanted. It is however very difficult to divide 'historical' from 'current' and much of the information given in this book of an economic and biographical nature is already out of date. More recent facts and figures can be found in the large international annual reference books available in any library. The editor of this series of African historical dictionaries states in his foreword that the history of each of the surprisingly large number of ethnic groups in Botswana is described, but this does not appear to be the case. The eight main Tswana tribes have sizeable entries and useful lists of chiefs but there are no entries for the Kalanga, Khurutse, Hurutse, Kgalagari, Yei, Mbukushu and Zezuru. The towns and villages are also rather scantily described with emphasis more on their present status than past history and one would have thought Shoshong would have merited a separate entry. tn religious matters there is also a strange imbalance. The Anglican Church gets a separate entry and the bishop a cross-reference but the Catholic Church gets nothing at all. In the entry on the London Missionary Society there is no mention of Moedirig College and the missionaries, Lloyd and Willoughby, do not have entries although they are mentioned in the introduction. The statement on p. 125 that Anglicans, Congregationalists, Methodists and Presbyterians have united to worship as a single congregation is inaccurate/ It should refer to Trinity Church, Gaborone, not the country as a whole where denominational differences are verv distinct. Of the few Setswana terms included it seems rather strange to put in bojalwa, (a traditional beer) arid leave out bogadi (bride-wealth) bogwera (initiation for men) and mephato (regiments) . This is not, however, a long book and when selection is necessary it will to a large extent be subjective and reflect the authors own knowledge and interests. It is clear that much work has gone into compiling the book and the bibliographical commentary and the author's bibliography at the end, arranged under subject headings, provide an excellent guide to those who wish to read further. Helpful too are the lists of resident commissioners and high commissioners with the latters' varying titles. This is a book that will be useful both to university students and members of the public and I hope it will be available for purchase in Botswana.

The Netherlands Indies

THE Netherlands Indies has an area of 733,000 square miles, with a population estimated at 70,000,000 in 1940. The latest census, which was taken in 1930, gave the Indies a total population of 60,727,000. Indonesians, which is the term now generally applied to the indigenous peoples of the Indies, accounted for 59,138,000 of this total. The Indonesians are divided into a large number of ethnic groups. The Javanese, with 27,809,000 souls, is by far the most numerous. Other large ethnic groups are: Sundanese, 8,595,000; Madurese, 4,306,000; Minangkabauers, 1,989,000; Bugi, 1,533,000; Battak, 1,207,000; and Balinese, 1,112,000. The heterogeneity of the indigenous society is evident from the fact that on Java alone there are seven, on Sumatra nineteen, and in the Great East thirty-eight different Indonesian peoples, each numbering more than 25,000 persons. The peoples of the Indies vary greatly in development; the tribes of New Guinea and of the interior of Borneo are still