Large Kink Research Articles

Copper (II) and cobalt (II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) coordination complexes with N-styrylbenzimidazole

The study considers metal complexes based on N-styrylbenzimidazole as compounds having significant pharmacological properties The work is aimed at examining the crystal structure and electronic structure of transition metal bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complexes (copper (II) (complex A) and cobalt (II) (complex B)) with N-styrylbenzimidazole using X-ray diffraction analysis and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction analysis was used to prove bipyramidal coordination in copper (II) and cobalt (II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complexes with N-styrylbenzimidazole. The atoms of copper (II) and cobalt (II) in the complexes exhibit an unusual for β-diketonate complexes distorted square-planar coordination, while the chelate cycles in M(hfacac)2L are characterized by anomalously large kink angles. Thus, for the copper (II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complex, the kink angle of the O3∙∙∙O4 interaction for the equatorially positioned ligand is 29.47°, while for the axially positioned ligand, the kink angle of the O1∙∙∙O2 interaction is 19.13°. For the cobalt (II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complex, these angles are 22.10 and 19.50°, respectively. Electron spectroscopy was used to examine the electronic structure of the specified complexes. The following types of electronic transitions were identified: π→π*-transitions primarily localized on ligands, as well as transitions caused by electron transfer from the p-orbital of the hetero nitrogen atom of the styrylbenzimidazole cycle to the d-orbital of metal ions, and n→π transition localized on the imidazole ring. For each of the complexes, d-d* transitions between the molecular orbitals of the corresponding metal ion were localized in the long wavelength part of the spectrum.

High-temperature strength and kink-band formation in mille-feuille-structured Ti/FeTi eutectic alloys

To develop ultrahigh-strength and lightweight structural materials, the temperature dependence of the deformation behavior of Ti/FeTi eutectic alloys was examined using compression tests. An extremely high yield stress of ∼2.3 GPa was obtained at room temperature accompanied by ∼5 % of plastic strain by the alignment of a “flower-like” lamellar microstructure. High stress was maintained up to 400 °C; however, the yield stress considerably decreased to ∼0.8 GPa at 600 °C. Shear deformation was observed at room temperature. However, at high temperatures, at 600 °C and above, the formation of a deformation kink band was observed for the first time as the deformation mechanism, and this resulted in a rapid decrease in yield stress. The size of the kink bands was governed by the diameter of the aligned lamellar grains, which was termed the colony size. Large kink bands were formed in the alloy containing coarse colonies, resulting in the buckling of the specimen. The introduction of primary β-Ti grains in the eutectic microstructure improved the ductility at low temperatures, which was only accompanied by the marginal decrease in yield stress to ∼1.9 GPa. Furthermore, the high-temperature strength of the hypoeutectic alloy at 600 °C showed a higher value of ∼1.0 GPa compared to that in eutectic alloys. The refinement of the colony microstructure of the hypoeutectic alloy suppressed the formation of kink bands. The experimental results suggest that microstructural control is extremely important for improving the high-temperature strength of Ti/FeTi eutectic alloys by increasing the formation stress of the kink bands.

Microstructural factors governing the significant strengthening of Al/Al2Cu mille-feuille structured alloys accompanied by kink-band formation

Development of high-strength Al alloys that can be used at temperatures above 150 °C is strongly desired. To achieve this, Al/Al2Cu mille-feuille structured alloys, in which soft (Al) layer and hard (Al2Cu) layer are alternatively stacked in lamellar form, is recently focused, via inducing kink-band formation as a novel strategy for controlling the mechanical properties. However, the localized formation of large kink bands reduces the yield stress and degrades the ductility of the alloy. There was little information to derive a "general law" for quantitatively predicting an increase in yield stress in mille-feuille structured alloys from a microstructure perspective. In this study, we successfully distinguished the effects of lamellar thickness and colony size on the strength. The results demonstrated that the yield stress governed by kink-band formation is less related to the lamellar thickness in the Al/Al2Cu alloys but it highly depends on the colony size. The decrease in lamellar colony size obtained by increasing the growth rate during the directional solidification of the Al/Al2Cu eutectic alloy can induce the homogeneous formation of tiny kink bands in the alloy, leading to a drastic increment of the yield stress accompanied by ductility. In addition, the formation of tiny kink bands was demonstrated to contribute to tensile deformation. That is, the control of the morphology of kink band changes its role from a fracture mode to a deformation mode. Furthermore, such microstructure control can induce “kink-band strengthening” in the alloys. These experimental results demonstrate that controlling the colony size while maintaining the alignment of lamellae is the key factor for inducing superior mechanical properties of the mille-feuille structured alloy via tiny kink-band formation.

Effect of shear stress and compressive stress deformation on LPSO phase kink behavior of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy

Using torsion and compression experiments, the kink behavior of the long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase under different stress deformation of the Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy were studied. The results show that different stress states have different effects on the kink of LPSO phase. The grain deformation of the shear stress deformed (SSD) alloy is relatively weak, where LPSO phases are mostly C-shaped or S-shaped kinks. The kink forms can be divided into parallel kinks and angular kinks. The grains of compressive stress deformed (CSD) alloy are significantly elongated and perpendicular to the compression direction, in which occur more Z-shaped zigzag kinks. The kink angle and kink times of the shear stress deformed alloy are small, while the relative kink width is larger. There are large number kink bands during compressive stress deformation, almost all of which are distributed in perpendicular to the compression direction. The difference in the kink behavior is due to the non-basal slip of SSD is easy to active, while in the CSD alloy, the non-basal slip is relatively difficult to active, resulting in more dislocation pile-up. Different forms of kinks can release stress concentration, and all of kinks make the grains deflect in the direction with higher non-basal slip schmid factor.

Temperature and Stress Dependence of Screw Dislocation Mobility in Nb-V-Ta Alloys Using Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations

In this work we present simulations of thermally-activated screw dislocation motion in Nb-Ta-V alloys for two distinct scenarios, one where kink propagation is solely driven by chemical energy changes, i.e., thermodynamic energy differences, and another one where a migration barrier of 1.0 eV is added to such changes. The simulations have been performed using a kinetic Monte Carlo model for screw dislocation kinetics modified for complex lattice-level chemical environments. At low stresses, we find that dislocation motion in the case with no barrier is controlled by long waiting times due to slow nucleation rates and extremely fast kink propagation. Conversely, at high stress, the distribution of sampled time steps for both kink-pair nucleation and kink propagation events are comparable, resulting in continuous motion and faster velocities. In the case of the 1.0-eV kink propagation energy barrier, at low stresses kink motion becomes the rate-limiting step, leading to slow dynamics and large kink lateral pileups, while at high stresses both kink pair nucleation and kink propagation coexist on similar time scales. In the end, dislocation velocities differ by more than four orders of magnitude between both scenarios, emphasizing the need to have accurate calculations of kink energy barriers in the complex chemical environments inherent to these alloys.

Control of kink-band formation in mille-feuille structured Al/Al2Cu eutectic alloys

Kink bands have recently received significant attention owing to their ability to increase the strength and ductility of some Mg alloys. In this study, we first demonstrated that it is also expected even in Al alloys, by controlling the morphology of the introduced kink bands. Several directionally solidified Al–Cu alloys, wherein an Al/Al2Cu eutectic lamellar microstructure developed, were focused, and the variations in deformation behavior with microstructure were examined. The alloys can be deformed at room temperature, and the yield stress exhibits strong anisotropy. A high yield stress appears when stress is applied parallel to the lamellar interface, accompanied by kink-band formation. The microstructure was found to play an important role in controlling kink-band formation and the resultant mechanical properties. Only a few large kink bands form in a eutectic alloy specimen with a full lamellar microstructure, which is accompanied by a lower yield stress. Thus, the kink band cannot be used positively in it. In hypoeutectic alloys in which primary Al grains coexist with the lamellar microstructure, however, significantly high yield stresses appear, which are accompanied by the homogeneous formation of small kink bands. The results demonstrate that microstructural control can vary the role of the deformation kink band from the fracture (buckling) mode to the deformation mode via the change in its morphology. This enables a large increase in yield stress while maintaining the ductility of the Al/Al2Cu eutectic alloy. The high yield stress is maintained at temperatures up to ~300 °C owing to the high thermal stability of the lamellar microstructure. These findings provide new ways to develop novel high-temperature high-strength Al alloys.

Phase and velocity sensitivity of surface plasmon polaritons at the interface of atomic and nano-composites media

The phase and velocity sensitivity is calculated at the interface of three level atomic medium and a Silver Silica (AgSiO2) nano-composites material by surface plasmon polaritons waves. A large kink in the real part of dispersion relation of SPPs is measured in the large interaction zone, due to which the group velocity and delay/advance times of SPPs are enhanced. A group velocity of v g = ±1 × 109 m s−1 is measured at the group index region of 0 < n g < 1 and −1 < n g < 0. The propagation time is measured to be t g = ±1 × 10−7 s at the propagation length L x (m) and at v g = ±1 × 109 m s−1 in the range of group index of 0 < n g < 1 and −1 < n g < 0. The volume fractional change of nano particles, probe/control field detuning and Rabi frequency of control field significantly influence the velocity sensitivity. The velocity sensitivity is measured to be 23 μm s−1 by SPPs. The velocity sensitivity could be improved to 0.1 μm s−1 by taking large ensemble of atomic coherence and large delay/advance in time due to SPPs.

Plasmon's Fizeau‐dragging effect at the interface of atomic and nano‐composites media

AbstractThe velocity uncertainty by Fizeaus plasmon dragging‐effect is investigated at the interface of four level atomic medium and Silver Silica (AgSiO2) nano‐composites material by using surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs) waves. We measured the real part of the dispersion relation Re(Ksp) = 1.5K0 with probe and control field detunings and Re(Ksp) = 1.36K0 with control field Rabi frequencies ∣Ω1,2 ∣ /γ. Furthermore, Re(Ksp/K0) = 1.8 with damping rate γ42/γ and volume frictional change fm. A large kink in the real part of dispersion relation of SPPs was measured in the large interaction region. The group index is in the range of ±20. The maximum dragging coefficient is ±20. The relative phase difference due to dragging is enhance by factor of −1.5 × 10−8rad. The propagation time is measured to be 0.8 ns with both control field Rabi frequencies. The volume fractional change of nano particles, probe/control field detuning and Rabi frequency of control field significantly influence the dragging coefficient, relative phase difference and velocity uncertainty. Including Fizeau‐Dragging effect in the given configuration the velocity uncertainty is measured to be 15 μm/s which is much larger than the velocity width of Kuan et al, used Δva = (8kBTln2/m)1/2 = 176 mm/s. The velocity uncertainty could be improved to 0.1 μm/s by taking large ensemble of atomic coherence and large delay/advance in time due to SPPs.

The ability gradient in tax responsiveness

We study the role of cognitive ability for individuals’ tax responsiveness using linked administrative tax and military enlistment registers. Our main finding is that individuals in the top decile of the ability distribution react twice as strong to a large and salient kink point in the Swedish tax code as compared to the average individual, and three times as strong as individuals in the bottom ability decile. This ability gradient is mainly driven by income shifting among high-ability owners of incorporated businesses, but we also find evidence of labor-supply responses among high-ability wage earners.

The Ability Gradient in Bunching

We analyze the relationship between cognitive ability and bunching in the context of a large and salient kink point of the Swedish income tax schedule. Using population-wide register data from the Swedish military enlistment and administrative tax records, we find that high-ability individuals bunch more than low-ability individuals. This ability gradient is stronger for the self-employed, but is also present among wage earners. We also use high-school GPA and math grades to analyze gender differences, finding a stronger ability gradient among men.

Photoconductive polyimides derived from a novel imidazole-containing diamine

A new diamine containing an imidazole structure, 4,4′-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole-1,2-diyl)dianiline (DIMA), was synthesized to prepare photoconductive polyimides (PIs) with four types of dianhydrides such as 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′-oxyduphthalic anhydride, 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride, and cyclobutane-1,2,3,4,-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, based on the fact that the imidazole ring is a useful n-type block with high electron-donating property and good thermal stability. The imidazole-containing diamine possesses high electron-donating properties due to the lone pair electrons at nitrogen, which affords a high hole-transport property. All the PIs prepared from DIMA were amorphous due to the large side group and kink structure of the diamine, optically transparent (transmittances of 92–98% at 450 nm), and exhibited high thermal stability (10% weight loss temperatures ranged 453–558°C).

Ethnicity and tax filing behavior

We analyze differences in tax filing between natives and immigrants, focusing on two empirical examples. First, we study deductions for costs associated with traveling between home and work allowed in the Swedish tax code. Using the total population of commuters within Sweden’s largest commuting zone, we find that newly arrived immigrants file substantially less than natives, immigrants with a longer stay behave more like natives, and immigrants with the longest stay file the most, even more than natives. Second, we analyze bunching behavior among the self-employed at a large salient kink point of the Swedish income tax schedule. We find much less bunching among immigrants, even after a long time in the host country, and the largest differences relative to natives in residential areas with a high immigrant concentration. Our findings have implications for the equity and efficiency of the tax system and the spatial patterns of residential and occupational choices for different ethnic groups.

Earnings Management during the Fourth Quarter: Evidence from Taiwan

ABSTRACTThis study aims to investigate earnings management during the fourth quarter and explains why there is a large kink in the distribution of annual earnings around zero. We use multinomial logistic regressions to investigate intra-year shifts in earnings distributions. Our empirical results support that managers of listed companies in Taiwan may manage earnings upward or keep their earnings during the fourth quarter to avoid small losses or decreases in earnings, when their earnings are slightly below or above zero after the first three quarters. Thus, auditors should pay more attention to the firms with cumulative earnings distribution surrounding zero at the end of the third quarter. However, we also demonstrate that some of the earnings maintenance or movement is due to the industry factor rather than earnings management. Meanwhile, the earnings management behavior seems less obvious since 2008, which may be due to the improvement of corporate governance.

Kink instabilities of the post-disruption runaway electron beam at low safety factor

Realization of a high-current (approaching 1 MA) post-disruption runaway electron (RE) beam in DIII-D yields controlled access to very low edge safety factor (qa) conditions. This enables unique observation and study of low-order kink instabilities in post-disruption plasmas where the current is carried entirely by relativistic REs. The conventional external kink stability boundary (in terms of qa and internal inductance, ℓi) is found to accurately predict the operational space of the RE beam, with qa limited to ≈2. Kink instabilities appear with a characteristic growth rate of a few tens of microseconds (which is comparable to the Alfven time) and ultimately cause complete loss of the RE population on a similar time-scale. This characteristic RE loss time is significantly faster than observations away from the qa ≈ 2 stability limit and implies both higher peak heat loading but also less chance of destructive magnetic to kinetic energy conversion via RE beam regeneration. With large enough kink amplitude no RE beam regeneration is observed, indicating the magnetic to kinetic energy conversion was inhibited. Instability structure analysis reveals that early instabilities at high qa () are likely internal or resistive kinks (at higher poloidal mode number), while at qa ≈ 2 the most destructive instabilities are either internal or external kinks with low-order poloidal mode number (m = 2). The HXR loss magnitude is found to be proportional to the perturbed magnetic field and exhibits a helical spatial pattern. These observations are novel for present-day tokamaks yet will potentially be very common in high current tokamaks such as ITER, where predicted RE beam equilibrium evolutions cross the qa ≈ 2 stability boundary.

Factors Affecting the Severity of Neurological Disorders in Thoracic Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation.

Retrospective multicenter case-controlled study. The objective of this study was to quantitatively examine imaging findings of idiopathic spinal cord herniation (ISCH) and determine the relationship between the image findings and the severity of pre- and postoperative neurological symptoms. Many radiographic types of ISCH have been identified with regard to the location of the hernial opening or amount of herniated spinal cord. However, few previous studies have investigated the relationship between radiographic findings and the severity of neurological symptoms. Of 30,469 patients who underwent spinal surgery at 7 hospitals, 18 patients who underwent surgery for ISCH were identified. Their preoperative neurological severity, disease duration, magnetic resonance imaging findings, computed tomography myelography findings, surgical findings, and postoperative improvements were retrospectively examined. The spinal cord kink angle and minimum cord occupancy rate within the dural tube were measured. In addition, herniation was classified according to the location of the hiatus as either central (type C) or lateral (type L) type. A negative correlation was found between the spinal cord kink angle and the minimum cord occupancy rate. Patient age was significantly higher in the severe paralysis group than in the mild paralysis group. In addition, the number of patients with type C herniation and the kink angle were significantly higher in the severe paralysis group. The number of patients with type L herniation was higher in the significant recovery group than in the mild recovery group; however, the difference was not significant. Patients with a large spinal cord kink angle had a smaller spinal cord occupancy rate within the dural tube, and this resulted in severe preoperative conditions. Type C ISCH cases had a severe preoperative neurological deficit and poor postoperative neurological recovery, and the spinal cord in such cases might be damaged irreversibly. 4.

RIGHT UNILATERAL PULMONARY APLASIA

SESSION TITLE: Lung Pathology 2 SESSION TYPE: Fellow Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/09/2018 01:15 PM - 02:15 PM INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary agenesis is an extremely rare congenital abnormality. There is incomplete development of lung due to embryological defects. This condition is diagnosed in neonates presenting with respiratory distress. CASE PRESENTATION: A 24 year old male, asymptomatic, consulted for pre-employment clearance. Mother had episode of vaginal bleeding on 5th month of gestation but patient was carried to full term with uneventful birth history. Patient was noted frail growing up, with recurrent pulmonary infection. There was noted shallowness of right nasolabial fold, unequal shoulder height. Right hypothenar was atrophied. Trachea was shifted to the right. There was lag on right chest wall and absence of breath sounds on right lung. Chest xray showed full opacification of the right hemithorax with tracheal deviation to the right. Chest CT scan showed absence of right lung and supplying vasculature. Mediastinum was noted occupying the right hemithorax. Diagnosis was right pulmonary aplasia. DISCUSSION: Pulmonary agenesis encompasses undeveloped pulmonary parenchyma, pulmonary vasculatures, and airways. There is failure of development of the primitive lung bud. Arrest in the development of respiratory system from the foregut corresponds to these embrogenic malformations. Respiratory anlage may develop unilaterally leading to lung agenesis. Unilateral aplasia and hypoplasia are better viable with life. Functionally, unilateral agenesis and aplasia are similar. Sole functional lung is larger than normal to compensate and this enlargement is true hypertrophy and not emphysema.Primary causes include deficiency in TTF-1, HNF310, and EGFR. Secondary causes include small fetal thoracic volume, prolonged oligohydramnios, and congenital heart diseases. A third diagnosed during adulthood are asymptomatic. Recurrent childhood respiratory infections are common symptoms leading to identification. Diagnosis is suspected in patients examined with tracheal deviation, in the presence of a clinically symmetric chest and massive atelectasis in chest xray. Chest CT scan has emerged as diagnostic modality of choice in diagnosis. There is no treatment needed for asymptomatic cases. Treatment is necessary in the presence of respiratory tract infections. Prognosis of pulmonary aplasia depends on severity of co-existing congenital malformations and involvement of normal lung in infection and large vessels kink due to mediastinal displacement. Normal life span is expected for those surpassing first five years without major infection.There is higher mortality with right lung agenesis than left due to greater compression of tracheobronchial tree by shifting of midthoracic structures into the right chest. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary aplasia is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by absence of lung parenchyma and supporting vasculature. Patients with no other concomitant congenital anomaly survive well into adulthood. Reference #1: Mardini M K, Nyhan W L. Agenesis of lung: Report of 4 patients with unusual anomalies. Chest 1983; 87:522-7. Reference #2: Conway K, Gibson RL, Perkins J, Cunningham ML. Pulmonary agenesis: Expansion of the VCFS phenotype. Am J Med Genet. 2002:11389–92. Reference #3: Richard S. Synopsis of Diseases of the Chest. 2nd ed. Phildelphia: W. B. Saunders Company; 1994. Pulmonary Abnormalities of Developmental Origin; p. 25686. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Portia Maria Tanyag, source=Web Response

How do taxpayers respond to a large kink? Evidence on earnings and deduction behavior from Austria

This paper contributes to recent literature examining the importance of the different channels through which taxable income responses occur. Using bunching techniques and exploiting a large kink point where marginal tax rates increase by as much as 38 percentage points, I first recover modest gross earnings responses of Austrian employees. Next, I demonstrate that when accounting for deduction behavior, the additional mass of wage earners at the kink increases by around 50%. I show direct evidence of wage earners targeting the kink with their deduction claiming. Finally, I contrast the responses of wage earners with those of self-employed taxpayers, and find that access to different tax adjustment channels corresponds with different adjustment behavior. In sum, my results suggest that distinguishing between earnings and deduction responses matters even for taxpayers with only limited possibilities to shelter taxable income.

Titanium-Carbide Formation at Defective Curved Graphene-Titanium Interfaces

ABSTRACTPhysical and chemical properties of graphene-metal interfaces have been largely examined with the objective of producing nanostructured carbon-based electronic devices. Although electronic properties are key to such devices, appropriate structural, thermal and mechanical properties are important for device performance as well. One of the most studied is the graphene-titanium (G-Ti) interface. Titanium is a low density, high strength versatile metal that can form alloys with desirable properties for applications ranging from aerospace to medicine. Small clusters and thin films of titanium deposited on graphene have also been examined. However, while some experiments show that thin films of titanium on graphene can be removed without damaging graphene hexagonal structure, others reported the formation of titanium-carbide (TiC) at G-Ti interfaces. In a previous work [ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9 (38), pp 33288-33297], we have shown that pristine G-Ti interfaces are resilient to large thermal fluctuations even when G-Ti structures lie on curved or kinked substrates. Here, using classical molecular dynamics with the third-generation Charge Optimized Many Body (COMB3) potential, we show that di-interstitial defective G-Ti structures on a copper substrate with a relatively large curvature kink, present signs of TiC formation. This result might help explain the different experimental results mentioned above.

Investigating detailed interactions between novel PAR1 antagonist F16357 and the receptor using docking and molecular dynamic simulations

Currently, Vorapaxar is the only recently FDA-approved antiplatelet drug targeting Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). However, a novel antagonist, F16357, has been shown to prevent painful bladder syndrome, also known as interstitial cystitis (IC). Unfortunately, there is no high resolution structure of the F16357-receptor complex, hindering its optimization as a therapeutic agent. In this study, we used docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to investigate the detailed interactions between F16357 and PAR1 at a molecular level. The recently solved crystal structure of human PAR1 complexed with Vorapaxar was used in our docking of F16357 into the binding pocket of the receptor. To enhance binding pose selection, F16357 was docked first without constraints and then with a positional constraint to invert its orientation to become similar to that of Vorapaxar. The three systems, with crystal Vorapaxar, F16357 and an inverted F16357, were subjected to 3.0μs MD simulations. The MM-GBSA binding energy analysis showed that F16357 binds more strongly in a pose obtained from an unrestrained docking than in the inverted pose from a restrained docking; and Vorapaxar binds more strongly than F17357. This ordering is consistent with the experimental pIC50 values. Our structural data showed subtle changes in the binding pose between Vorapaxar and F16357. Transmembrane helices 1, 2, 5, and 7 were most significantly affected; most notably a large kink at F2795.47 in TM helix 5 of the Vorapaxar complex was completely absent in the F16357 complex. The results of this study facilitate the future development of other therapeutic PAR1 antagonists.

Anomalously high dielectric strength and low frequency dielectric relaxation of a bent-core liquid crystal with a large kink angle

We investigated the dielectric dispersion property of a bent-core liquid crystal (BLC) with a large kink angle in the frequency range of 1.0 Hz–5.5 MHz in a planar aligned cell. Single dielectric dispersion was observed in the smectic A, nematic, and isotropic phase of the planar aligned sample. The dielectric strengths, relaxation frequencies, distribution parameters, and dc conductivity were measured as a function of temperature. The dielectric strength of the observed relaxation mode was anomalously high (∼70), whereas the relaxation frequency was low at ∼500 Hz. The relaxation mode observed in the planar aligned cell was attributed to the fluctuations in the polarization direction due to the cooperative motion of the molecules.