Large Industrial Areas Research Articles

The Efficient Coupling between MgAlTi Layered Double Hydroxides and Graphitic Carbon Nitride Boosts Vis Light‐Assisted Photocatalytic NOx Removal

AbstractAtmospheric pollution has been recognized as a primary global emergency, especially in large cities and industrial areas. Among the most common harmful pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx) are responsible for a plethora of adverse effects, and their effective elimination from air has become an imperative task. In this regard, photocatalysis stands as an attractive technology for NOx degradation, provided that low‐cost and efficient visible ‐light photocatalysts are developed. In this regard, the construction of heterojunctions between energy band‐matched semiconductors is an effective strategy to boost the ultimate material photoactivity. In the present study, green heterocomposites based on MgAlTi layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) are prepared using an amenable and cost‐effective route. A proper modulation of the system characteristics, as demonstrated by a comprehensive investigation, enabled to obtain very attractive DeNOx performances thanks to the efficient construction of MgAlTi/gCN heterojunctions with tailored features. The formation of the target heterocomposites significantly enhances the visible light photoactivity of the pristine LDH, boosting nitrogen monoxide transformation to nitrites/nitrates with a remarkable recycling stability. Overall, the presently reported results open the door to a profitable system exploitation for air purification under real‐world conditions, with considerable impact on both human wellbeing and environmental protection.

The Effectiveness of Tubular Ceramic Membrane Made from Seashell and Clay for Groundwater Filtration

The Karawang Regency is located on the coast and is the largest industrial area in West Java. However, this has led to groundwater seepage issues that cause the water to taste salty and cause yellow stains. To solve these issues, a study was conducted to filter the groundwater using tubular ceramic membranes. This study created tubular ceramic membranes using three different composition; Clay:Seashell = 60%:30% (CM-1); 45%:45% (CM-2); 30%:60% (CM-3); and 10% zeolite. The ceramic membranes were sintered at 1000°C for 10 hours. The research aimed to analyze how different compositions of ceramic membrane materials affected the efficiency of reducing pH, manganese, Total Dissolved Solids, salinity, and hardness. This ceramic membrane has a good effectiveness level completed with the best tubular ceramic membrane variant in reducing water pH levels being CM-1 (7.2-7.5), CM-1 is the best reduction of TDS by 284.66 mg/L, CM-2 is the best reduction of Mn metal by 0.235 mg/L, CM-3 is the best reduction in hardness by 84.333 ppm, and CM-1 is the best reduction in salinity by 108 ppm.

Distribution and ecological risk assessment of priority water pollutants in surface river sediments with emphasis on industrially affected areas

Priority water pollutants comprising six plasticizers, 18 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), 1,4-dioxane, epichlorohydrin, formaldehyde, acrylamide, and cyanides were determined in surface river sediments to assess their distribution patterns and ecological risks. Among these, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), toluene, TPH, and acrylamide were frequently found in sediments. The industrial sites had higher concentrations of ∑plasticizers (median 628 ng/g dry weight (dw)), ∑VOCs (median 3.35 ng/g dw), acrylamide (median 0.966 ng/g dw), and TPH (median 152 μg/g dw) in sediments than the mixed and non-industrial areas. The other pollutants did not show the significant differences in levels according to site types because of their relatively low detection frequencies. Volatile and soluble substances as well as hydrophobic pollutants were predominantly detected in surface sediments from industrial areas. Sediment contamination patterns were affected by the size and composition of the industrial zones around the sampling sites. The ecological risks determined using the sediment quality guidelines (DEHP, VOCs, and TPH) and the mean probable effect level quotients (DEHP) were mostly acceptable. However, the two most representative industrial regions (the largest industrial area and the first industrial city) showed risks of concern for DEHP and TPH.

Land Bank Sebagai Solusi Inovatif Pembangunan Keberlanjutan: Mengatasi Perubahan Penggunaan Tanah di Kabupaten Sidoarjo

The rate of increase in population in Sidoarjo Regency continues to increase, and Sidoarjo Regency has medium and large industrial areas spread across 18 sub-districts. Of course, this will impact changes in land use in Sidoarjo Regency. In this way, the increasing demand for land in Sidoarjo Regency is not only for meeting residential needs but also for development in the industrial sector. The increase in demand for land will result in the availability of land becoming scarce, land market prices becoming unstable, and various problems arising. Seeing these problems, research was used to review whether the Land Bank concept could be a solution. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The presence of the Land Bank is considered a way to make land management more productive. The study regarding Banklank in Sidoarjo Regency needs to be reviewed again by the local government so that land availability is balanced for the community. By implementing the Land Bank concept in Sidoarjo Regency, inefficient land use can be minimized, and the amount of land for the future can be maintained.

Analysing the potential of industrial tourism for Karawang and the socio-economic impact

Karawang is the largest industrial area in Indonesia. It lies in proximity to the capital, Jakarta, encompassing a vast expanse of 13,756,358 hectares dedicated to industrial use. Geographically situated along the bustling Transjava route, it enjoys accessibility through various modes of public transportation. Despite these advantages, Karawang remains relatively unknown in the tourism industry. The development of tourism is intrinsically tied to the concept of identity, where the intricate interplay between tourism and identity assumes growing importance due to the complexity of identity itself. Tourism identity represents the unique characteristics of a region that set it apart from other tourist destinations. The nexus between these two factors can significantly contribute to establishing a city's brand. Field research reveals that Karawang's industrial assets hold the potential to be harnessed for industrial tourism, potentially becoming an integral element of its tourism identity. This study seeks to ascertain the perspectives of the local government in Karawang regarding the development of tourism identity to bolster the city's branding. Employing a case study approach, this article explores the governmental strategies for shaping the city brand of Karawang in the context of industrial tourism. The research findings offer valuable insights and recommendations to strengthen Karawang's distinctive identity.

Dismissione e produzione

The strong processes of economic repositioning that the West experienced in the last decades of the 20th century with the transition from the industrial economy to the so-called “enrichment economy” led to the emergence of new project themes within the territorial disciplines. The decommissioning of large industrial areas is seen by the design culture as an opportunity to re-found cities through new policies and new design devices. The case of Turin is exemplary of this process in Italy. A city that symbolises Italian Fordism, from the 1980s onwards it was invested by an incremental process of large industrial areas abandonment due to the crisis of mass production. This paper aims to discuss how, after the end of the first post-Fordist cycle, decommissioned spaces accommodate not only residential or tertiary practices as in the thirty-year neoliberal era, but also new productive functions. It does so with a descriptive approach, recounting the change in Turin’s production system and describing three exemplary cases of the new productive Turin: the new Pirelli in Settimo Torinese, Lavazza and the new Manufacturing Centre in Mirafiori. In this process we seem to be able to discern a paradigm shift in the design of the contemporary city, which does not deny but welcomes productive practices. However, this new model of the productive city in the West urgently needs to redefine visions, imaginaries and practices of the contemporary project.

Increased risk of pneumonia amongst residents living near goat farms in different livestock-dense regions in the Netherlands.

Previous studies, performed between 2009-2019, in the Netherlands observed an until now still unexplained increased risk for pneumonia among residents living close to goat farms. Since data were collected in the provinces Noord-Brabant and Limburg (NB-L), an area with relatively high air pollution levels and proximity to large industrial areas in Europe, the question remains whether the results are generalizable to other regions. In this study, a different region, covering the provinces Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel (UGO) with a similar density of goat farms, was included to assess whether the association between goat farm proximity and pneumonia is consistently observed across the Netherlands. Data for this study were derived from the Electronic Health Records (EHR) of 21 rural general practices (GPs) in UGO, for 2014-2017. Multi-level analyses were used to compare annual pneumonia prevalence between UGO and data derived from rural reference practices ('control area'). Random-effects meta-analysis (per GP practice) and kernel analyses were performed to study associations of pneumonia with the distance between goat farms and patients' home addresses. GP diagnoses of pneumonia occurred 40% more often in UGO compared to the control area. Meta-analysis showed an association at a distance of less than 500m (~70% more pneumonia compared to >500m) and 1000m (~20% more pneumonia compared to >1000m). The kernel-analysis for three of the four individual years showed an increased risk up to a distance of one or two kilometers (2-36% more pneumonia; 10-50 avoidable cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year). The positive association between living in the proximity of goat farms and pneumonia in UGO is similar to the previously found association in NB-L. Therefore, we concluded that the observed associations are relevant for regions with goat farms in the entire country.

From a Market to an Urban Centre: Sekadau in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

ABSTRACTThe core–periphery model proposed and revised by Friedmann [Regional Development Policy; Urbanisation Planning and National Development] has influenced urban studies and urban planning for decades. Yet, the urban-rural dichotomy perhaps implied in that visionary model has been criticised for failing to take into account the complexities and blurred categories of contemporary urban aggregations. From another perspective, the critical issue has been what constitutes an urban setting and, connected to that issue, the question of where do small towns fit in a model associated with large industrial metropolitan areas. This paper explores the history and contemporary context of Sekadau, a small town in Indonesia’s province of western Borneo. For centuries, Sekadau has been a link in international trade and has had to reinvent itself as political and economic structures shifted. How has it developed with no industry and no urban planning?

Survey: IoT in Residential Areas for Energy Saving

Internet of Things for House is an aspect that is desired by all industries or organizations. Making smart buildings is an important part of implementing smart concepts in various ways, now the need for energy savings is very high because the decline in the pandemic has made energy needs increase. Where all employers are applied Back to work in the office, making energy demands increase, especially in large industrial areas that require a lot of energy. One of the houses can take advantage of the Internet of Things (IoT). This technology can save energy by means of automation. In addition, there are several methodologies that can be used for energy efficiency, by utilizing sensors. This study uses a survey literature review to obtain research in the form of 20 papers to support research on smart housing.

Evaluation of Strategies to Remediate Mixed Wastes at an Industrial Site in Brazil

AbstractComplex mixtures of contaminants at hazardous waste sites often pose significant challenges for remediation. For example, within the largest industrial area in northeastern Brazil, one of the sites is contaminated with at least 26 chemicals, six of which are present in the part per million range: chlorobenzene (CB), 1,2‐dichlorobenzene (1,2‐DCB), 4‐nitrotoluene (4‐NT), 2,6‐dinitrotoluene (2,6‐DNT), 4‐isopropylaniline (4‐IPA), and 1,2‐dichloroethane (1,2‐DCA). Other chemicals of concern include 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT), 2‐ and 3‐nitrotoluene (NT), and 1,4‐dioxane. The objective of this study was to evaluate remediation strategies that include aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, along with chemical reduction and oxidation. In microcosms prepared with site soil and groundwater, aerobic biodegradation of CB, 1,2‐DCB, 2‐NT, 3‐NT, and 4‐NT was demonstrated, while the dinitrotoluene isomers, 1,2‐DCA, and 1,4‐dioxane were recalcitrant. 2,6‐DNT, 2,4‐DNT, and 4‐NT were readily reduced to amino‐toluenes under anaerobic conditions by microbes with lactate serving as the electron donor or using zero valent iron. Amino‐toluenes were amenable to chemical oxidation and/or aerobic biodegradation. This suggests a sequential treatment strategy may be the most effective remediation approach, consisting of aerobic biodegradation, followed by anaerobic reduction (abiotic or biotic) and then aerobic biodegradation and/or chemical oxidation. This approach was the most effective in a continuous flow column experiment using site soil. Batch tests with mixtures of contaminants as well as groundwater exposed to chemical oxidation revealed modest to no inhibitory effects. While these mixtures may slow the rate of biodegradation, a remediation strategy that incorporates aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation is achievable.

Evaluating The Waterbirds Diversity and Its Preys Under Different Mangrove Ecosystem in The Situbondo Coast, East Java

Mangroves are potential habitats for diverse waterbirds, and its preys, but mangroves conversion caused variations of mangrove forests area along the northern coast of Situbondo Regency. Therefore, it is important to analyze the interaction of mangrove area, diversity of waterbirds, and its prey along the coast of Situbondo Regency. The diversity and waterbirds density and its prey observed by points count method along the transect in six stations, namely Banyuputih, Mangaran, Panarukan, Kendit, Suboh, and Banyuglugur Districts. The area of mangrove forest was determined by satellite imagery. The results showed that the diversity and waterbirds density were influenced by its prey availability and mangrove area. Banyuputih showed the largest mangrove forest area with medium waterbirds (H′ 2.19) and prey diversity (H′ 2.15), similar with Kendit showed medium waterbirds diversity (H′ 1.39) and highest density of waterbirds, followed by highest prey density and medium prey diversity (H′ 2.43). On the other hand, in Banyuglugur with the largest industrial area, only one species of waterbird was found. Ciconia episcopus, and Leptoptilos javanicus as IUCN Redlist vulnerable and near threatened species were founded in the Banyuputih and Kendit. Conserving mangroves integrity as waterbirds habitat and its preys might support a better waterbird’s life.

Lithium isotopic fingerprints of sources and processes in surface waters of the Ebro River Basin (Spain)

The Ebro River in north-eastern Spain is among the largest contributors of freshwater to the Mediterranean Sea and ends in the Ebro delta, one of the major wetlands in Europe. The bedrock of the Ebro River basin mainly consists of carbonate rocks and evaporites of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age, and the river flows through several large cities, and agricultural and industrial areas. The Ebro outlet at Amposta was sampled once a month for a year (2006), and a field campaign in April of the same year sampled the Ebro along its main course as well as its principal tributaries. In the present study, the behaviour of Li and its isotopes was investigated at basin scale, with the objective of elucidating the processes controlling the lithium-isotope signatures of a large river draining mostly sedimentary bedrock. δ7Li values show a narrow range from +17.1 ‰ to +18.3 ‰ along the Ebro main stream, and between +16.3 and +18.9 ‰ at the outlet. In the major tributaries, the δ7Li values ranged from +12.9 ‰ to +20.9 ‰, with bedrock values ranging from +0.5 to +29.3 ‰. Comparing Li concentrations with Cl and SO4 ones, it appears that evaporite weathering plays an important role in controlling Li concentrations, but no anthropogenic agricultural or industrial influence on Li concentrations was detected. The Na/Li, Cl/Li and SO4/Li ratios clearly reflect the role of halite dissolution for some tributaries (Gallego, Ega and Aragon), gypsum dominating others (Guadalope, Matarrana, Huerva and Segre), and little influence of carbonate in all tributaries, the Ebro itself being a mixture of all tributaries. We tentatively applied the simple Rayleigh fractionation model, but most δ7Li values of the Ebro water samples plotted away from the fractionation line, reinforcing the major role of mixing processes in the Ebro basin, rather than fractionation processes during water/rock interactions. A comparison of δ7Li values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios further demonstrates the role of gypsum/anhydrite and limestone in the Ebro and its tributaries. Sr-isotopes show a non-negligible role of carbonate dissolution, generally considered to be weak in the control of the lithium cycle in catchments.

PERMODELAN SPASIAL PENCEMARAN LOGAM BERAT DI SUNGAI BERBEK KAWASAN INDUSTRI SIDOARJO

Berbek Industrial Area is the largest industrial area in Sidoarjo Regency. One of the environmental impacts of industrial activities is water quality. One of the water quality is pollution in the sediment. This study aims to map and analyze the pattern of the spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments which can provide information on distribution in the area and the potential impact of lead accumulation on the environment. The samples taken were sediments from rivers in the area of the Berbek industrial area, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency. The method used is a survey and laboratory tests. The distribution pattern of lead content in the waters was carried out using spatial analysis by the Arcgis 10.1 program kriging interpolation method. The result of pollution with the highest cadmium content was in the Berbek Region, namely 1.36 ppm. The highest distribution of sediment cadmium content is in the Wadungasri area. The Wadungasri area is a dense industrial area.

Analysis of the factors that influence the environmental quality index in Bekasi Regency

Environmental quality index is needed to describe the initial indication of the environmental conditions of an area in a certain period. Bekasi district, the largest industrial area in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, faces environmental damage that can threaten the quality of human life. Local governments need the determination of the environmental quality index of Bekasi Regency to get quick conclusions from environmental conditions in Bekasi Regency. Many factors can affect the environmental quality index in Bekasi Regency, both direct driving factors and supporting factors. Twenty-four assessment instruments must be assessed by nine expert panelists from several regional agencies. The Delphi method was used to obtain consensus from two rounds of interviews with expert panelists. Changes in land cover, type of land cover, household solid waste pollution, household liquid waste pollution, industrial air pollution, and industrial liquid waste pollution are the direct driving factors that most influence the environmental quality index in Bekasi Regency. Meanwhile, population growth and population migration are the supporting factors that most influence the environmental quality index in Bekasi Regency.

Bluetooth low energy indoor localization for large industrial areas and limited infrastructure

Systems using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication are widely used in various industrial applications, which benefit from the efficient low-power operation and pervasive availability of BLE transceivers in a large number of devices and sensors. It is no different in Smart Factory and Smart Farming settings, where BLE systems are already used for asset monitoring, management, tracking, and localization. The existing BLE-based localization systems aim at high accuracy and precision using radio propagation models and multilateration, or radio fingerprinting. Both methods use the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements and the dependency of RSSI on the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. Because RSSI measurements are highly inaccurate and susceptible to radio propagation phenomena, high localization accuracy is only possible if the anchor devices are densely deployed, and the propagation conditions are stable. Unfortunately, these requirements do not hold in industrial systems where radio propagation is complex, the number of anchors is limited, and propagation conditions change because the environment is dynamic. Therefore, localization methods for industrial applications have to balance system complexity (e.g., anchor density, energy cost) and localization accuracy so that practical benefits can be attained. This paper presents a set of localization algorithms that require limited infrastructure, have low complexity, and can provide valuable location information at low costs. The proposed algorithms were verified in a real-life Smart Farming application where BLE is used to monitor well-being of farm animals. The animal localization was integrated with the already existing system and proved to operate reliably despite system-level constraints and varying propagation conditions — interference, signal attenuation, and unavailability of raw radio signal measurements. The proposed approaches allow localizing animals in the cowshed of 1600m2, using only 10 anchors with an average positioning error below 8m. The algorithms are based on signal strength measurement, so they can be applied to other radio technologies.

Spatial Variability of Physicochemical Parameters and Phytoplankton at the Tagus Estuary (Portugal)

The estuarine phytoplankton communities are known to respond rapidly to environmental changes, being considered an important water quality indicator; thus, it is crucial to fully understand its natural variability. The objective of the present study was to assess the spatial variability of both physicochemical variables and the phytoplankton community, to understand how such variability is influenced by seasonality and to evaluate how the anthropogenic sources affect such patterns. The Tagus estuary was used as a case study, since it is one of Europe’s largest estuaries, with high spatial and seasonal variations and a high level of human pressure associated with large urban and industrial areas. To achieve this goal, environmental parameters, nutrients concentration, bivalve biomass (filter feeders) and phytoplankton pigments were quantified in a single summer sampling campaign with high spatial resolution and in monthly campaigns in eight sampling stations through the Tagus estuary, in one year. In general, suspended particulate matter and nutrients decreased from the upper part of the estuary to the estuary mouth; however, relevant local inputs were also observed in more downstream locations, near outfalls of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The chlorophyll-a concentrations were higher over the southern intertidal mudflats, probably due to resuspension of microphytobenthos, associated with higher nutrient concentrations. Through a grazing indicator, it was observed that grazers are important drivers of variability of the phytoplankton community composition. All water bodies achieved “good” and “high” water quality classifications for both physicochemical and biological indicators, with the worst results reported for the water bodies located at the upper estuary. Therefore, this estuary presents a decreasing trend of nutrients and chlorophyll-a in the upstream–downstream direction, except for the estuary channels and the outfall in the northern margin, which lead to an increase in nutrient concentrations. However, these increases did not affect the water quality of the three analyzed water bodies, presenting at least good ecological status, considering the nutrient and chlorophyll-a indicators.

PRESSAFE-disp: a method for the fast in-plane seismic assessment of existing precast RC buildings after the Emilia earthquake of May 2012

The existing precast reinforced concrete structures not specifically designed against earthquakes have proved to be very sensitive to seismic demands. After the lesson learnt from the Emilia earthquake of May 2012, causing many collapses and severe damage, reliable seismic design criteria have been established for the design of new precast structures and for the strengthening of the existing ones. Despite this, a large percentage of the existing precast buildings in the Italian territories actually has not been object of interventions and remains in an unsafe condition with regard to the seismic actions. In this context, the methods for a rapid seismic assessment can be very helpful both to estimate the current safety level of large building stocks and to plan the necessary strengthening interventions, possibly at the large scale of an industrial area. To this aim, the paper proposes the PRESSAFE-disp (PRecast Existing Structure Seismic Assessment by Fast Evaluation-displacements) method, useful for the fast evaluation of the fragility curves of precast structures. The damage criteria, applicable both to structural elements and non-structural cladding elements on the perimeter, have been selected in order to capture the damage mechanisms observed during the building inspections conducted by the authors in the aftermath of the 2012 Emilia earthquakes. The method allows a comprehensive explanation of the seismic in-plane behaviour of existing precast RC buildings and could be effectively adopted, for example, in earthquake loss estimations and seismic risk assessments of large Italian industrial areas, as well as of wide seismic-prone territories of the Mediterranean area.

Study of Flood-Prone Areas in Bekasi Regency

Bekasi Regency is a potential area economically because there is the largest industrial area in Southeast Asia. However, Bekasi experiences the threat of flooding every year. The growth of the Bekasi Regency area has been affected by the growth of the Jakarta area, even becoming part of the JABODETABEK Metropolitan area (Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi. This shows a potential location for economic growth in Bekasi Regency. Bekasi Regency is a West Java Province Region and is hydrologically included in the Regional Unit River (SWS) from the Citarum River Basin. The purpose of this study is to describe flood-prone areas in Bekasi Regency. The research method uses data collection methods by means of surveys and field observations. The data obtained are primary and secondary data, analyzed using ARCH GIS assistance to map flood-prone areas and their inundation and drainage channel conditions. The study findings will provide lessons on flood cases in Bekasi Regency. Flood cases that can provide knowledge related to cases of coastal areas and cases of areas that have high economic potential.

Диференціація кінематики греблі Дністровської ГЕС-1 (за даними ГНСС-моніторингу просторових зміщень)

The purpose of study is to generalize the vertical displacements of the GNSS network of spatial monitoring of the Dnister HPP-1 dam for the differentiation of its kinematics as well as to evaluate the impact of short-term geodynamic processes in the region. Object of study. The object of the study is the monitoring of the Dniester HPP-1 dam according to the GNSS network data of the stationary system for monitoring the spatial displacement of structures (SSMSDS) of the Dniester HPP-1. The basis of the Dnister SSMSDS are two base GNSS stations additionally equipped with a robotic total station, which are installed on a strong foundation and located at a distance of several hundred meters from the dam. There are control points equipped with a GNSS receiver, antenna and an angle reflector with a 3600 viewing angle on the crest of the dam. The results of GNSS measurements are transmitted to the Leica GNSS Spider software, which processes and determines the coordinates of the base and control points. The GEOMOS software performs a joint estimation of GNSS results and linear-angular measurements. Methodology. To generalize the displacements of GNSS stations of Dnister HPP-1 the method of statistical analysis of time series is used. Authors examine the covariance interrelationships between all GNSS stations of the stationary system for monitoring the spatial displacement of structures (SSMSDS) of the Dnister HPP-1, which are placed on the dam based on the results of measurements from 1.07.2017 to 31.03.2021. For the selected periods of anomalous short-term displacements, the average values of covariance for each GNSS station are calculated. Results. During the period from 1.07.2017 to 31.03.2021 and according to the results of covariance interrelation for most GNSS stations, 3 epochs of anomalous altitude displacements are established (T = 2017.8 ± 0.1, T = 2019.0 ± 0.1, T = 2019.4 ± 0.1). Based on the covariance analysis, it was found that for periods of anomalous vertical displacements, the kinematics of the GNSS station MP01 differs significantly from the kinematics of GNSS stations MP02-MP05. The kinematics of GNSS-stations MP02-MP05 is constant, which indicates the anomalous movement of the unit on which the GNSS-station MP01 is installed in relation to the other blocks of the dam of the Dnister HPP-1. Scientific novelty and practical significance. Authors proposed the method for studying the geodynamics possesses of large industrial areas covered by a network of GNSS stations. Based on the GNSS measurements the periods of anomalous displacement are reveled and further search for spatial kinematic interrelationships between pair of GNSS stations is established. The developed methodology can be used to differentiate the kinematics of structural elements with installed GNSS stations such as engineering structures, industrial areas, geodynamic polygons.

Reduction in Transmission Power of Base Transceiver Station

Nowadays mobile usage is the essential need of humans. To provide the mobile network services, the Telecommunication companies propose the installation of Base Transceiver Station over large populated and industrial areas. The radiations emit from these BTS may give rise to various electromagnetic and ecological compatibility issues [1]. The radiation power of these BTS is up to 5-10 KiloWatts (up to 320-350 W per channel), which can be detrimental for the human beings, if they are installed in populated areas. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the transmission power of the BTS which is possible through the usage of Self-phased array antenna. Self-phasing array antenna through the use of pilot carrier in Telecommunication systems can degrade the Tx upto10-20dB