Larger Females Research Articles

Sexual size dimorphism affecting mate choice and reproduction in the pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus.

Monochamus alternatus is a notorious pest of the pine forests across East Asian countries. Both large and small individuals of either sex coexist in the wild. However, whether and how body size affects sexual selection outcomes and longevity remains unknown. In this study, we allowed a male or a female of small or large size to choose between two mates of varying sizes, which were from a wild-caught population. Our results revealed that mating latency and frequency of mating attempts varied across different social environments. Both large males and large females preferred larger mates, whereas this preference was not observed for the small males and small females. Male-male competition had no significant effect on ejaculation duration and frequency or sperm number in ejaculates. When a single male had an opportunity to choose between two females of different sizes, the reproductive investment of small males towards the small females was almost doubled compared to that of the large males, i.e., longer ejaculation duration, higher ejaculation frequency, and greater numbers of sperm transferred. However, the greater mating efforts of small males did not translate to greater fecundity/fertility of small females. We also showed that regardless of their body size, females always had greater fertility when they mated with large males but evidence for a trade-off between fecundity and longevity was not found. Alternatively, female fecundity was positively associated with longevity, and fertility was negatively associated with longevity and fecundity. We discussed these results placing it in a broader context of mate choice evolutionary dynamics.

Phenology and social status of the endemic Sable Island Sweat Bee, Lasioglossum sablense

Lasioglossum (Dialictus) sablense Gibbs, 2010 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) is endemic to Sable Island, an isolated sandbar located about 160 km east of Nova Scotia, Canada. Lasioglossum sablense is currently listed as Threatened due to its restricted geographic distribution, and promoting its conservation requires detailed information about nesting phenology, behaviour, and other life history details. We combined measurements of body size, wear, and ovarian status from adult females collected from flowers in 2016 and 2017 with measurements and behavioural observations of foragers collected at the Sable Island Station in 2019 and 2022, to compile a preliminary description of flight phenology and social behaviour. Like many members of its genus, L. sablense exhibited a diphasic life history. Phase 1 began when large, fertilized adult females emerged from hibernation, began nest and brood cell construction, and foraged to provision Brood 1, which comprised both daughters and sons. Most nests initiated during Phase 1 reactivated during Phase 2, with adult Brood 1 daughters foraging to provision Brood 2. Observations of bees at nest entrances demonstrated that some reactivated nests contained multiple adult females. Phase 1 foragers were larger, less worn, and had marginally higher levels of ovarian development than Phase 2 foragers. Five large females collected during Phase 2 had high levels of wear, suggesting they were long-lived Phase 1 foundresses that resumed foraging during Phase 2. Taken together, these observations suggest a mix of univoltine (single generation) and bivoltine (two generation) life histories, as well as a mix of solitary and social behaviour in L. sablense.

Egg Size Scales Negatively With System Size in a Periodic Fish Species.

Optimal egg size theory implies that female organisms balance between fecundity and individual offspring investment according to their environment. Past interspecific studies suggest that fishes in large marine systems generally produce smaller eggs than those in small freshwater systems. We tested whether intraspecific egg size variation reflected a similar pattern by comparing egg size among yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations inhabiting a range of system sizes. In 2018, 2019, and 2023, we collected yellow perch egg samples from 12 locations in systems ranging in surface area from 37 to 5,390,492 ha. First, we found that egg diameter significantly increased with maternal total length in five of eight individually tested populations. After accounting for these maternal effects, we found a significant interaction, where females inhabiting larger lakes, such as the main basins of Lakes Erie and Michigan, produced smaller eggs than those in smaller inland lakes, and the greatest differences were demonstrated among females of greater total length. This egg size variation in the largest females is consistent with interspecific egg size comparisons between marine and freshwater fishes. However, by examining a single species across vastly different environments, we were able to support theoretical expectations that maternal investment in offspring should vary with environmental conditions controlling early-life resource acquisition and competition.

Post-Copulatory Sexual Selection in an Insect With High Levels of Mating Failure.

Sexual selection is not a single process. Instead, multiple processes of sexual selection can interact with respect to a given phenotype, in either reinforcing, independent, or conflicting directions. Here we consider how different processes of sexual selection interact in the seed bug Lygaeus simulans. This species is characterised by limited pre-copulatory sexual selection, but the potential for rather strong post-copulatory sexual selection. In particular, mating failure is common in this species, with around 40%-60% of copulations failing to result in the successful transfer of sperm. Mating failure is negatively correlated with female size, with smaller females being less likely to end up inseminated. We have recently argued that this pattern is best explained by cryptic male mate choice for large, more fecund females. Males therefore preferentially inseminate larger females. Here we explore how this potential cryptic male choice interacts with another component of post-copulatory sexual selection: sperm competition. We first manipulated male and female size variation, generating large and small, male and female, size classes. Using a visible mutant marker to assign paternity, we then double-mated females with males, in all combinations of male and female size. Our results showed that sperm competition outcomes were primarily driven by copulation duration, with longer copulations leading to greater paternity share for a male. We also confirmed that larger females are more likely to produce offspring than smaller females, as predicted by cryptic male choice for large females. This effect was again linked to copulation duration, with longer copulations less likely to lead to mating failure. While larger males tended to be more successful in sperm competition, especially if copulating second, female size had little effect on paternity, suggesting that cryptic male choice and sperm competition are acting relatively independently in this species.

Form-assortative mating behaviors of individuals from parasitic and non-parasitic populations of Arctic lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum)

Abstract Evolutionary theory predicts that assortative mating is crucial for sympatric speciation by generating reproductive isolation between diverging populations. Here, we investigate the potential of form-assortative mating, an assumed mating pattern in lampreys, for sympatric speciation. By continuously recording mating activity between anadromous and freshwater-resident forms of L. camtschaticum that greatly differ in body size, we show that lampreys tend to mate with individuals of similar size in experimental conditions. However, we highlight that this pattern does not result from a choice of same-form partner but is the result of the simultaneous action of a preference of males – whatever their size – for large anadromous females, a higher competitive ability of aggressive males and physical constraints on heteroform pairs. Moreover, we do not advocate that sympatric speciation, as the sole consequence of form-assortative mating through sexual selection, is a plausible mechanism for the diversification of lampreys as a significant number of sneaking behaviors were observed in freshwater-resident males toward large anadromous females. Broader attention should be given to mechanisms other than sexual selection that may lead to form-assortative mating, such as variations in spatial or temporal distribution of alternative forms during reproductive season.

Remodeling of Uterine Tissues During Gestation of Potamotrygon wallacei (Elasmobranchii), a Neotropical Freshwater Stingray Endemic to the Negro River, Central Amazonia.

Neotropical freshwater stingrays of the subfamily Potamotrygoninae exhibit aplacental viviparity with uterine trophonemata. In this reproductive mode, females nourish and provide oxygenation to the embryo via the mucosa of the uterine wall. The aim of this study was to describe and histologically quantify the tissue components of the gravid uterus in an Amazonian freshwater stingray. Adult females of Potamotrygon wallacei were studied in different reproductive periods: resting stage, pregnant, and postpartum. During reproductive rest, the left ovary has numerous follicles compared to the right side. Therefore, uterine fertility is usually higher on the left side. The presence of an embryo in the right uterus suggests that the right ovary is also functional, although this only occurs in larger females. In females at reproductive rest, the wall of the uterus is formed by a mucosal layer (without the trophonemata) that contributes 16.7% to the thickness, while the myometrium accounts for 83.3% of the thickness. The mass-specific volume of the mucosal layer, inner circular, and outer longitudinal smooth muscle sheets tend to increase in the gravid uterus, indicating hypertrophy and hyperplasia of these components. During pregnancy, the trophonemata undergo marked tissue remodeling. Epithelial cells are organized into glandular acini and have apical secretory vesicles; furthermore, peripheral blood vessels proliferate and become dilated. These characteristics demonstrate that the gravid uterus of P. wallacei presents intense uterolactation activity and provides oxygenation to the fetus. Tissue remodeling occurs only in the uterus with the presence of an embryo. During postpartum, females have low body condition factor indicating a high reproductive cost. This study contributes to the knowledge of the reproductive biology of this species and will help us understand the impacts of climate change on the breeding areas of potamotrygonids.

Large and interactive pipefish females display ornaments for longer with many males around

Why do animals display sexual ornaments – to attract mates, to compete for access to them, or both? In the broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle), ornamented females commonly compete for access to males, whereas choosy males provide uniparental care. During courtship, females show a dynamic ornament, consisting of a row of dark B-shaped signs along the sides of their trunk. Here, we focus on the social context of female ornamentation and mating success (egg transfer) under experimentally female and male biased adult sex ratios. We found that the duration of female B-sign displays was not explained by adult sex ratios alone, but rather by sex ratios in combination with female body length and the number of female interactions. In detail, duration of B-sign display increased more steeply with the number of female-female interactions under the male biased adult sex ratio: that is, when more mating opportunities were available. Similarly, display duration increased with female body length, but only under the male biased adult sex ratio. In addition, successful egg transfer occurred more often in the male biased treatment and correlated significantly with female display duration in the same treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that in the context of the broad-nosed pipefish, the ornamental B-signs in females primarily serve as a sexually selected attractive signal. Our results highlight the importance of an interactive mating environment, male availability, and female size.

Sexual dimorphism and reproductive strategy of the kelp-dwelling isopod Amphoroidea typa (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae)

Abstract Sexual dimorphism and the reproductive strategy of the isopod Amphoroidea typa were examined and compared with other species from the isopod family Sphaeromatidae. We analyzed populations of A. typa occurring on the kelps Lessonia spp. and Macrocystis pyrifera at six locations on the coast of northern-central Chile. Males could be clearly distinguished from females starting at total body lengths (TL) ⩾ 14 mm, taking as criteria the presence of reproductive appendages and the development of gonopods in males. Females reached substantially larger sizes (up to 22.20 mm) than males (up to 18.25 mm), confirming the existence of sexual size dimorphism in A. typa. Although females had developed oostegites at lengths ⩾ 14 mm TL, only the largest females (⩾17 mm TL) were ovigerous. This suggests that female A. typa reproduce once before dying. At most study sites there were more adult females than males occurring on Lessonia spp., while males dominated on M. pyrifera. Some A. typa individuals had white stripes present on the dorsal part of the pereon, a colour polymorphism apparently independent of the sex of the isopods but becoming more frequent in large individuals, suggesting high predation pressure and that individuals with these stripes have higher survival rates. The results of this study confirm sexual size dimorphism in A. typa, which appears to be a semelparous species. A comparison with other sphaeromatid species indicates that the evolution of semelparity is unrelated to body size, but might be more common in species from habitats with high predation pressure.

Annual temperature, body size, and sexual size dimorphism in the evolution of Pyrgomorphidae.

In many animal species, larger body size is positively correlated with male mating success and female fecundity. However, in the case of insects, in high seasonality environments, natural selection favors a faster maturation that decreases the risk of pre-reproductive death. However, this advantageous adaptation comes at a tradeoff, resulting in a reduction in body size. Maturation time is influenced by environmental factors, such as temperature, season length, and food availability during the rains. The geographic variation in these parameters provides an opportunity to study their impact on the adaptive evolution of body size in Pyrgomorphidae grasshoppers. These grasshoppers exhibit remarkable variation in body size and wing development and can be found in diverse plant communities across Africa, Asia, Australia, and tropical America. In this study, we utilized a phylogenetic approach to examine the evolution of body size, considering climatic factors, and the influence of sexual selection on size differences between males and females. We found a positive correlation between mean annual temperature and sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Remarkably, species exhibiting a strong bias toward larger females were found to be adapted to regions with higher temperatures. In the Pyrgomorphidae family, an intermediate body size was identified as the ancestral trait. Additionally, winged male and female grasshoppers were observed to be larger than their wingless counterparts. Despite the potential conflicting pressures on body size in males and females, these grasshoppers adhere to Rench's Rule, suggesting that sexual selection on males' body size may explain the evolution of SSD.

Variation in parasitoid adult size is related to host egg size, maternal state and developmental time

AbstractBody size is a characteristic of many animal species that is correlated with many fitness‐related traits. Parasitoids are important biological control agents of pests; larger parasitoids often have greater fitness and enhanced performance. Host size is a major influence on parasitoid size, which has been explored in the important egg parasitoid Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), a potential biological control agent for several Lepidopteran pests. Here, we found that the body size of A. disparis females increased with increasing host egg size, while host egg size did not significantly affect male size. In addition, both female and male offspring sizes significantly increased with increasing maternal size, and female offspring produced by younger mothers were also larger. Furthermore, the body sizes of both females and males appeared to increase when the total development time from egg to adult eclosion decreased. Male offspring produced by larger females have shorter development times, while female offspring produced by older females have longer development times. Consequently, our results suggested that the effect of maternal status on offspring size may be mediated by influencing development time. In summary, our results indicated that the body size of A. disparis is determined by multiple factors with differing effects on females and males, and our results provide guidance for its effective mass rearing and its performance in the field.

Early‐life demographic processes do not drive adult sex ratio biases and mating systems in sympatric coucal species

Abstract Sex differences in early‐life survival can drive skewed adult sex ratios (ASR), which play an important role in mating tactics and parental sex roles. Among birds, cuckoos exhibit the largest diversity in mating systems and thus represent an interesting system to study sex‐specific demography. Here we investigate the early‐life survival pathways shaping ASR using long‐term field data and sex‐ and stage‐specific demographic modelling of black coucals and white‐browed coucals—two sympatric Centropus cuckoo species differing in mating system and the extent of sexual size dimorphism. We hypothesized that sexual size dimorphism would lead to differential juvenile mortality due to the greater energy demands and predation risk of the larger sex during maturation. We expected higher early‐life mortality among large‐bodied females in the sexually dimorphic and classically polyandrous black coucal, whereas no bias should exist in the less dimorphic and monogamous white‐browed coucal. Both species had balanced hatching sex ratios, but in black coucals, female survival (μ = 0.64 ± 0.061 SD) was lower during the ‘groundling’ phase (i.e. a flightless 3‐week period following nest departure) than male survival (0.70 ± 0.066). Yet, this sex difference in survival was not strong enough to account for the species' male‐biased ASR where 70% of the adult population is male. In white‐browed coucals, survival during maturation exhibited high inter‐individual variation but lacked clear sex differences, reflecting the emergence of a balanced ASR. In summary, we found no evidence that the strongly male‐biased ASR of black coucals is driven by sex‐specific survival during maturation. In black coucals, the male‐biased ASR must therefore stem from processes occurring later in life: possibly, larger females are more likely to die during migration and/or the recruitment of young females is delayed due to competitive exclusion by more experienced females. Our results differ from studies on shorebirds, in which sex‐specific mortality of precocial young is related to ASR and mating dynamics. Hence, early‐life sex biases in survival of precocial shorebirds cannot be generalized to other taxonomic groups. Factors other than early‐life sex biases in survival are likely to be important in shaping adult sex ratios and the associated mating dynamics and social behaviours in altricial coucals. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Assessment of biological and productive parameters of female hybrids between the Volga sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus (Linnaeus, 1758)) and amur kaluga (Huso dauricus (Georgi, 1775)). Part 1

Some of the females of hybrids between sterlet and kaluga with different levels of ploidy turned out to be fertile, which came as a surprise to geneticists and fish farmers. The purpose of the work is to evaluate the fish-breeding, biological and production characteristics of female hybrids between a female sterlet and a male kaluga as possible objects for obtaining food caviar. The maturation periods, inter-spawning intervals, the weight of the eggs obtained and the weight of the eggs, fertility and oosomatic indices of 35 female sterlet×kaluga hybrids participating in 46 spawning campaigns from the age of 9 to 14–18 years were studied. The females are represented by the two most numerous generations in 2005 and 2007, weighing from 17 to 37 kg. The conducted studies have shown that the number of fertile females in these generations is low and amounts to 16–20% of the initial number of RВS. Females begin to mature at the age of 9–12 years, the duration of maturation of all females of the same generation reaches 8 years. Most females skip 2–4 years between spawning or mature once. In 17% of female hybrids, the resorption of mature eggs was noted in winter. On average, during one spawning, large females produce from 1.6 to 1.7 kg of eggs with an average weight of eggs of 18–23 mg with an output of eggs of 5–7% of body weight. The small number of females in the RВS, late and prolonged maturation, long inter-spawning intervals and low yield of eggs relative to body weight make the cultivation of hybrids between sterlet and Kaluga unprofitable and impractical for obtaining industrial volumes of food caviar.

In Search of a Target Gene for a Desirable Phenotype in Aquaculture: Genome Editing of Cyprinidae and Salmonidae Species.

Aquaculture supplies the world food market with a significant amount of valuable protein. Highly productive aquaculture fishes can be derived by utilizing genome-editing methods, and the main problem is to choose a target gene to obtain the desirable phenotype. This paper presents a review of the studies of genome editing for genes controlling body development, growth, pigmentation and sex determination in five key aquaculture Salmonidae and Cyprinidae species, such as rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus), Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and the model fish zebrafish (Danio rerio). Among the genes studied, the most applicable for aquaculture are mstnba, pomc, and acvr2, the knockout of which leads to enhanced muscle growth; runx2b, mutants of which do not form bones in myoseptae; lepr, whose lack of function makes fish fast-growing; fads2, Δ6abc/5Mt, and Δ6bcMt, affecting the composition of fatty acids in fish meat; dnd mettl3, and wnt4a, mutants of which are sterile; and disease-susceptibility genes prmt7, gab3, gcJAM-A, and cxcr3.2. Schemes for obtaining common carp populations consisting of only large females are promising for use in aquaculture. The immobilized and uncolored zebrafish line is of interest for laboratory use.

Influence of adult body size on blood feeding behavior and eggs retention in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Mosquito-borne viruses continue to affect billions of people globally, posing a severe health risk and an economic burden. Aedes albopictus (Skuse), a highly invasive mosquito species, has repeatedly invaded and increased its presence, serving as a key vector of dengue virus, yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), causing frequent outbreaks of related viral diseases. This study investigated the impact of larval diet quantity on larval duration and adult body size. The effect of adult mosquito body size on various aspects of Ae. albopictus was also examined, including blood-feeding behavior, follicular development, reproductive capacity, egg retention capacity, preoviposition period, and fecundity. These diverse characteristics all have an effect on arboviruses transmission. The changes in body size (small, medium, and large) are obtained by providing different quantities of larval diet (low, average, and high). The results indicate that the quantity of larval diet directly impacts the adult body size while inversely affecting the larval duration. Furthermore, a positive correlation exists between adult body size and wing length, implying that wing length could be a reliable indicator of adult body size and rearing conditions during the developmental stages. Large females exhibited higher numbers of follicles and greater fecundity. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between follicle number before the first blood meal and total egg number. In contrast, increasing wing length decreased the number of blood meals, egg retention, and the preoviposition period. The tendency of small females to perform multiple feedings was greater than that of large females. Small females exhibited a higher propensity for multiple feeding activities when compared to their larger counterparts. Most medium-sized females (92.8%) deposited eggs in their ovaries, however, 7.2% retained a few. In contrast, most large females (87.4%) had complete ovary egg-laying, whereas a minority (12.6%) retained some of their eggs. About 35.2% of small females showed ovarian egg retention, while 64.8% successfully laid all their eggs. After the first blood meal, the oviposition rate was 92% for large females, 88% for medium females, and 76% for small females. About 69.86% of the follicles in large females underwent vitellogenesis. This finding suggests that small females with low energy reserves exhibited incomplete oviposition and multiple blood feedings to increase their reproductive capacity. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Add more information about arbovirus epidemics and their consequences. Aedes albopictus is a global invasive species that transmit dengue virus, CHIKV, YFV, and ZIKV. A negative correlation was observed between body size, egg retention, and multiple blood feedings in Aedes albopictus. Size of the female's body was positively correlated with fecundity, while it was negatively correlated with the preoviposition period. Size-dependent multiple blood feeding affects vector-host contact frequency.

Climate induced declines in maternal size may come at a cost to embryonic investment and larval performance in the American lobster

Many crustacean taxa mature at a smaller size in warmer thermal regimes. Over the past four decades, female lobsters American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the rapidly warming Gulf of Maine have also been reported to be maturing at significantly smaller sizes over time. Smaller females have lower fecundity, but whether they also produce lower quality eggs and larvae has been unclear. Here we examine the hypothesis that smaller females invest less energy per larva than larger females, thereby compromising post-hatch performance and survival. This study used a combination of laboratory and field studies to assess the maternal size effect on embryos and larvae. In a space-for-time comparison of lobsters from contrasting thermal regimes along the coast of New England, we also investigated how lobster collected from populations in cooler northern regions may respond to future warming. We found smaller females not only are less fecund, but their embryos are smaller and generally less well invested with lipids than those from larger females. Furthermore, stage I larvae from smaller females are smaller and have less energy reserves needed to survive starvation. Our geographic comparison also revealed that female lobsters living in the warmer thermal regime of southern New England are more fecund and produced larger eggs than females of the same size from colder regimes in the Gulf of Maine, and we cautiously interpret this novel finding as evidence of a counter-gradient adaptation that could compensate for smaller maturation size at lower latitudes, a phenomenon requiring further investigation. These results help to reveal the cascading effects warming can have on important reproductive and larval survival traits on an economically important species.

Acoustic Stridulating Responses of Various Tarantula Species in Peninsular Malaysia

Stridulation by stridulatory organs has been linked to tarantulas’ (Araneae: Theraphosidae) defence or sexual communication, and the morphology of such organ has been extensively used in tarantula systematics. This study was conducted to characterise and compare differences in the acoustic pattern of stridulating sound among seven tarantula species for juveniles and adults of both sexes in Peninsular Malaysia. The species were Psednocnemis jeremyhuffi, P. brachyramosa, Selenocosmia sp. ‘Johor’, Omothymus violaceopes, Cyriopagopus robustus, Chilobrachys sp. ‘Kedah’, and Coremiocnemis sp. ‘Kelantan’. Five provocation methods were used to record the sound which was by tapping the substrate/enclosure, blowing air, waving a pen, poking with blunt object and shaking the enclosure. The stridulating behaviour was assessed using a set of parameters. The result showed that the stridulating behaviour differed between species. Dwarf species like P. jeremyhuffi and P. brachyramosa did not make any audible stridulating sound and preferred to remain motionless. Meanwhile, for the other five species only the large adult females stridulated. Adult males of all species did not make any audible sounds, but rather appeared to be more aggressive and frequently bite. Kruskal-Wallis test showed that intensity, pitch frequency, call duration and pulse duration were significantly different between species. Principal component analaysis (PCA) showed the dissimilarity between the adult females from the five species with Omothymus violaceopes and Chilobrachys sp. ‘Kedah’ the most distinct in terms of call patterns. This study provides evidence on the acoustics pattern of stridulating sound for the tarantulas in Peninsular Malaysia.

Comparison of Adult Female and Male PMHS Pelvis and Lumbar Response to Underbody Blast.

The goal of this study was to gather and compare kinematic response and injury data on both female and male whole-body Post-mortem Human Surrogates (PMHS) responses to Underbody Blast (UBB) loading. Midsized males (50th percentile, MM) have historically been most used in biomechanical testing and were the focus of the Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan) program, thus this population subgroup was selected to be the baseline for female comparison. Both small female (5th percentile, SF) and large female (75th percentile, LF) PMHS were included in the test series to attempt to discern whether differences between male and female responses were predominantly driven by sex or size. Eleven tests, using 20 whole-body PMHS, were conducted by the research team. Preparation of the rig and execution of the tests took place at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds (APG) in Aberdeen, MD. Two PMHS were used in each test. The Accelerative Loading Fixture (ALF) version 2, located at APG's Bear Point range was used for all male and female whole-body tests in this series. The ALF was an outdoor test rig that was driven by a buried explosive charge, to accelerate a platform holding two symmetrically mounted seats. The platform was designed as a large, rigid frame with a deformable center section that could be tuned to simulate the floor deformation of a vehicle during a UBB event. PMHS were restrained with a 5-point harness, common in military vehicle seats. Six-degree-of-freedom motion blocks were fixed to L3, the sacrum, and the left and right iliac wings. A three-degree-of freedom block was fixed to T12. Strain gages were placed on L4 and multiple locations on the pelvis. Accelerometers on the floor and seat of the ALF provided input data for each PMHS' feet and pelvis. Time histories and mean peak responses in z-axis acceleration were similar among the three PMHS groups in this body region. Injury outcomes were different and seemed to be influenced by both sex and size contributions. Small females incurred pelvis injuries in absence of lumbar injures. Midsized males had lumbar vertebral body fractures without pelvis injuries. And large females with injuries had both pelvis and lumbar VB fractures. This study provides evidence supporting the need for female biomechanical testing to generate female response and injury thresholds. Without the inclusion of female PMHS, the differences in the injury patterns between the small female and midsized male groups would not have been recognized. Standard scaling methods assume equivalent injury patterns between the experimental and scaled data. In this study, small female damage occurred in a different anatomical structure than for the midsized males. This is an important discovery for the development of anthropomorphic test devices, injury criteria, and injury mitigating technologies. The clear separation of small female damage results, in combination with seat speeds, suggest that the small female pelvis injury threshold in UBB events lies between 4 - 5 m/s seat speed. No inference can be made about the small female lumbar threshold, other than it is likely at higher speeds and/or over longer duration. Male lumbar spine damage occurred in both the higher- and lower lower-rate tests, indicating the injury threshold would be below the seat pulses tested in these experiments. Large females exhibited injury patterns that reflected both the small female and midsized male groups - with damaged PMHS having fractures in both pelvis and lumbar, and in both higher- and lower- rate tests. The difference in damage patterns between the sex and size groups should be considered in the development of injury mitigation strategies to protect across the full population.

Diet and body size modulate the remating behaviour of a predaceous ladybird, Coccinella transversalis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)

The nutritional condition and body size influence the mating and female remating behaviour of a predaceous ladybird, Coccinella transversalis. When well-fed males were provided with females of three different dietary conditions, viz. (i) well-fed, (ii) food-deprived and (iii) honey-fed, the well-fed ones were most fecund with highest percentage of egg-viability and least preoviposition period and remating refusals, while food-deprived ones showed vice-versa. However, honey-fed females laid unfertile eggs after coercively mating with males, and resisted the most to remate, which gets strengthened in the second mating trial. This indicates females’ nutritional condition modulates the females’ mating behaviour and post-mating outcomes. The adult body size was directly proportional to reproductive output with heavier females showing high fecundity and percentage of egg viability with least preoviposition period than the lighter ones. Large females resisted the least to remate with larger males than with smaller males, while large males coercively mated with smaller females. Regardless of body-size, the females’ remating resistance was enhanced in the second mating trial. Both diet and adult body size modulate the re-mating behaviour of female C. transversalis, as the food-deprived and large females greatly resisted to re-mate with smaller males.

Survival of Eggs Spawned from Large Walleyes

Many fisheries professionals involved in walleye (Sander vitreus) culture exclude large females from spawning

Cross-context behavioural correlations and signals of aggression in females of a livebearing fish

Abstract Behaviours can be adaptively correlated with each other and with other aspects of phenotype. We investigated behaviour across foraging, mating, and risk contexts in females of the poeciliid fish, Girardinus metallicus. We quantified relationships between these behaviours and aggression signals, body size, and reproductive output. Behaviours describing aggression and boldness, some of which were repeatable, were correlated in females. Aggression was signalled by the darkening of a black spot on the extended dorsal fin or by fin flaring. Spot darkening occurred during intra- and intersexual interactions and was positively correlated with interfemale aggression and negatively correlated with the time females spent following males, suggesting that it is an honest indicator of motivational state. In contrast, fin flaring was directed only at females and occurred more frequently in the foraging context. Larger females had fewer offspring and received fewer courtship displays, possibly because they were more aggressive to males. In contrast to studies of males, we found a negative relationship between rank order of boldness and aggression, consistent with either a trade-off or with selection favouring the negative relationship. Our results highlight the importance of studying females in model systems to uncover novel patterns and potentially meaningful departures from what is typically seen in males.