Large Corporate Organizations Research Articles

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МАЛОГО БИЗНЕСА В РОССИИ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ СТРАНЫ

The article identifies the main tasks in the solution of which the successful development of small business can play an important role in focusing on self-sufficiency in the development of the main industries and areas of activity, ensuring high growth rates of basic and innovative industries, creating favorable conditions for business and a comfortable standard of living for the population. Taking into account the experience of developing small businesses in Russia in different periods and the experience of other countries, the article formulates a number of proposals for differentiating the approach to the development of forms and criteria for evaluating small organizations in different fields of activity, defining their tasks and, accordingly, the procedure for registration, monitoring their activities, evaluating efficiency and their impact on the success of the development of the economy of the regions and the country as a whole. Much attention is paid to the issue of supporting the growth of small businesses in various fields of activity and strengthening the role of governments at all levels in their development and real significance for solving economic, social and environmental problems, taking into account the management component in the sustainable development of the economy. The features of supporting small enterprises of various profiles, including financial support – preferential lending, differentiation of tax rates and the use of different tax regimes, obtaining guarantees from public authorities, receiving grants and subsidies, are substantiated. Non-financial support focuses on financial consulting, staff training, strategic planning and feasibility studies of projects. In modern conditions, one of the main directions of the development of small structures is active cooperation with public authorities and large corporate organizations. Based on the analysis of barriers to the development of small businesses, proposals are formulated to improve the regulation of their activities at different stages of the life cycle.

ESG-КОНТРОЛЬ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СУБЪЕКТОВ

The article substantiates the need to reflect in the reporting of any economic entity activities for the implementation of economic and social responsibility, which corresponds to the task of sustainable economic development. It was emphasized that all organizations should have such reporting, regardless of their profile, organizational and legal form and scale. Analysis of the composition of environmental and social responsibility reports compiled in various forms has shown that their number is very limited, typical only for large corporate organizations, and they are compiled in any form, which makes it difficult to use them for analysis and justification of decisions in the field of management of these processes. The article defines the requirements for the selection of a system of indicators that can be used as the basis for reports on environmental and social activities, the formation of appropriate non-financial information, methods of its verification and use in the development of strategic and operational plans to increase environmental and social responsibility of enterprises and non-production organizations.

Конвергентная политическая экономия «нового социализма» Дж. К. Гэлбрейта

In the evolution of Western-type and Soviet-type economies after World War II, there were many common points that prompted scientists to talk about the convergence of two ideologically alternative political and economic systems. Remarkable examples of a comparative analysis of both vectors of the development of national economies, based on the same conceptual premises, are the books of J. K. Galbraith “The new industrial state” and “Economics and the public purpose”. The inability of the neoclassical and neo-Keynesian theory to explain the socio-economic changes that took place initiated a scientific search in the Western economy for the properties of the Soviet socialist system of regulation, the planned organization of the national economy. The need for planning was predetermined by the nature of the use of time and capital in modern production, the specialization of enterprises, the needs of large corporate organizations, the problems of unstable functioning of the market in conditions of advanced engineering and technology. There are reasons to assume that J. K. Galbraith’s concept of the state-corporate economy contains a reminiscence of the theory of state-monopolistic capitalism, set forth in the most famous works of V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin “Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism” and “About food tax”. J. K. Galbraith outlined a logically holistic conceptual understanding of the objective conditionality of convergence in the development of Western-type and Soviet-type economic models. Decentralization in Soviet-style economic systems meant not a return to the market, but the transfer of some planned functions from the state to the firm. The convergence of the Soviet and Western systems cannot be understood as the return of the first system to the market. Both systems have outgrown the market. There was a clear convergence in the direction of the same forms of planning. J.K. Galbraith discussed the possibility of reforming the American economy on the basis of the model of “new socialism”.

Influence of dynamic changes of workplace on organisational culture

AbstractChallenged by the effects of organisational flexibility and high corporate real estate costs, organisations are increasingly seeking flexibility and operational efficiency in their office spaces. To date, the literature relating to flexible office spaces has focused mainly on their physical characteristics. The full effects of such spaces on human reactions and the corporate culture of organisations are less understood. The objective of this paper is to examine the influence of introducing activity-based working (ABW) on existing organisational culture. It was addressed from the perspective of the management of large corporate organisations. A mixed-method research that included a qualitative approach followed by a quantitative approach was adopted. The first stage included semistructured interviews with 19 large organisations who had introduced flexible layouts. The second stage involved a questionnaire survey of 32 organisations which had experienced office layout changes. Findings identify that the nature of workplace designs has a considerable impact on the corporate culture of an organisation and can be used to leverage and change its culture. Workplace designs directly influence culture by supporting the systems, symbols, engagement/motivation and behaviours of the organisation and employees. However, some differences between the perceptions of public and private organisations were identified. In conclusion, office layouts are artefacts that can either support, or change, the existing organisational culture. Therefore, the critical achievement of workspace design is to integrate the cultures, values and behaviours of organisations to meet their ultimate goals.

The implementation of a digital service approach to fostering team autonomy, distant collaboration, and knowledge scaling in large enterprises

BACKGROUND: Autonomous acting of individuals and as teams are key elements of agile, distributed, and partly or entirely distant working environments. The availability of relevant processes, methods, tools, and guidelines is key to leveraging team autonomy. OBJECTIVE: This article presents the design and implementation of a digital self-service kit (SSK) approach featuring high scalability, as well as a quality assurance and continuous improvement mechanism. As consumers, the teams within an organization can use these SSK’s anytime and on-demand without any constraints in location, time, or quota. As producers (of knowledge and experience), they can also assume active roles in the extension and continuous improvement of the SSK’s. METHODS: This has been achieved in open community networks where feedback is actively leveraged and constantly integrated in the SSK’s design. Such open Communities of Practices (CoP) ensure that all interested parties can contribute to the adequateness of both the content and the provision of the SSK’s in both local and distant corporate settings. Both the design and implementation have been done and evaluated in a large-scale international corporate environment where high cultural diversity, as well as distant collaboration are of key importance. RESULTS: The results presented in this article include a generic digital self-service approach to distance learning and coaching of teams in the particular context of the agile transformation of large corporate organizations. Key elements include a strong and systematic expert team involvement in the process of the setup and design of such digital SSK’s, as well as a well-explained and understood kit structure for efficient and effective utilization and re-contextualization of the contained knowledge into team-specific project contexts. This contributes to team autonomy as a major prerequisite for the agile transformation, as well as knowledge scaling across the organisation. CONCLUSIONS: The key insights gained from this experiment confirm the high relevance and effectivity of the approach especially during periods where distant collaborations are essential (e.g. during a pandemic crisis).

The Adoption and Usages of Technology in SMEs: The Case of Making Tax Digital

Technology is a rapidly developing concept and its development is second to none while technology and the Internet is more available than ever. Its uses range from personal use, up to and including large corporate organisations. However, this study will be closely looking into Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and their perception of technology. With SMEs taking up the largest portion of all businesses in the UK, they are the majority target audience to study. This research will into the adoption and usage of technologies by SMEs and more specifically we will explore the case of Making Tax Digital (MTD). This includes a review of the academic literature surrounding SMEs and the use of technology. We will be discussing the research methods used within this study and the research results gathered from our primary respondents. This study uses both secondary and primary research in an effort to develop further understanding of SMEs and their close relation to technology. The study investigates the future of Making Tax Digital and the affect it will have on SMEs while it summarises how businesses must adapt MTD and face the new system's requirements.

Third-party online organizational reviews: Explaining review-and-rating patterns of the United States military and large corporate organizations

Virtual spaces are a new and influential means by which present and past organizational members share reviews of their organizational experiences and socialize potential newcomers; however, online reviews can be negative and jeopardize an organization’s image. This investigation employed social identity theory and uncertainty management theory as a means of explaining patterned user ratings of organizational reviews online. In a first study, we content analyzed socialization storytelling about Basic Training on americangrit.com. Statistical analysis revealed that viewers rated stories more highly when the story portrayed the military favorably. In a second study, a content analysis of organizational reviews posted to indeed.com replicated and extended this pattern: Website visitors rewarded positive reviews of U.S. Military branches with higher ratings, while reviews of large corporate organizations (i.e., Apple, Bank of America, Michelin) varied. Implications for theory and practice conclude the paper.

Google Cloud Platform Adoption for Teaching in HEIs: A Qualitative Approach

Higher educational institutions (HEIs) are continuing to struggle with mounting fiscal problems due to economic downturn, which are increasingly forcing information technology (IT) departments to do more with same or less budgets. One area of growing interest for meeting the high technology demands and minimizing costs is the use of Google Cloud Platform to centralize computing and information management functions. Google Cloud Platform is a rapidly growing, yet evolving model that offers significant advantages to these institutions and is being widely used by large & small corporate organizations to manage their IT provisions and reduce their operational as well as IT maintenance costs. The use of Google Cloud Platform could also possibly allow HEIs to shift resources normally allocated for procurement, infrastructure, development, maintenance, and staffing to pay-as-you-go services to minimize operational & maintenance costs. However, despite such potential benefits of Google Cloud Platform higher educational institutions are yet to reap the benefits of this emerging technology as can be witnessed by snail pace adoption of Google Cloud Platform solutions. This paper thus intends to investigate the factors which could affect the acceptance and use of Google Cloud Platform in HEIs especially in developing economies like Malaysia.

Co-Creation for the Reduction of Uncertainty in Financial Governance: The Case of Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Traditionally financial governance has been perceived and studied as a closed system. Yet, increasing sophistication of technology facilitates the emergence of new organizational forms of collaboration between the state and corporate actors. The study argues that co-creation becomes the way for public sector to mitigate new types of uncertainties, coming from increasing technological sophistication of the financial sector. Thus, new insights can be gained from looking at co-creation in financial governance, which is a unique setting for co-creation as state’s partners are large and capable corporate organizations, especially in regards to financial innovation. Such an approach also brings new insight into co-production literature. To exemplify the argument, a closer look at how co-creation has been effectively applied by the Monetary Authority of Singapore in financial regulation and supervision as well as in policies related to promotion of the financial sector is provided. 
 Keywords: financial governance, co-creation, uncertainty, financial innovation, Singapore

CSR Practices – Trends and Compliance a Comparative Study Between Select Public and Private Sector Companies in India

A business is a social entity. Over its entire lifetime it uses various social resources and thus, in turn, has a responsibility towards maintaining the societal wellbeing. Since in every country large corporate organizations are the highest consumers of societal resources, they are expected to discharge their social responsibility as a pre-condition for long term sustainability and growth. Keeping this in mind, regulators in different countries initiate well defined regulatory mechanism to guide and monitor the corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities undertaken by corporate firms. Unfortunately, Indian regulators had largely overlooked such a requirement, though, in a developing country like India, this could have been the most important. However, with the introduction of the new Companies Act 2013, which has introduced a well defined framework in this respect, the situation seems changing significantly and in a positive direction. In this backdrop, our study attempts a comparative investigation into the trends in CSR activities undertaken by selected leading private and public sector companies of India and the degree of compliance achieved by them.

Corporate Social Irresponsibility and Purchase Intention

An important objective of business research is to understand how organizational practices can influence consumer attitude and behaviors in order to help achieve organizational goals via consumer purchase intention. It was proposed and found in this study that consumers’ perceptions of certain Corporate Social Irresponsible (CSI) practices serves as antecedents of consumer purchase intention (PI) via corporate reputation (CR) and consumer attitude (CA). On the one hand, this finding may help understand the “black box” between CSI practices and PI. On the other hand, while CR refers to customers’ evaluations of the reputation of the organization and CSI represent a significant channel the organization uses to channel its irresponsible behavior to the community, CR and CA literatures have not comprehensively examined the effect of CSI practices on consumers CA and CR beliefs. The findings in the hierarchical regression from a sample of 455 consumers of products in a large corporate organization in Kenya as a study documenting a negative association between CSI practices and CR and CA with PI suggests that consumers draw inferences from the CSI-related treatment they receive in assessing the supportiveness of the organization. By implementing CSI practices that demonstrate the organization does not care about the community and values their contribution, organizations are likely to be perceived as engaging in a high level of irresponsible behaviour. The results of this study add to our knowledge about the antecedents of CR and CA. Moreover, this study bridges the gap in the literature, by combining CSI, CR, CA and PI.

Revisiting the Existing Credit Rating Methods of Small and Medium Enterprises

Credit rating of small and medium enterprises is more difficult because most of the SMEs information is not organized like the large corporate organizations. Traditionally used methods for corporate evaluation are not suitable directly for SMEs. For this reason, a comparative analysis is needed to compare the existing methods proposed by the different financial bodies. The aim of this paper is to make a comparative analysis of weight distribution in financial and non-financial factors in SMEs rating for the selected countries and to compare the indicators of proposed SMEs rating methods by ADB, ASEAN & Bangladesh Bank. After completing a comparative analysis, this paper reveals that these three methods give nearly similar weights to financial aspects whereas Bangladesh Bank adds two financial issues in different dimensions named bank relationship risk and financial security risk. Although these three methods have a similar weight for financial and non-financial aspects, there are differences among the indictors of non-financial aspects.

Defining the Role Engagement of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourse, academic research, public policy and media commentaries, which have burgeoned in the past few decades in response to the desire to define the nexus between business and society tended to focus mainly on large corporate organizations which are expected to behave responsibly. The big businesses have for years attracted large volume of literature on CSR. Very little literature is currently available to enhance our understanding about the engagement of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in CSR. The SMEs, often defined variously, in terms of turnover, gross asset value, ownership structure and the number of employees, is a significant sector worldwide in terms of economic, environmental and the social impact they make. This paper attempted to bridge this apparent research gulf, defined the nature of SMEs, the aggregate contributions of the sector to economies of both developed and developing nations and their role engagement in CSR. The study adopted qualitative literature survey method. A review of the paltry literature provided insight and defined the direction of research in this important and underexplored area of study. SMEs were found to perform roles associated with community development, employee initiatives, consumerism, environmental actions and supply chain requirements. To overcome the constraints confronting SMEs engagement in CSR initiatives the paper recommended increased resources, training programmes, development of SMEs-oriented tools and standards to guide adoption and implementation, and government intervention strategies to create the necessary incentives and support services for effective engagement.

Power Plays: Intra-Firm Corporate Connections and Firm Value

We study the role played by personal connections between divisional managers and the CEO on the allocation of resources within large corporate organizations. Connections can work to improve the flow of information within the organization (information hypothesis) or enhance the bargaining power of the connected divisional managers at the expense of the other managers (power hypothesis). Using data on a large sample of multi-segment US corporations from 1996 to 2004, we provide evidence in favor of the latter. We show that the segments run by connected managers receive more investment and exhibit lower sensitivity to their own cash flow short-falls (and more sensitivity to the other segments' cash-flow). At the firm-level, having more connected managers presiding over more productive segments improves the transfer of resources by preventing transfers to the less productive segments. Having more connected managers in charge of more productive segments is associated with a lower conglomerate discount. We also find evidence that the market uses the CEO-manager connections as a signal about the quality of governance of the firm.

Corporate social responsibility, new activism and public relations

PurposeThis paper aims to analyse why some contemporary corporate organisations are reluctant to articulate the effect of their market positioning behaviour on the unwilling communities that oppose their activities. It describes the communicative interactions between several large corporate organisations and the grassroots activist groups opposing their activities, in Victoria, Australia.Design/methodology/approachExtensive secondary data were collected, including extensive newspaper and radio transcripts from the campaign periods, web site downloads, letters and other campaign documents. The research design applied to the data, a qualitative, interpretative analysis, drawing on key theoretical frameworks.FindingsThe research findings suggest that powerful protest strategies, combined with the right political and social conditions, and a shift in the locus of politics and expertise, bring to light public concerns about the ethics of corporate practices, such as public relations, used egocentrically by organisations, to harmonise their activities in late modern Western society. It finds that no serious overhaul of business ethics can occur until the unity of public relations is critically scrutinised and reformed. It helps define an alternative holistic communicative approach which could be applied more widely to business practice that helps avoid the limitations and relativism of public relations.Originality/valueThe research flags new ways of thinking expressed in the notion of public communication that could lead to creative and unusual coherences vital to deal with the apparent ecological challenges for society in late modernity.

An Investigation of the Factors Affecting Innovation Performance in Chain and Independent Hotels

SUMMARY The failure rate of new service projects is high, because the knowledge about how innovations should be developed is limited. In the last decade, several studies have investigated the success factors associated with service innovations (e.g., Atuahene-Gima, 1996; de Brentani, 2001; Storey and Easingwood, 1998). However, no research in new service development (NSD) has addressed the question of whether chain affiliated and independently operated service firms have different approaches for developing successful innovations. The majority of past new service development (NSD) success studies have concentrated on the financial service sector, which is generally represented by large corporate organizations. The findings of this study indicate that the factors which impact on the performance of NSD depend on the organizational relationship of hotels-chain affiliation or independent operation. The study's results suggest that market attractiveness, process management, market responsiveness and empowerment predict NSD success within chain affiliated hotels. While empowerment and market attractiveness are also related to NSD success in independent hotels, this is also linked to effective marketing communication, employee commitment, behaviour based evaluation, training of employees and marketing synergy.

Corporate social responsibility: A challenge for the donor community

As corporate social Responsibility (CSR) increases in large corporate organisations, a genuine approach to sustainable development is often best achieved through the supply chain. This is directly applicable to North–South supply-chain interactions (private-sector organisations, NGOs, and donors). CSR has adopted techniques from their ‘development’ usage, yet a reverse flow is not observed back to the ‘development’ sector. This is unfortunate. Private-sector organisations and NGOs (especially the larger ones) are well placed to take advantage of the increase in CSR relating to developing countries. More importantly, donors of all types would have increased influence if they took up CSR principles. Opportunity costs are not high and the advocacy potential is huge. This paper reviews CSR techniques and argues for donors to accept the challenge of incorporating them into their operations to influence more efficiently the process they seek to change.

Organizational Learning in Teams and Networks

Do teams of high-skilled employees, globally connected to each other within the multinational company, provide potential for organization learning? Do the models of Teams and Networks serve as new concepts for business measurement? This paper links social-psychological aspects of teamwork to the hybrid governance structure business networks. The underlying assumption is that high-skilled human resources - as part of the company's total human capital stock - is the crucial value driver in large international corporate organizations. Transfer pricing, therefore, is advised to reflect non-quantitative information in its analyses. Descriptive information on a global consulting firm is employed for a case study to support the arguments. The result is a proposal on network organization as a promising business model with respect to cross-border transfer pricing and business measurement.

Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth

In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). A second part is to gain insight in the causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic growth.

Doing the Right Thing

Codes of conduct were at the heart of guild organization in Europe in the Middle Ages.Were you competent to do something? Could you vouch for a product's quality? Would you promise to charge a fair price? Today, most engineers think of themselves as professionals, rather than as members of a craft. And as more and more engineers have been taken into the employ of large corporate or governmental organizations, very few still work as independents, certified and bound by guild conventions. Yet just about every engineer would agree that rules of right conduct exist and are more fundamental than technical standards or an employer's edicts. Those basic rules bear a spiritual kinship to the craft conventions of old–even if they are not direct descendants of them the way the rules of war can be traced to medieval codes of chivalry, which maintained that, for example, no knight should kill another in battle who sought his mercy.