Large Canals Research Articles

Histologic Assessment of a Fast-Set Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Two Novel Antibacterial-Enhanced Fast-Set MTAs for Apexification and Periapical Healing of Teeth With Incomplete Root Formation in a Rat Model: An In Vivo Animal Study.

Background Pulp necrosis in incomplete root formation halts dentine development, resulting in larger canals with fragile walls and an open apex, complicating canal instrumentation and apical stop formation. Bioactive endodontic cements such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) are crucial for creating artificial apical barriers or inducing apical foramen closure, but challenges remain regarding their antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity. Modifications to MTA formulations aim to address these concerns. Methods This in vivo animal study involved 80 Wistar albino rats, with incomplete root formation induced by pulp exposure. Rats were divided into four groups receiving different MTA formulations for apexification: conventional MTA, modified MTA, and MTA enhanced with metronidazole or doxycycline. Histopathological evaluations were conducted at seven and 28 days post-treatment to assess calcific barrier formation, inflammatory reactions, and antimicrobial efficacy. Results By day 7, modified MTA formulations exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity compared to conventional MTA(p = 0.000), with fewer inflammatory reactions and microorganisms. By day 28, modified formulations showed superior calcific barrier formation, particularly in the metronidazole-and doxycycline-enhanced groups compared to conventional MTA (p = 0.000). These outcomes suggest that modifications to MTA formulations improve antimicrobial efficacy and calcific barrier formation in vivo. Conclusion Novel modified MTA formulations, particularly those enhanced with metronidazole or doxycycline, exhibit superior antibacterial efficacy and calcific barrier formation compared to conventional MTA. Further long-term studies are warranted to validate these findings for potential clinical translation.

To examine the impact of canal irrigation systems on agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in Sikh-ruled Punjab.

An examination of the effect that canal irrigation systems have had on agricultural output and rural life in Punjab, which is dominated by the Sikhs, finds that these systems have had a transformational influence on the socio-economic landscape of the province. During the time when the Sikhs were in power, and notably during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, large canal networks were constructed. These networks considerably increased agricultural production and contributed to the expansion of the economy. Through the provision of a consistent water supply, these irrigation systems made it possible to cultivate crops throughout the whole year, which resulted in increased agricultural yields and variety. The installation of canal irrigation systems in Punjab resulted in significant alterations to the region's socioeconomic landscape. As a result of increased agricultural productivity, not only was food security assured, but excess produce was also made available for commerce, which contributed to the improvement of regional economy. Economic activities and the creation of revenue for rural populations were further strengthened as a result of the availability of water for irrigation, which encouraged the growing of cash crops like as cotton and sugarcane. The canal networks were crucial in the transformation of rural life by being responsible for the creation of job possibilities in agriculture and other related industries. Enhanced agricultural output led to an increase in population growth in canal-irrigated regions, which in turn led to the establishment of new communities and the construction of new infrastructure. This demographic transition also made it easier for market towns and trade centres to come into existence, which in turn assisted in the development of commercial activity and regional integration. During the time when the Sikhs ruled Punjab, the building of canal irrigation systems had a complex influence, including the enhancement of agricultural output, the stimulation of economic expansion, and the transformation of rural life circumstances. These improvements created the groundwork for the agricultural success and economic resilience that Punjab would experience in the decades that followed from that point on.

Different Disinfection Protocols for Pulp Revitalization: An In Vitro Study

Objectives Pulp revitalization is a procedure indicated for immature teeth with pulp necrosis. This study aimed to investigate the microbial load reduction of four cleaning protocols for pulp revitalization: Prophylactic Brush for canal (MK Life), microbrush Aplik Extrafine (Angelus), n. 50 K file (Dentsply) and XP Endo Finisher (FKG). Materials and Methods Fifty single-rooted mandibular premolars were standardized in canal size and diameter. Contamination by E. faecalis was induced for 21 days in 50 specimens, where 48 were used for the experimental groups (n=12) and 2 were used as a negative control to validate the sterilization process before contamination. Irrigation with saline solution at 36.5°C was performed, where the mechanical resource for cleaning was varied (n=12). Colony counting (CFU) was performed before (S1) and after (S2) the cleaning procedure. Kruskal Wallis accounted for and analyzed the differences between S2 and S1. Results & Discussion Prophylactic Brush for the canal reduced 99.27% of the microbial load, followed by XP Endo Finisher (99.13%), Aplik microbrush (98.71%) and K file (98.66%). (p=0.3616). There was no statistical difference in the reduction of microbial load between the groups tested. Conclusion The mechanical cleaning methods tested alone were effective in substantially reducing the microbial load of E. faecalis on lower premolars by simulating open apex teeth and showed that bristle instruments such as Prophylactic Brush for Canal and microbrush Aplik Extrafine could be used to accomplish mechanical debridement of large canals.

Modeling of an Irrigation Main Canal Pool based on a [formula omitted]-[formula omitted] System Identification

Dynamic models of main irrigation canals are necessary to carry out real-time canal flow control and supervision. Since the hydraulic equations of canal dynamics are nonlinear, their solution involves large computations that impede their use in real-time applications. Then these tasks are often implemented using simple local linear models obtained around an operating point, that are unable to capture the dynamics when large canal operation changes happen.In this paper, we propose a nonlinear dynamic model for main irrigation canal pools based on a new Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This ANN outperforms the above local models because it includes a new input which is the downstream water level of the previous pool. This new architecture with this new input yields models that accurately reproduce the behavior of the canal in a wide range of operations while being simple enough to allow real-time control and supervision. The high accuracy of the proposed model as regards reproducing the observed data is validated for different flow regimes based on experiments developed in a laboratory prototype of the hydraulic canal and in a real main irrigation canal.The contribution of this work is such a general and accurate but simple model of the dynamics of a canal pool. Its novelty is not only being able to reproduce the behavior at different operating points of the canal but also being able to reproduce, in a single model, the free and submerged flow regimes — which are described by dynamic equations with different structures. Moreover, we implement a new classification model to recognize the flow regimes of the irrigation canals using pattern recognition.

The hydraulic network of the pre-Hispanic city of Tiwanaku (Bolivia): New insights from the integration of canal morphology, hydrogeological and palaeoenvironmental data

Water management enabled the development of ancient societies allowing them to ensure agropastoral production and manufacturing activities. In the Andes, near the shore of Lake Titicaca, the city of Tiwanaku (Bolivia) is one of the largest pre-Hispanic urban centres in South America. Abrupt climate changes in the high-altitude Altiplano during the late Holocene likely forced the population to develop water management strategies. So far, knowledge concerning the existence of a water network around the city of Tiwanaku is limited to hypotheses derived from surface and aerial observations. In this study, geoscience techniques (morphology, geophysics, sedimentology and chronostratigraphy) helped to reconstruct the canals' morphology and their flow dynamics, along with their chronology of operation in a context of hydroclimatic change. Two ca. 30 m large canals bypassing the monumental core and supplied by a shallow water table and multiple tributaries, connected the agricultural and the urban areas. The structure and organization of the network testify to an elaborate knowledge of the local hydrology by the former builders of the city. It ensured water supply and flood management in relation to the extreme intra- and inter-annual variability of precipitations in the central Andes. The palaeogeographical and landscape reconstruction demonstrates that canals were set from natural features during the early Late Formative period (200 BCE to 200 CE) during a wet period likely for water resource management needs. During the Tiwanaku state (before 800 CE), the filling of the canal network with soil and sediment suggests a major change in its use, and possibly its partial abandonment, during a major restructuration of the site, in a period of increased regional precipitation.

Assessment of spatial and temporal seepage losses in large canal systems under current and future water-saving conditions: A case study in the Hetao Irrigation District, China

Accurate estimation of seepage losses in large-scale canal systems and identification of their impact factors are important for improving water conveyance efficiency in agricultural districts. However, seepage losses can vary widely across different regions and periods, making it difficult to obtain a complete understanding of the variation process based solely on local scale studies. In addition, although there are currently some complex numerical models available for large-canal systems in agricultural districts, they are rarely used in practice due to their complexity. This study evaluated the regional-scale spatio-temporal seepage processes of the Zaohuo canal, a 55 km’s sub-main earthen canal located in the Hetao Irrigation District, China, under current and future water-saving conditions using MODFLOW-SWR. In addition, a pre-processing tool was developed to process spatial geographic data and spatial topology between different canals. Furthermore, the sensitivity of different influencing factors, such as the permeability of canal bed sediments, surface and groundwater level, and local lining, was also investigated. The optimal relationship between lining areas when partial lining is used and seepage losses was also investigated. The calculated water conveyance efficiency coefficient is 0.7871, which fits well with the reported results and proves the reliability of the simulation. In addition, it was found that seepage losses are most sensitive to the surface water level of the canal, followed by the permeability of canal bed sediments and then the groundwater level. Moreover, new hybrid lining can reduce the seepage losses by about 92.02%, but ongoing maintenance is vital. When lining the key portion of the canal, the seepage losses will be significantly reduced with the increase of lining area. The seepage losses reduction factor increases by 5.8% for every 1 × 105 m2 increase in lining area when the lining area is below 1 × 106 m2, while the effect is not significant when that limitation is exceeded. This study can support decision-making for water-saving projects in large water conveyance canals in regional-scale agriculture districts.

Intracortical remodelling increases in highly loaded bone after exercise cessation.

Resorption within cortices of long bones removes excess mass and damaged tissue and increases during periods of reduced mechanical loading. Returning to high-intensity exercise may place bones at risk of failure due to increased porosity caused by bone resorption. We used point-projection X-ray microscopy images of bone slices from highly loaded (metacarpal, tibia) and minimally loaded (rib) bones from 12 racehorses, 6 that died during a period of high-intensity exercise and 6 that had a period of intense exercise followed by at least 35 days of rest prior to death, and measured intracortical canal cross-sectional area (Ca.Ar) and number (N.Ca) to infer remodelling activity across sites and exercise groups. Large canals that are the consequence of bone resorption (Ca.Ar >0.04 mm2 ) were 1.4× to 18.7× greater in number and area in the third metacarpal bone from rested than exercised animals (p = 0.005-0.008), but were similar in number and area in ribs from rested and exercised animals (p = 0.575-0.688). An intermediate relationship was present in the tibia, and when large canals and smaller canals that result from partial bony infilling (Ca.Ar >0.002 mm2 ) were considered together. The mechanostat may override targeted remodelling during periods of high mechanical load by enhancing bone formation, reducing resorption and suppressing turnover. Both systems may work synergistically in rest periods to remove excess and damaged tissue.

Use of Bituminous Geomembrane (BGM) to Waterproof Large Canals

Bituminous geomembranes (BGM) collaborate in the global challenge of improving water resources management by waterproofing hydraulic works. BGMs are multi-layered composite geomembranes with each of the components providing a technical benefit on large canals projects. These technical advantages include: A very low Manning coefficient for efficient water flow, extreme puncture resistance, which allows rapid deployment on rougher subgrades and permits many types of cover directly on top, excellent resistance to wind uplift due to their high surface mass, meaning installation can be done in strong winds up to 40 km/h. BGMs also have a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and do not wrinkle with changes in temperature like other polymeric membranes do. This is particularly useful in high heat projects when geomembrane is left exposed, providing a more secure project in the long run with less risk of wrinkle-induced cracks and failures. To illustrate this, this presentation will describe the composite structure of bituminous geomembranes and will explain its main advantages in the hydraulic field. All these will be presented with the description of test results in different types of large width canals: Canals for irrigation: in France, for the waterproofing of the Canal de Provence; in India, where the Maharashtra state decided to replace original concrete for a geomembrane lining system in Pench Canal. Navigable canals: in France where VNF (French Waterways) chose the BGM for waterproofing the repairs of its canals. A work near Montargis will be presented as well as waterways in England (Lancaster Canal) and Canada (Chambly Canal). Finally, hydroelectric power canals will be also described: at the Sankt Dyonisen power plant in the Alps in Austria and the Cumpeo power plant in the Maule region in Chile.

The role of reed management and habitat quality on brood parasitism and chick survival of the brood parasitic Common Cuckoo.

Despite efforts on ecosystem restoration and management, biodiversity loss remains one of the major environmental concerns of our time. Beyond the focus on threatened species, animals that indicate regional biodiversity hotspots and population trends, such as brood parasites, should also be targeted by conservation actions. We studied how reed habitat quality and management influence brood parasitism rate and offspring survival in Common Cuckoos Cuculus canorus parasitizing nests of Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus in six reed habitats in an intensive agricultural landscape. Data collected from 45 sites over 13 years showed that the brood parasitism rate was highest on large canals and was positively influenced by the availability of potential perches (Cuckoo vantage points) and the height where host nests were built. Cuckoo chick survival decreased with water depth and was not affected by other factors. Our results suggest that the habitat-dependent detectability of host nests was central in brood parasitism rate and that water level was central in Cuckoo chick survival. Our study shows that a maintenance of intermediate water levels is the most optimal for maintaining Cuckoo populations in intensive agricultural landscapes. Because brood parasites are excellent bioindicators as their presence predicts regional hotspots of taxonomic and functional diversity as well as population trends in bird communities, knowledge on their habitat requirements is relevant in management targeting diverse bird communities.

Calculation of parameters of subsurface ridges in a steady flow of groundwater channels

In solving the problems associated with the design and operation of large canals with many subsurface channels, it is important to determine the parameters of the parameters of the grids moving under the bottom and the flow rates. To date, a large number of field and laboratory research data on the movement of groups in the world have been obtained. Attempts have been made by some authors to summarize this information, but so far they have not been able to obtain perfectly reliable results. Therefore, new suggestions are being made by researchers to improve the formulas previously obtained.

Cu privire la „Iarcul” de la Cicir – comuna Vladimirescu, judetul Arad

The author brings into discussion an aspect of an anthropic intervention on the relief resulting a relief of excavation. Namely, he presents a large canal of 1,622 m length, 23 m width, and 2 – 3.5 m depth today. It began from the south‑eastern part of the village of Cicir, from the village common near by the Mureş River, from the place named „Movila lui Nicoli” [Nicoli’s Hillock]; after a rectilineal way, it went to north‑east falling down in the curvature of an old branch of the Mureş River. That one came from the western area of the localities of Păuliş and Ghioroc, toward the west, with a loop at the north‑west of Cicir to stream away to the main river by the east part of the village pf Sâmbăteni. On the basis of actual data and reasons the author tries to give an answer to some quesions concerning the period it was digged, the aim it was digged for, and the people who ordered such a large work known as „Iarc” in the local speech (a word of a Slavic origin = ditch). He excludes the ditch setting during the Hapsburgs’ period of the Mureş River regularizing (the first half of the 19th century). Some opinions on the aim are emitted. The first one should be related to a process of drainig of swampy terrains given the presence of a minor branch of the Mureş, probably during the Middle Age. Another explanation is related to the possibility that the canal should have been set for navigation of small ships, from the loop directly to the Mureş without caming back. It seems that there were some points‑of‑sale for goods transported by rafts (?), namely some stone‑worked landing places. Another function may be related to the distructive effect on the Mureş bank, the canal setting having directed the flow to another area – namely the minor branch at the north‑eastern part of Cicir. Less probably but not excluded, the canal could have been one for the floating mills if taking into consideration that the wheal of such a mill was the seal of the village of Cicir (1837). The archaeological repertory of the village might favorably puts in light the problems that objective raises.

Peculiarities of the Nesting Ecology of Some Mass Bird Species in the Conditions of the Fergana Valley

This article is devoted to the features of the nesting ecology of some common bird species in the Fergana Valley. Data on the distribution, distribution by nesting stations, clutch size, oological indicators of eggs, density of incubation of clutches and postembryonic growth and development of chicks of the white stork, green bee-eater, myna, Indian and field sparrow in the anthropogenic landscapes of the valley are given. In the Fergana Valley, the white stork is distributed mainly in settlements, the green bee-eater nests on loess cliffs along the banks of the river of large canals, the myna nests in anthropogenic objects, occupies the nests of rollers, Indian sparrows, the tree sparrow nests in anthropogenic landscapes, rarely in ravines, Indian Sparrow mainly lives in ravines and trees, forming large colonies. The clutch size for storks is on average 4.7, for bee-eater — 5.5, myna — 4.6, field sparrow — 4.5 eggs, Indian sparrow — 3.9 eggs. The density of incubation of eggs in a stork at the beginning of incubation is 96.3%, bee-eaters — 68.0%, myna — 67.7%, field sparrow — 93.1%, Indian sparrow — 92.4%, at the end of incubation, the incubation density changes and is 89.9% for the stork, 94.0% for the green bee-eater, 82.5% for the lane, 98.2% for the field sparrow, and 97.3% for the Indian sparrow.

Pipe Dreams: Water and Empire in Central Asia's Aral Sea Basin by Maya K. Peterson (review).

Reviewed by: Pipe Dreams: Water and Empire in Central Asia's Aral Sea Basin by Maya K. Peterson Marianne Kamp (bio) Pipe Dreams: Water and Empire in Central Asia's Aral Sea Basin By Maya K. Peterson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xxii + 399. The continuity of a vision for irrigation is on display in Peterson's Pipe Dreams, where the author's research reveals that Imperial Russia's dreams of constructing vast new systems of canals in Central Asia's arid lands found even more grandiose fulfillment when the Soviet government implemented its development plans. At times engineers and investors drew on indigenous Central Asian knowledge, but more frequently, top-down plans ran into material, social, economic, and natural obstacles. Peterson highlights three inherently contradictory goals that the Russian and Soviet governments pursued: turning Kyrgyz nomads into sedentary farmers, opening Central Asia to settlement by colonizers, and making Central Asia into the land of cotton. Starting in the 1860s, when Russia's geographers first set foot in the newly conquered lands, they imagined rerouting the lower reaches of the Amu River to reach the Caspian Sea and watering land that they saw as empty desert—believing it to be unused because it was not farmed. All that was required to make it useful was investment, expertise, and labor. A collection of diaries, reports, and letters to the Romanov Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich allows Peterson to examine the repeated failures and moderate successes of canal building through the Hungry Steppe between Bekabod and Jizzakh (in today's Uzbekistan), not only as a water-control project, but also through the lenses of the Russian peasants who settled there. The sources attest to the peasants' apparent gratitude to the Russian government, and they illustrate an innovative social experiment that combined indigenous Central Asian and colonizer labor to provide both groups with irrigable fields. Those human dimensions are Peterson's contribution to what was otherwise a small-scale water engineering project that has attracted historians' attention, from a 1927 account by V. V. Tsinzerling to Julia Obertreis's Imperial Desert Dreams (2017), primarily because of its abundant archival traces rather than because of any transformative dimensions. [End Page 1185] Competition between indigenous peoples and colonizers is abundantly evident in Peterson's wholly novel research on irrigation projects in the Chu River valley, near today's Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. As seen by Russian administrators, the lush grasslands that Kyrgyz herders apportioned through kin networks needed to be plowed and farmed to reach their productive capacity. Russian administrators crafted legal means to seize land, and settlers from Russia arrived in large numbers. Experts who designed the canal scheme were thwarted by lack of investment, so that the building project dragged on through World War I and into the Civil War years that followed the Russian Revolution. Project administrators recruited Uyghur and Dungan labor migrants from Xinjiang and contracted for prison labor, while Russians and Kyrgyz fought over land—the massacres inspiring the nascent Bolshevik government to restrict colonization. Pipe Dreams follows administrative visions for controlling water through a series of episodes from Imperial Russia to the Soviet years. In the 1890s, Russia's successful introduction of the highly productive American Upland strain of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) directed attention to the possibilities for expanding irrigation into dry lands; after the Revolution, increasing cotton production became the obsession of Soviet-era plans for Central Asia, to the detriment of grain growing and livestock husbandry. Soviet-style investment featured massive, highly publicized building projects, one of which was the 1930s Vakhshstroi in southern Tajikistan, whose goal was populating the Vakhsh valley with indigenous cotton growers. Archives reveal the abundant problems that beset this venture, which relied on attracting tens of thousands of laborers to resettle in the area, including labor turnover and hydrology engineering failures resulting in many years of missed targets. Unlike Vakhstroi—where Soviet engineers took pride in using heavy machinery despite being plagued by problems—the Grand Fergana Canal, as well as many subsequent large canals in Soviet Uzbekistan, was dug by several hundred thousand Uzbek peasants in a celebrated "people's construction" campaign, using what Peterson views as the most extreme degree of state...

Spatial Capture–Recapture Derived Turtle Capture Probabilities and Densities in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal

More than half of turtle species worldwide are threatened because of habitat loss, invasive species, environmental pollution, disease, unsustainable use, and global climate change. However, some turtles are capable of existing in highly modified habitats, including structures designed to benefit human populations such as reservoirs and canal systems. Examining turtle distributions in large canal systems can inform conservation plans protecting turtle populations within a potential reservoir network and expand our understanding of underlying mechanisms regulating populations. We conducted spatial capture–recapture on turtles inhabiting sections of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. We developed a Bayesian spatial capture–recapture model to estimate densities, sex ratios, and associated capture probability parameters for Chrysemys picta (Painted Turtle), Chelydra serpentina (Common Snapping Turtle), Sternotherus odoratus (Eastern Musk Turtle), and Pseudemys rubriventris (Red-Bellied Turtle) captured at 12 sites along 28 km of the canal. We examined the impact of canal depth and forest cover on population densities and the variation in capture probability between sites and sampling days. We found population densities to vary between sites and the associated sex ratios to vary between species, as did the effect of depth and forest cover. Overall capture rates decreased each day, but there was trap-happy behavior from all species except S. odoratus. Our information can set a baseline for understanding turtle populations and inform management in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. It is also one of the first studies to establish methods for using new spatial capture–recapture to quantify densities and aquatic space use of turtles.

A new pan-kinosternid, Leiochelys tokaryki, gen. et sp. nov., from the late Maastrichtian Frenchman formation, Saskatchewan Canada.

Previously, only a single member of Pan-Kinosternidae (Yelmochelys rosarioae) had been documented from the Late Cretaceous epoch. In this report we describe a new pan-kinosternid genus and species, herein named Leiochelys tokaryki, based on a nearly complete, articulated skeleton from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada. L. tokaryki differs most notably from the previously described Y. rosarioae in having triangular plastral lobes, and in that the suture between the hyo- and hypoplastron is in line with the suture between the fifth and sixth peripherals. A maximum parsimony analysis suggests that L. tokaryki is intermediate between Y. rosarioae and crown-group kinosternids. Kinosternid features present in L. tokaryki include the presence of a reduced plastral bridge that extends from the posterior tip of peripheral 4 to the anterior tip of peripheral 7, two inframarginals that contact one another, a smooth triturating surface, and participation of the palatine in the triturating surface. An unexpected feature of the skull is the presence of a large stapedial canal, suggesting that the decrease in size of the stapedial canal and increase in the canalis caroticus cerebralis occurred independently in Dermatemydidae and Kinosternidae. The character-states of the skull and skeleton of L. tokaryki indicate that morphological changes occurring during the diversification of Kinosternoidea were more complex than expected based on data from derived members of the group.

Persistent Positional Vertigo in a Patient with Partial “Auto-Plugged” Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence: A Case Study

A 73-year-old female was referred to our department for persistent left anterior benign paroxysmal positional vertigo refractory to multiple repositioning procedures and training physiotherapist exercises. The audiovestibular assessment and high resonance computed tomography of the petrosal bone confirmed the presence of a 5.4 mm large paucisymptomatic left anterior semicircular canal dehiscence. The connection between the 2 apparently distinct neurotological entities in the same patient was further sustained by additional imagery. T2-weighted and 3-dimensional labyrinthine sequences confirmed the presence of a partially “auto-plugged” superior semicircular canal dehiscence which progressively entrapped greater otolith particles proximal to the cupula of the superior semicircular canal.

The Effects of Canal Blocking on Hydrological Restoration in Degraded Peat Swamp Forest Post-Forest Fires in Central Kalimantan

AbstractTropical peat swamp forest is one of the wetland ecosystems on tropical peatlands with many ecological, economic, and socio-cultural functions. In Indonesia, the peat swamp forest ecosystems have been experiencing deforestation and degradation due to land clearing for plantations and agriculture and forest fires. In Central Kalimantan, especially in the ex-area of the 1 million hectares mega rice project (MRP)n in the 1990s, hydrological restoration is done by blocking the canals. We compared the three methods of canal blocking and the areas without canal blocking and the community’s preference on what form of canal blocking is more beneficial for them. Large canal blocking, medium canal blocking, and small canal blocking had positively affected the groundwater level in the driest month above the fire-prone critical point. In contrast, the locations without blocking exceed the necessary fire-prone water level. Small, large, and medium blocking are equally capable of optimizing the peat soil water table. However, the local communities preferred small blocking over other methods because it was simple, labour-intensive, and improved their livelihood when involved in its construction. The local communities choose the big canal blockings less because they block transportation access in and out of the peat swamp forest.

ДЕЯКІ АСПЕКТИ ЩОДО СТАНУ ТЕРИТОРІЇ РАЙОНІВ РІЧКОВИХ БАСЕЙНІВ ТА МОНІТОРИНГУ ВОД ПІД ЧАС ВТОРГНЕННЯ РОСІЇ В УКРАЇНУ (2022 р.)

Characterizing the military aggression launched by the Russian Federation against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyi noted on June 2, 2022 that as of today, Russian troops control about 20% of the territory of Ukraine, that is 125 thousand km2. The purpose of this article is to assess the state of the territories of some of the river basins districts of Ukraine in relation to their coming under the control of Russian troops in the summer of 2022, as well as the possibility of conducting monitoring in accordance with the state water monitoring program approved by the order of the Ministry of Environment of Ukraine for 2022. As a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, as of August 1, 2022, in the territory controlled by Russian troops: a) 2 of the river basins districts – Crimea (since 2014) and Azov coast – were completely located; b) 4 areas of river basins districts were partially occupied: approx. 69% of the territory of the Don rrver basin district, 22% – of the Black Sea river basin district, 6% – of the Dnipro river basin district. Of the large water bodies in the territory captured by the Russian troops in the summer of 2022: a) 2 large canals were completely located: the North Crimean and Kakhovsky main canals; b) 1 canal was partially occupied – 40% of the length of the Siverskyi Donets-Donbas canal; c) a large part of the Siverskyi Donets River (Donbas region); d) the lower part of the Kakhovka reservoir (together with the Kakhovka HPP). Since the beginning of Russia’s military aggression in the State Water Agency of Ukraine, 1 of the 4 basic regional water monitoring laboratories (of the Eastern region) have stopped working. Water samples from these region were forwarded to the water monitoring laboratory of the Western region. Taking into account the operational military situation, in July 2022, units of the State Water Agency took water samples at 398 monitoring points, which was 68% of the number of points provided for by the state water monitoring program. In August 2022, the State Water Agency of Ukraine started preparing proposals for the surface water monitoring program for 2023, in particular: about the possibility of including additional indicators of pollutants – petroleum products, chemicals contained in ammunition, missiles; on updating the list of monitoring points based on the results of the assessment of the chemical state of surface water bodies; on the inclusion of additional water monitoring points in the de-occupied territories to detect the impact of military operations on water quality.

Mysteries of Lake Copais: The Drainage – Massive Bronze Age and Hellenistic Hydraulic Engineering Works

Since the draining of Lake Copais in Boeotia in the late 19th century archaeological research has revealed Bronze Age hydraulic engineering works of such a scale as to be unique in Europe. Starting in the Middle Helladic period with dams, dikes and polders, the massive extension of the scheme in the Late Helladic period, with large canals and massive dikes, achieved the complete drainage of the lake; a feat not achieved again, despite Hellenistic attempts, until the 20th century. In this paper we attempt to draw together research in order to tell the history of Lake Copais through the ages.

Monitoring of reproductive health in the striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) from the Saen Saep Canal, Thailand

Khlong Saen Saep is one of the most important and large canal systems in Bangkok, Thailand. However, the emergence of heavily polluted water has occasionally been reported due to the domestic sewage and industrial effluents discharged into the system. This situation may affect the reproductive status of aquatic lives residing in this canal. To evaluate the reproductive status of the canal inhabitant, the striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)—a common dweller of the Saen Saep Canal—was collected from two selected stations, the Bumpen Nua Temple and the Kamalun Islam Mosque. The fish gonads were then anatomically and histologically examined. The results indicated that neither parasites nor ovary with external abnormality were found. Nevertheless, several histological alterations were detected, including vacuolar degeneration of previtellogenic oocytes, accumulation of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), and atretic oocytes. Moreover, severe histopathological changes, such as the eosinophilic cytoplasm of spermatogonia, MMCs, blood congestion, and syncytium of spermatozoa, were observed in the fish testis. Our study suggested that the environmental stress and pollutions previously reported from the Saen Saep Canal possibly underpin the gonadal impairments of P. hypophthalmus examined and may have adverse impact on the reproductive health of others living in this canal system