Large Amounts Of Polyphenol Compounds Research Articles

Chemical modification of marigold (Tagetes erecta) dye via diazo-coupling reaction for enhanced dyeing on polyester: A sustainable approach

Plant-derived natural extracts contain large amounts of polyphenolic compounds, presenting opportunities for chemical modification. The present study deals with the extraction of dye from Marigold (Tagetes erecta), a widely cultivated and commercially utilised flower, using water as an extraction medium followed by its chemical modification for sustainable synthesis of yellow dye and dyeing of polyester fabric. Phytochemical analysis and FTIR spectroscopy of the natural dye extract from Marigold flowers indicated the presence of polyphenolic flavonoids. The water-extracted natural dye was subsequently chemically modified with aniline, a primary aryl amine, via diazotisation and coupling reactions to yield a semi-synthetic natural dye with a 1.2 ± 0.3 g yield. The major constituents in the marigold natural extract and the Modified Marigold Extract (MME) dye were characterised using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The marigold water extract contained a high concentration of Gossypetin 8-Glucoside, a yellow-coloured flavonoid compound with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 480.0904. LC-HRMS analysis further confirmed the presence of a constituent (m/z 424.0485) in the MME dye, corresponding to the predicted mass of chemically modified Gossypetin 8-Glucoside. The MME dye was subsequently employed for dyeing polyester fabric, exhibiting maximum colour strength at 10 % shade under acidic condition. The dyeing performances of the MME-dyed fabrics were evaluated in terms of fastness and post-dyeing strength. This study demonstrates a unique and novel approach to develop a yellow semi-synthetic natural dye, emphasising its potential utility for polyester dyeing.

Natural Activators of Autophagy.

Autophagy is the process by which cell contents, such as aggregated proteins, dysfunctional organelles, and cell structures are sequestered by autophagosome and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. As a process that allows the cell to get rid of non-functional components that tend to accumulate with age, autophagy has been associated with many human diseases. In this regard, the search for autophagy activators and the study of their mechanism of action is an important task for treatment of many diseases, as well as for increasing healthy life expectancy. Plants are rich sources of autophagy activators, containing large amounts of polyphenolic compounds in their composition, which can be autophagy activators in their original form, or can be metabolized by the intestinal microbiota to active compounds. This review is devoted to the plant-based autophagy activators with emphasis on the sources of their production, mechanism of action, and application in various diseases. The review also describes companies commercializing natural autophagy activators.

Precise isolation of high-quality RNA from leaves and storage roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for gene expression studies

BackgroundThe isolation of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) from leaves and storage roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a challenging one, due to the presence of large amounts of polyphenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and tuber proteins. RNA with high quality and intact integrity is vital for gene expression studies. We hereby report a precise, reproducible, and less cumbersome technique for isolating high-quality RNA from leaves and storage roots of cassava with minimal contamination from polyphenols, polysaccharides, and other secondary metabolites, using affordable reagents. This protocol functions without guanidinium salts in the extraction buffer. The presence of guanidinium salts usually leads to the formation of agglomerates during the extraction of RNA from plant tissues with high starch contents.ResultsThe isolated RNA from leaves and storage roots of the ten cassava genotypes yielded between 1576.1 and 2861.9 µg/ml for RNA isolated from the leaf tissues and 2761.2–3873.5 µg/ml for RNA isolated from the storage roots. The A260:A280 ratios of the total RNA were more than 2.0 for both leaf and storage root samples, indicating minimal contamination from polysaccharides and polyphenols. The RNA samples recorded intact integrity, as demonstrated by clear 28 S and 18 S rRNA bands observed on agarose gel electrophoresis. The RNA integrity number (RIN) values ranged between 7.2 and 8.0. Also, the RNA samples were successfully used for transcriptome sequencing.ConclusionThe present method which yielded high-quality and transcriptionally competent RNA samples is suitable for use in gene expression studies and downstream applications in the molecular breeding of cassava and related root/tuber crops.

Changes in the Polyphenol Content of Red Raspberry Fruits during Ripening

Berry fruits that contain large amounts of polyphenol compounds are expected to exhibit health and anti-aging effects due to the antioxidant activities of these components. Among the various polyphenols, flavan-3-ol derivatives are known to have a particularly high functionality. In this study, the maturity of red raspberry fruits is classified into eight stages based on the polyphenol content at each stage. Quantification of the various compounds and investigation of the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were carried out. The total polyphenol content, including that of the flavan-3-ol derivatives, was the highest in immature fruits, gradually decreasing during fruit maturation, during which the radical scavenging activity also decreased. Based on our quantitative results, it was considered that the decrease in the flavan-3-ol derivative content due to fruit ripening was largely related to the increase in the amount of anthocyanin derivatives. Considering that the decreased contents of these compounds were related to the expression levels of polyphenol biosynthetic enzymes, quantification was performed using the semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, but the only change observed was the increased expression of the enzyme that synthesizes anthocyanins during maturation. Therefore, it was suggested that it is necessary to inhibit anthocyanin synthesis to increase the contents of highly functional flavan-3-ol derivatives in the mature fruit.

Comparative Spectroscopic and HPLC Analyses of Phenolic Compounds in Extracts of Anthocyanin Maize Purple Saratov Variety Grown Under Various Wetting Conditions

The quercetin content in aqueous EtOH extracts of covering leaves of anthocyanin Purple Saratov diploid variety of Zea mays L. grown under dry conditions reached 39.36 ± 0.41 mg/100 g of dry extract and significantly exceeded the value (26.03 ± 0.36 mg/100 g of dry extract) for maize grown under normal wetting conditions. The large amounts of polyphenolic compounds in anthocyanin Purple Saratov diploid variety showed good prospects for using it as a source of them.

Flavan-3-ols Content in Red Raspberry Leaves Increases under Blue Led-Light Irradiation.

Berry fruits are well known to contain large amounts of polyphenol compounds. Among them, flavan-3-ol derivatives are a group of secondary metabolism compounds currently attracting a great deal of attention owing to their health benefits. Not only the fruits, but also the leaves of raspberry plants, are highly esteemed for tea making around the world and are largely used for food. In this report, we discuss the results of our study on the effect of light and temperature on polyphenol accumulation in raspberry leaves. When raspberry was cultivated in a plant factory unit and light intensity, wavelength, and temperature were varied, the amount of total polyphenol increased under blue light. Quantitative determination of (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin, procyanidin B4, flavan-3-ol trimer, which are flavan-3-ol derivatives, was carried out using HPLC, whereby we confirmed their increase under blue light. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed correlation between chalcone synthase (CHS) gene expression and the amounts of the compounds measured in the leaves.

Lotus Root Extract Stimulates BDNF Gene Expression Through Potential Mechanism Depending on HO-1 Activity in C6 Glioma Cells

ABSTRACTPolyphenolic compounds have been suggested to be involved in the preservation of neural function via the production of neurotrophic factors in the brain. The nonedible joint part of lotus root (a rhizome of Nelumbo nucifera) has been reported to contain large amounts of polyphenolic compounds and, therefore, is expected to improve neural function by stimulating the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in glial cells. The effect of the aqueous extract prepared from the joint part of lotus root on BDNF gene expression was examined in C6 glioma cells as an in vitro model. This extract was shown to increase BDNF messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels to the elevation of HO-1 mRNA levels in the glioma cells, but failed to cause the elevation of BDNF mRNA levels in the cells pretreated with a HO-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) or an HO-1 enzyme inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP). These findings strongly suggest that the aqueous extract prepared from the nonedible joint part of lotus root might be able to stimulate BDNF gene expression by enhancing HO-1 activity in the glioma cells, proposing the possibility that the joint part of lotus root might potentially improve neural function through the stimulation of BDNF production in glial cells.

Inter-population and inter-organ distribution of the main polyphenolic compounds of Epilobium angustifolium

Rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium) contains large amounts of polyphenolic compounds, including tellimagrandin I-based oligomeric ellagitannins (ETs). The aim of this study was to assess the interpopulational and inter-organ variability of the polyphenol fingerprint of E. angustifolium. Seven ETs, 11 flavonol glycosides and neochlorogenic acid were quantified by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-QqQ-MS in the leaves, flowers and stem parts of plants from 10 populations. Total polyphenol content of leaves and flowers ranged from 150 to 200 mg/g dry wt, of which 90% was constituted by dimeric to heptameric ETs. Flowers contained, on average, 10% more oenothein B (dimeric ET) and 2 times less oenothein A (trimeric ET) than leaves. Tetrameric and pentameric ETs exhibited rather similar levels in leaves and flowers whereas hexameric and heptameric were 3–4 times more abundant in flowers than in leaves. Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside were specific to flower tissue and were absent from leaves. The inflorescence stem showed the highest content in total polyphenols with an average of 250 mg/g dry wt and contained remarkably large amounts of oenothein B and A. Polyphenol content steadily decreased along the inflorescence stem and reached its lowest level in the vegetative part of the stem. The interpopulational variability of most polyphenols was within a two- to threefold range across the 10 sampled populations. Myricetin-3-O-glucoside and myricetin-3-O-glucuronide, however, showed a more population-specific distribution with concentrations varying from 0 to 2.3 mg/g dry wt. Finally, this study showed that the levels of oenothein B and A in the plant are not interdependent but that their relative abundance is constant within a population.

Green Tea In Acute Myeloid Leukemia

IntroductionGreen tea (GT) is chemically characterized by the presence of large amounts of polyphenolic compounds. The beneficial effects of green tea are well known. A number of epidemiologic studies have linked consumption of green tea to decreased risk of cancer, in vitro and animal models have supported green tea's ability to inhibit the different stages of cancer development. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy. The development and progression of the leukemic disease involve deregulation of cell death response resulting in failure of production of normal blood cells. Accordingly, the goal of this work was to identify the effects of oral green tea administration in a xenografted model of leukemia as well as in a 65-year old patient diagnosed with AML with myelodysplasia-related changes. Material and MethodsIn vivo: HL-60 cells were maintained in 10% of RPMI medium. The HL-60 xenotransplant was performed using immunodeficient mice (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J lineage (Jackson Lab. USA), (n= 6). Mice were inoculated, subcutaneously, in the dorsal region, 1x107cells/mice. Every 7 days the tumor volumes were evaluated according to the following formula: tumor volume (mm3) = (length x width2)/2. The GT (Galena Pharmaceutical) treatment started after tumors reached 100 to 200 mm3, it was given every day by gavage at 100mg/Kg body weight (diluent: water solution). Control group received equal amounts vehicle solution. After 21 days, the mice were sacrificed, tumors were removed, minced and homogenized in protein extraction buffer or fixed in formalin immediately for immunohistochemistry with antibodies for detection of apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle processes. Clinical protocol: We performed a pilot study with an elderly AML patient unfit to conventional chemotherapy due to comorbidities and personal desire. Our primary goal was to confirm the suppressive activity of GT against leukemic blasts. Our secondary objective was to analyse possible changes in her adaptive and innate immune system induced by GT. Capsules containing 500 mg of GT were supplied by the Galena pharmaceutical. The patient received 1 capsule (500mg) once per day during 3 months and was evaluated once every 4 weeks by physical examination and laboratory testing. ResultsIn vivo: A 42% reduction of the tumor volume was observed in mice treated for 21 days with GT treatment, compared to untreated animals. The main proteins related to the autophagy process were analyzed and we found increased expression of beclin-1 and class III PI3K, ATG5-ATG12 and ATG7. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed higher LC3I/II staining in mice treated with GT compared to control. Decreased Bcl2 expression, increased Bax expression and no modulation of BcL-xL levels was also detected by immunohistochemistry in treated animals. Caspase 3 staining was active in GT mice. GT induces cell cycle arrest in S phase, with reduction of cyclin A and CDk2 expression and increased p21 staining. We could not observe any significant difference in cyclin D, cyclin E, Cdk2, 4 and 6 expression. GT promoted pronounced phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2 and JNK. Clinical protocol: During GT treatment, the patient did not present any complication, including infections and bleeding. She remained as outpatient during all protocol period. [Display omitted] Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Isolation of high-quality RNA from high-phenolic tissues of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) by keeping temperature low

We describe a modified LiC1 method for isolating good-quality RNA from leaves, rhizomes and roots of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) which are rich in phenolic compounds. In ordinary protocols, RNA extraction was strongly inhibited by contamination with the large amounts of polyphenol compounds. Only by keeping the temperature low during extraction could RNA be successfully isolated. The resulting high-quality RNA was suitable for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription followed by quantitative real-time PCR, cDNA library construction and Northern blot analysis. The total RNA extracted from leaves was much higher than that from rhizomes and roots. Using this method, 20–40 μg of total RNA was routinely obtained from 1 g of fresh tissue. This is the first report of low temperature RNA extraction from plant tissues rich in phenolic compounds.

The aromatic and polyphenolic composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. subsp. officinalis) tea

The chemical composition of the widely used herbal tea made from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. subsp. officinalis) was previously unknown. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the main aromatic and polyphenolic constituents of the infusion were examined and compared with those of the leaves before and after infusion. The dried lemon balm leaves originally contained 0.32% essential oil of which citral (neral + geranial) 0.13%, total polyphenol compounds 11.8% comprising total hydroxycinnamic compounds 11.3% (rosmarinic acid 4.1%) and total flavonoid compounds 0.5%. The tea contained 10 mg/l of essential oil (extraction yield 31%) with much more citral (74% of the essential oil). It also contained large amounts of polyphenol compounds (about 1.07 g/l) corresponding to a 93% extraction yield.