Large Amounts Of Wind Energy Research Articles

Two-stage coevolutionary constrained multi-objective optimization algorithm for solving optimal power flow problems with wind power and FACTS devices

As a large amount of wind energy is integrated into the grid, the randomness it brings poses a challenge to modern power systems. The application of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) in the grid is becoming more and more common, and it is necessary to consider how to choose suitable equipment in the appropriate locations. In this paper, a multi-objective optimal power flow (MOOPF) model with wind farms and FACTS devices is established. The Weibull probability density function is used to establish the wind speed model, and the cost problem brought by wind power is considered. The locations and ratings of thyristor-controlled series compensators, thyristor-controlled phase shifters, and static VAR compensators are added to the system as control variables. In addition, the constraints on the prohibited operating areas of thermal power generators and the valve point effect are also considered. Coevolutionary constrained multi-objective optimization algorithm (CCMO) is an advanced technology, and this paper improves it and names it two-stage coevolutionary constrained multi-objective optimization algorithm (TSCCMO). The proposed algorithm uses the constraint violation value as an additional objective function in the sub-population environmental selection process, and integrates a neighborhood selection strategy into the mating selection process. The population evolution process is divided into two stages, in the first stage the two populations cooperate weakly, and in the second stage the two populations will have strong cooperation. TSCCMO is used to solve this complex constrained MOOPF problem, and its results are compared and analyzed with CCMO, NSGA–II–CDP, C3M, and PPS. The comprehensive performance of TSCCMO is the best among the 6 cases.

Multi-temporal Scale Wind Power Forecasting Based on Lasso-CNN-LSTM-LightGBM

Due to the increasingly severe climate problems, wind energy has received widespread attention as the most abundant energy on Earth. However, due to the uncertainty of wind energy, a large amount of wind energy is wasted, so accurate wind power prediction can greatly improve the utilization of wind energy. To increase the forecast for wind energy accuracy across a range of time scales, this paper presents a multi-time scale wind power prediction by constructing an ICEEMDAN-CNN-LSTM-LightGBM model. Initially, feature selection is performed using Lasso regression to identify the most significant variables affecting the forecast for wind energy across distinct time intervals. Subsequently, the ICEEMDAN is utilized to break down the wind power data into various scales to capture its nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics. Following this, a deep learning model based on CNN and LSTM networks is developed, with the CNN responsible for extracting spatial features from the time series data, and the LSTM designed to capture the temporal relationships. Finally, the outputs of the deep learning model are fed into the LightGBM model to leverage its superior learning capabilities for the ultimate prediction of wind power. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed ICEEMDAN-CNN-LSTM-LightGBM model achieves higher accuracy in multi-time scale wind power prediction, providing more reliable decision assistance with the management and operation of wind farms.

Large-scale wind power grid integration challenges and their solution: a detailed review.

Despite global warming, renewable energy has gained much interest worldwide due to its ability to generate large-scale energy without emitting greenhouse gases. The availability and low cost of wind energy and its high efficiency and technological advancements make it one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Hence, capturing large amounts of wind energy is essential today. The large-scale integration of wind power sources must be evaluated and mitigated to develop a sustainable future power system. Wind energy research and the government are working together to overcome the potential barriers associated with its penetration into the power grid. This paper reviews the social, environmental, and cost-economic impacts of installing large-scale wind energy plants. A valuable review of wind energy technology and its challenges is also presented in this paper, including the effects of wind farms on nearby communities, generation uncertainty, power quality issues, angular and voltage stability, reactive power support, and fault ride-through capability. Besides, socioeconomic, environmental, and electricity market challenges due to the grid integration of wind power are also investigated. Finally, potential technical challenges to integrating large-scale wind energy into the power grid are reviewed regarding current research and their available mitigation techniques.

The Capstone Design of Hybrid Power Plant for the Renewable Energy in the Airport

Currently, renewable energy sources are needed as a substitute for conventional energy sources because conventional energy sources will become decades in recent years. Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar have gained popularity and demand over the last decade. However, the output of this source depends on weather conditions. With these two sources, then we can produce the desired electric power. This project designs a hybrid power generation system model using wind and solar resources. This system can be implemented in areas around airports where large amounts of wind energy can be collected due to the high-speed movement of aircraft. At the same time, solar energy from the sun will also be collected. Eventually, the two energies will be collected simultaneously to charge the battery and be used for everyday life. The designed wind turbines are Savonius wind turbines which produce an average of 33.2-33.5 watts of electricity, and a Polycrystalline type solar panel with 200 WP.

The Design of a Remote Online Holistic Monitoring System for a Wind Turbine

As one of the most promising renewable energy resources, a large amount of wind energy has been implemented all around the world since 1990s. Increasing the size of the wind turbines and the harsh operating environment lead to the higher failure rates on the wind turbines compared with the other renewable resources. As a result, not only unplanned maintenance and repairments increases but also the downtime of the wind turbine increases the operational cost significantly. In addition, the long-distance transmission lines are required to transfer the wind generation power to the load centers due to the remote operation location of the wind farms. To improve the power transfer capability, the series-compensated lines are adopted in many cases. However, subsynchronous control interactions (SSCI) could happen between the series-compensated transmission lines and the wind turbines. This may damage the wind turbine components severely and cause stability issues in the power grids. Currently, various condition monitoring systems have been developed and applied for the wind turbines. Different SSCI detection mechanisms are also proposed in many studies. This article proposes a field-programmable gate array CPU-based holistic monitoring system which not only provides both condition and SSCI monitoring functions simultaneously in real time but also records the necessary data for the postevent analysis.

Analysis of energy storage systems to exploit wind energy curtailment in Crete

The demand for reduction of greenhouse gases, the need for a decreased dependence on fossil fuel, and the increasing penetration of the renewable energy sources are changing the world's electrical energy production. The island of Crete in Greece possesses great potential when it comes to wind and solar energy. Currently, a large amount of wind energy is often being curtailed in Crete, due to the technical minima of the existing thermal units, the inherent fluctuating power output of the wind turbines and the electricity demand profile. Electrical energy storage is recognized as an underpinning technology to have great potential in overcoming these challenges. There are many different ways to store the surplus energy and convert it back to electrical energy when it is needed.The aim of the present paper is the investigation of the role that energy storage can play in the further development of renewable energy sources in non-interconnected islands via considering the energy storage technologies of compressed air energy storage, pumped hydroelectric storage and sodium – sulfur batteries.This paper examines the solution of electrical energy storage in curtailment exploitation. A review over the above energy storage technologies is carried out and a comparative analysis is performed for the case study of Crete. Each storage technology is techno-economically evaluated using actual data. Finally, a parallel comparison of the examined storage systems’ levelized cost of energy is presented and conclusions are drawn. The compressed air energy storage system appears to be more favorable, having the lowest levelized cost of energy of the examined systems studied at 0.21 €/kWh, while contributing 105.59 GWh of electrical energy to the island's grid per year. For the examined case study, compressed air energy storage system appears to be almost 20% and 50% cheaper in terms of levelized cost of energy in comparison with pumped hydro storage and batteries respectively.

Forecasting wind ramps: can long-range lidar increase accuracy?

The national funded WindforS project VORKAST investigated the use of a long-range lidar for very short-term power forecasting of a wind turbine in complex terrain. This ability is essential for the grid integration of large amounts of wind energy. This paper describes the process of setting up the lidar, data handling, and wind field reconstruction. A process based on Taylor’s frozen turbulence hypothesis is used to propagate wind speeds to the turbine and to forecast wind ramps. The lidar-based forecast is currently less accurate than persistence in these conditions. It is expected that the use of a more realistic propagation model will improve the forecasts in such complex terrain.

Assessment of frequency performance by wind integration in a large‐scale power system

AbstractLarge‐scale grid integration of wind energy particularly in the southeastern portion of the Mexican interconnected power system has affected available transfer capability and imposed additional uncertainty on power system operation. Integrating large amounts of wind energy into the system is challenging because of the variability in power system dynamics and a more complex active and reactive power dispatch.Wind plants have been installed in the Mexican systems during the past few years. The total installed wind energy capacity of the system is around 2.5 GW; the total wind energy generation represents 4% of current installed generation in the Mexican system. Increase of the wind power is expected to have an impact on power system control and transient behavior, especially as the amount of wind generation represents a significant portion of the local generation and wind farms grow in size and complexity.Using recent planning and operation wind data, detailed studies on the effects of new wind generation on power system dynamic behavior are carried out. Analyses of the dynamic impact of large wind parks on power system dynamic performance are conducted. Operating impact studies include frequency behavior and the response of wind farms to major disturbances.Simulation studies on a realistic 4000‐bus dynamic model of the Mexican interconnected system show that large wind generating plants have a significant effect on system dynamic behavior.

Comparative Study of Electric Energy Storages and Thermal Energy Auxiliaries for Improving Wind Power Integration in the Cogeneration System

In regards to the cogeneration system in Northern China, mainly supported by combined heat and power (CHP) plants, it usually offers limited operation flexibility due to the joint production of electric and thermal power. For that large-scale wind farms included in the cogeneration system, a large amount of wind energy may have to be wasted. To solve this issue, the utilization of the electric energy storages and the thermal energy auxiliaries are recommended, including pumped hydro storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES), hydrogen-based energy storage (HES), heat storage (HS), electric boilers (EB), and heat pumps (HP). This paper proposes a general evaluation method to compare the performance of these six different approaches for promoting wind power integration. In consideration of saving coal consumption, reducing CO2 emissions, and increasing investment cost, the comprehensive benefit is defined as the evaluation index. Specifically, a wind-thermal conflicting expression (WTCE) is put forward to simplify the formulation of the comprehensive benefit. Further, according to the cogeneration system of the West Inner Mongolia (WIM) power grid, a test system is modelled to perform the comparison of the six different approaches. The results show that introducing the electric energy storages and the thermal energy auxiliaries can both contribute to facilitating wind power integration, and the HP can provide the best comprehensive benefit.

Modelling and sizing of NaS (sodium sulfur) battery energy storage system for extending wind power performance in Crete Island

Crete Island is rich in renewable energy resources such as wind and solar. Likewise other European territories, renewable sources already are being explored for power production. Currently a large amount of wind energy on Crete is curtailed during certain daily periods as a result of reduced demand and minimum operating levels on thermal generators. Reducing wind power curtailment magnitude requires additional sources of flexibility in the grid, and electric energy storage is one of them. This paper address wind generation curtailment minimization through the storage of wind energy surplus. NaS (sodium sulfura) battery modelling is used in this study in order to shift wind generation from off-peak to on-peak through a technical-economic analysis, considering the total annualized cost of the storage system and the wind power curtailment based on an annual basis. The obtained results are based on real data, which includes Crete Island demand, renewable and conventional power generation.

Evaluation of the Wind Power Penetration Limit and Wind Energy Penetration in the Mongolian Central Power System

This paper describes evaluation results of the wind power penetration limit (WPPL) and the wind energy penetration (WEP) in the Mongolian central power system (MCPS). A wind power plant (WPP) in a power system possesses an output power limit because the power system must maintain a balance between the generation and consumption of electricity at all times in order to achieve an adequate level of quality. The instantaneous penetration limit (IPL) of wind generation at a load is determined as the minimum of the three technical constraints: the minimum output, the ramp rate capability, and the spinning reserve of the conventional generating units. In this paper, a WPPL is defined as the maximum IPL divided by the peak load. A maximal variation rate (VR) of wind power is a major factor in determining the IPL, WPPL, and WEP. This paper analyzes the effects of the maximal VR of wind power on the WPPL, WEP, and capacity factor (CF) in the MCPS. The results indicate that a small VR can facilitate a large amount of wind energy while maintaining a high CF with increased wind power penetration.

Dynamic modelling and control of fully rated converter wind turbines

Today, many countries are integrating large amount of wind energy into the grid and many more are expected to follow. The expected increase of wind energy integration is therefore a concern particularly to transmission grid operators. Based on the past experience, some of the relevant concerns when connecting significant amount of wind energy into the existing grid are: fault ride through requirement to keep wind turbines on the grid during faults and wind turbines have to provide ancillary services like voltage and frequency control with particular regard to island operation. While there are still a number of wind turbines based on fixed speed induction generators (FSIG) currently running, majority of wind turbines that are planned to be erected are of variable speed configurations. The reason for this is that FSIG are not capable of addressing the concern mentioned above. Thus, existing researches in wind turbines are now widely directed into variable speed configurations. This is because apart from optimum energy capture and reduction of mechanical stress, preference of these types is also due to the fact that it can support the network such as its reactive power and frequency regulation. Variable wind turbines are doubly fed induction generator wind turbines and full converters wind turbines which are based on synchronous or induction generators. This paper describes the steady state and dynamic models and control strategies of wind turbine generators. The dynamic models are presented in the dq frame of reference. Different control strategies in the generator side converter and in the grid side converter for fault ride through requirement and active power/frequency and reactive/voltage control are presented for variable speed wind turbines.

Efficiency assessment of a wind pumping system

The combined efficiency of the components determines overall system performance in electric wind pumping systems. We evaluated a system composed of a 3 kW wind generator feeding a battery bank of 48 V/880 Ah by means of a non-controlled 6-pulse rectifier. Connected to this battery bank was a 1.5 kW inverter that generated 220 V at 50 Hz, which powers a 1.1 kW single-phase electric pump. At the University of Concepcion, Chile, energy losses in each electrical component was determined using a data collection system configured to measure electrical variables in real time. The electrical power generated by the wind generator for different wind speeds averaged 38% lower than the power curve provided by the manufacturer. Electromechanical tests performed in a lab showed the operation efficiency of the electric generator of the wind turbine averaged 80%. This information, along with the electrical power output, and the wind velocity measured during field operation allowed us to determine the rotor’s power coefficient C p , which had a maximum value of 35%. For the stored energy components measured data indicated that the rectifier, the battery bank, and the inverter operated with average efficiencies of 95%, 78% and 86% respectively. The combined component efficiencies showed a maximum of 17% of the wind energy would be available for water pumping. Since a large amount of wind energy was dissipated during the energy conversion process, new configurations should be analyzed that could avoid such losses in wind pumping systems.

Adequate intraday market design to enable the integration of wind energy into the European power systems

This contribution analyses the European electricity markets with respect to their aptitude to absorb large amounts of wind energy. Thereby in a first step the market designs of the major European power markets in France, Germany, Scandinavia, Spain and UK are reviewed, with a particular focus on liquidity in the spot and intraday markets. Then some key features of the short-term adjustments required by wind energy are discussed and the necessity of sufficient liquidity in intraday markets is highlighted. For the example of the German market subsequently the discrepancy between the physical short-term adjustment needs and the traded volumes on the intraday market is analyzed. This leads to an evaluation of proposals for improving the liquidity on the short-term market, including the use of continuous spot trading like in UK or the use of intraday auctions like in Spain.

Application of wavelets and Prony method for disturbance detection in fixed speed wind farms

Voltage dips and transients are the most commonly encountered power quality disturbances in wind farms. Signal parameters estimation is an important prerequisite for power quality enhancement and for improving the fault-ride capability of wind farms and consequently, the voltage stability of the whole network. This paper examines the application of advanced signal processing methodologies such as the Prony method and wavelets for disturbance detection in wind farms. Both methodologies have been effectively tested with different disturbances simulated in a dynamic power network with a large amount of wind energy and with data signals measured at wind turbine terminals.

Energy Storage and Management in Wind Turbine

Large amounts of wind energy negatively impact the operation and security of power systems. Energy storage has the potential to shape the wind characteristics so that a wind turbine generator behaves more like a conventional generator, thereby making it easier to manage its integration. This paper considers the role that energy storage can play in the evolution of wind generator technologies. A basic structure for multi-level storage systems is proposed and it is implemented for a two-level energy storage system. Simulation and experimental results confirm that the algorithm can be used to coordinate the operation of two storage levels to provide a prescribed amount of power, effectively smoothing the power fluctuations due to the wind.

Long-Term Costs of Electricity Generation in Germany: Optimising the Inclusion of Wind Power

Due to the expected installed capacity of wind power in Germany in combination with the fade out of conventional electricity generation within the next years, the overall German power plant capability can be changed to be cost effective and to meet CO2-emission targets. A new energy-economical model called WEsER has been developed to investigate the new situation. This optimizes the conventional power plant generation during one year at hourly resolution, so including wind energy characteristics. The main objective year is 2020. Proposed structures and operation timetables for power plants are calculated. Consequently, WEsER results suggest a new structure of electricity generation mix with large amounts of wind energy. The energy generation share of today's “base load” power stations will decrease, while gas and hard coal complete the generation mix with wind. Economic analysis shows that the additional costs of wind energy are a minimum when emission reduction targets are met.