Laptop Keyboard Research Articles

Hand writing versus Keyboard Writing: Effect on Word Recall

This study determined how writing style affected people's recall and recognition of words. The three writing techniques used were handwriting using a pen on paper, typing on a conventional laptop keyboard, and typing on an iPad touch keyboard. A properly counterbalanced within-subjects experimental design was used, and 36 females between the ages of 19 and 54 participated. In this study, participants were given a wordlist and directed to use one of three distinct writing modalities to record words that were read aloud to them. For this study, the wordlist paradigm was applied. A person's memory for words typed using handwriting, a standard keyboard, and a virtual iPad keyboard was tested using oral free recall and recognition. For the analysis of the data, non-parametric statistics were used. Following analyses revealed that participants' free memory of words written in the handwriting condition was considerably higher than that of both keyboard writing conditions for the free recall measure. The findings demonstrate an all-encompassing influence of the writing medium. The findings also reveal that participants' free recall of terms written in handwriting was much better. There was no obvious effect of writing mode in the recognition condition. This shows that handwriting may have unique cognitive benefits that may not be completely retained while writing on a keyboard, especially concerning word memory components. One of these advantages might be word recall. The implications of the study's findings on cognition and education are investigated.

Detection of Paddy Leaves Healthiness Area Using UAV and Rasberry Pi 4

This research is aimed to detect the area in the paddy field that have damage leaves. It is hard to check the disease and pest infestation by human vision. Position of the viewer into the damaged leaves does ensure to see intact field. In this research UAV was utilized to detect take picture the healthy leaves area from above. Aerial position of the UAV will have the benefit to check paddy field completely seen. To check the healthiness paddy leave area, the UAV was attached by the Rasberry Pi 4, and installed by the image processing program using python as language program. The Rasberry Pi connected by VNC to the laptop. The program using HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value) to distinguish the colour of heathiness of paddy leaves. The UAV was flied by using software mission planner. The paddy field could be seen on map of mission planner software, and user can select the designated field which would be detected of its paddy leave healthiness. The waypoint of the flying plan could be determined. The user hit the “C” (Capture) in laptop keyboard to take the image when the UAV will remain stop in every waypoint as long as 10 second. And The image will show the percentage of the condition of healthiness of paddy in real time at the moment. The altitude of the UAV was 8 meter from the land. The average healthiness of paddy leave in 3 way points were 9.53 m2, 10.40m2 and 11.86m2. Meanwhile in the second flight acquired 4.58 m2, 3.99 m2 and 3.54 m2. And for damaged leaves, the experiment released that 0 m2, 0.22m2 and 0m2 and for second filght were 0.108m2, 0.18m2 and 0.359m2. In this reseach use the t-paired- test, and released that significant difference for both flight. In conclusion, the UAV obtained inconsistent data for taking real time information of paddy leaves healthiness area.

Word recall differences between writing by hand and typing

This study determined how writing style affected people's recall and recognition of words. The three writing techniques used were handwriting using a pen on paper, typing on a conventional laptop keyboard, and typing on an iPad touch keyboard. A properly counterbalanced within-subjects experimental design was used, and 36 females between the ages of 19 and 54 participated. In this study, participants were given a wordlist and directed to use one of three distinct writing modalities to record words that were read aloud to them. For this study, the wordlist paradigm was applied. A person's memory for words typed using handwriting, a standard keyboard, and a virtual iPad keyboard was tested using oral free recall and recognition. For the analysis of the data, non-parametric statistics were used. Following analyses revealed that participants' free memory of words written in the handwriting condition was considerably higher than that of both keyboard writing conditions for the free recall measure. The findings demonstrate an all-encompassing influence of the writing medium. The findings also reveal that participants' free recall of terms written in handwriting was much better. There was no obvious effect of writing mode in the recognition condition. This shows that handwriting may have unique cognitive benefits that may not be completely retained while writing on a keyboard, especially concerning word memory components. One of these advantages might be word recall. The implications of the study's findings on cognition and education are investigated.

The lexical status of verbs among typical and dyslexic native Arabic readers: a developmental model.

The goal of this study was to investigate the development of mental lexicon organization among typical and dyslexic native Arabic readers. The participants included 271 students, divided into dyslexic readers, age-matched typical readers, and typical readers 2years younger. The lexical status of root and pattern morphemes was examined using two priming paradigms: masked priming and the cross-modal immediate repetition task. We conducted two visual lexical decision tasks (Experiment 1 for verb pattern, Experiment 3 for verb roots), and two auditory decision tasks (Experiment 2 for verb pattern, Experiment 4 for verb roots). In the visual tasks, the participants were asked to decide whether a visual stimulus was a real word or not by pressing the laptop keyboard's "yes" or "no" button. The auditory experiments were conducted similarly to the visual experiments, except that the stimuli were auditory, to clarify the locus of the morphological deficit observed in the visual test of the dyslexic students, should there be such failures. Analysis of Experiment 1 showed that verb patterns are not lexical entities with a role in organizing the mental lexicon among typical and dyslexic readers of different ages. However, Experiment 3 indicated that roots do indeed constitute lexical entities with a role in organizing the mental lexicon among normal and dyslexic readers of different ages. In Experiment 2, the auditory-morpho priming effect in the word pattern test was stronger among dyslexic and young readers than among more skilled readers, and contributed to speeding up lexical decisions more than its quality, among all research groups. In Experiment 4, the auditory-morpho priming effect in the root test was stronger than the visual effect among all participants, and contributed to hastening lexical decisions and improving the quality of the answers (success percentage). The results showed that roots contribute to the reading process. However, their contribution is different among dyslexic readers. Its construction is slower and different from that of typical readers, whereas word patterns have no lexical representation among the three reader groups that are likely to facilitate lexical decisions. The results are discussed with reference to the latest research literature on morpheme type (root or pattern).

The Effect of Handwriting vs. Keyboard Writing on the Learners’ Reception of Words: Challenges and Benefits

In this study, we were interested in determining how writing mode affects word memory and recognition. Handwriting using a pen on paper, typing on a regular laptop keyboard, and typing on an iPad touch keyboard were chosen as the three writing modes. Using a completely counterbalanced and in-subjects experimental design, 36 women ranging in age from 19 to 54 participated. Participants were asked to jot down words that were read aloud to them in each of the three writing modes using a wordlist paradigm. By handwriting, on a keyboard, and on an iPad virtual keyboard, we assessed our participants' verbal recall and recognition abilities. For the purposes of this study, the data were analysed using non-parametric statistics. This study's findings show that writing modality has an overall effect, and further analyses show that participants had much stronger free recall of words written in the handwriting condition than words written in either of the keyboard conditions. The writing mode had no influence on recognition in this circumstance. According to the results shown in the graph below, handwriting may have certain cognitive advantages over writing on a computer keyboard when it comes to word recall components. Findings are investigated for their educational and cognitive value in this study.

Flexible Printed Circuit Fracture Detection Based on Hypothesis Testing Strategy

A detection algorithm based on hypothesis testing strategy is presented for the detection of the fracture of FPC track. First, the sandwiched region between any two break points of the track skeleton is hypothesized as the alternative fracture to wait for “testing”. Then, the language semantic judgment (LSJ) algorithm is proposed to verify (“testing”) the hypothetical connecting track which is the union of the two incomplete tracks located by the ends of the alternative fracture. And the structure reasonable degree of the hypothetical connecting track compared with the FPC layout is tested by the longest-relative sequence (LRS) algorithm we proposed. Then the error control technology is used to conduct the posterior verification, to solve the problem that circuits with the same topology structure interfere with the evaluation process of LSJ algorithm. In addition, we have established an automatic optical detection system for FPC of the laptop keyboard. We also conduct experiments with the images captured by this system. The results demonstrate that, compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our proposed algorithm can provide a better detection effect for the track fracture-the Recall, Precision and FNR are 0.9185, 1, and 0.0815 respectively under the condition of without missing detection. And the time consumption is 1.6915 s, which is a relatively short time-consuming compared with the other methods.

How Much Mightier Is the Pen than the Keyboard for Note-Taking? A Replication and Extension of Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)

Many students use laptops to take notes in classes, but does using them impact later test performance? In a high-profile investigation comparing note-taking writing on paper versus typing on a laptop keyboard, Mueller and Oppenheimer (Psychological Science, 25, 1159–1168, 2014) concluded that taking notes by longhand is superior. We conducted a direct replication of Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) and extended their work by including groups who took notes using eWriters and who did not take notes. Some trends suggested longhand superiority; however, performance did not consistently differ between any groups (experiments 1 and 2), including a group who did not take notes (experiment 2). Group differences were further decreased after students studied their notes (experiment 2). A meta-analysis (combining direct replications) of test performance revealed small (nonsignificant) effects favoring longhand. Based on the present outcomes and other available evidence, concluding which method is superior for improving the functions of note-taking seems premature.

Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Membrane Switches in Laptop Keyboards

Today's laptop keyboards utilize membrane switches that open and close circuits. While these keyboards can be made extremely thin and light, they can exhibit intermittent and permanent failures when subjected to some combinations of temperature and humidity. This paper presents an analysis of keyboard membrane switches that were subjected to both fielded and environmental test conditions. This paper presents and discusses the root causes of failure that were identified.

The road less traveled.

I peered sidelong into my laptop's keyboard. If I was careless with the mangosteen and papaya in my little tropical island bungalow, the ants were sure to invade—and end up squashed among the keys as I pushed out the morning's emails. I would often end up singing “the ants go marching one by one” while trying to reroute them out the door with sticky trails of decoy papaya juice. (“Hurrah! Hurrah!”) This was not a problem I expected to encounter as part of running my scientific editing business. But it was the price—a small one—of my life as a digital nomad. ![Figure][1] ILLUSTRATION: ROBERT NEUBECKER > “All I would need was a computer and an internet connection.” I've always been a travel junkie. Vacations never cut it, so during my Ph.D. and postdoc in biogeography, I traveled for work anytime I could. But eventually, even the rare desk days became too much. After a visit to the Paris herbarium, where I was sorting through 150-year-old dried tree ferns for my postdoc research, I decided it was time. I needed to be somewhere lush and green, among living ferns. Just a week later, a professor in my department insisted on paying me for my work editing his manuscripts. I had helped many colleagues and friends with this type of work over the years. I enjoyed writing and helping out. But the professor's offer triggered a realization: I could make a living with this work. Even better, all I would need was a computer and an internet connection fast enough to email Word documents and support the occasional Skype call. The adventurer in me saw an opportunity. My postdoc ended 6 months later, and many of my colleagues said they would consider hiring me to edit their manuscripts or books. I was ready to take the leap. Work was slow at first. When I emailed my network to let people know I was officially in business, many expressed interest but didn't have projects ready for me. I had expected this, so—despite fleeting doubts about the course I had chosen—I remained patient. Every day the work emails failed to show up was another chance to explore and find my nomadic rhythm. I trained to be a divemaster in the fast-moving waters between the islands of Bali and Lombok, the famous division that separates Asian and Australian faunas. I loved diving at Bali's Manta Point, where reef manta rays twice my size glided around me. I watched the sun rise over pagodas in Myanmar, saw ash spewing from Volcan de Fuego in Guatemala, ate schnitzel in the Austrian Alps, and felt the earth shake in New Zealand. When people asked how long I was traveling, I responded, “As long as I want,” feeling impossibly lucky. Yet in the beginning, while I was only getting work sporadically, I sometimes wondered what I was doing. Was I really an editor, or was I just a vagabond with a computer? I began reflecting on what defines a profession. Was it working 40 (or more) hours a week? Making ends meet? Was it enough to have a business plan and a passion? For a while, I tried to figure out the “right” way to do it. But as I met other digital nomads, I found that each had a unique story and there was no single right way. So I just kept doing it my way. Eventually, as the stamps in my passport piled up, my business grew. The impostor syndrome melted away. In its place I felt a contentment I never found during my years of research. After two and a half years working and exploring in 18 different countries, I had just finished a major book project and felt that I could call my business a success. However, the now long hours meant I could no longer explore as much as I once had. When I found out that a colleague back in Sweden was creating a biodiversity center, I couldn't help but get excited about working to start it up. The job would involve some travel, which I embraced. I would get work-free vacations, too—a luxury I had come to miss. The time felt right to have a hint of stability again. But I haven't forgotten my time of adventure. Every now and then, I come across early-career researchers thinking of trying a nontraditional path. I'm happy to give them a push away from routine and into the deep end. After all, there might be mantas down there. [1]: pending:yes

Study on Thickness Distribution and Spring Back Phenomena of Sheet-Bulk Forming for Aluminum Alloy

With the advance of technology, aluminum alloy has been widely used in industry. In this study, the formability and spring back phenomena of thick aluminum alloy sheet metal were investigated. Deform-3D and Simufact.forming software were used to simulate the sheet-bulk forming. To find the optimal element size, the convergence analysis method for mesh of simulation process was utilized. In addition, thickness distribution and spring back phenomena of the rectangular blank with round feature of corners were also evaluated. Simulation results were compared to scanning file that obtained via ATOS based on spring back phenomena from experiments. Study results show that the optimal element size is 2 mm. The cross section that is near binder area in x-direction and near quarter area of laptop keyboard in y-direction has minimum spring back. Solid-shell element is better than tetrahedral element for analyzing sheet bulk metal forming process.

Radiation from Different Parts of Laptops

Radiation from laptop cannot be seen by the naked eyes, but it can pose real dangers to our health. If only we are a few feet away to our laptops, otherwise when laptops are placed and used directly on our laps, it exposes us to quite more intense radiation that are harmful. It has been said that the amount of radiation emitted by desktop computers is generally higher than that which is emitted from Laptop or notebook computers. And the use of small-sized components, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) or Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) are some of the main reasons why that is so. Furthermore, since these laptops are battery operated and this plays a major role in reducing the rate of radiation emitted from these portable computers. But internal parts of laptop heat up and radiate. There is a generation of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)by laptop from storage and computing processing. Placing the laptop on the lap make to be very close to the genitals, skin and muscles. Prolonged exposure to this radiation may produce biological effects on human health. This work used Cell Sensor manufactured by Action Electronic, USA to detect ELF from fourteen (14) laptops and mini laptops. It was found that the keyboard of the laptop emitted highest value of ELF radiation while the back of the laptop had the lowest ELF radiation. The highest ELF at 0 cm for different parts measured are 5 mG, 5 mG,3.5 mG and 0.7 mG for laptop keyboard, mouse pad, fan and screen respectively. There is no ELF measured at the back of the laptops except in AMP with ELF of 0.1 mG at 0 cm. Mini laptops were observed emit less ELF radiation than laptops of size ranging from 14 inches – 17 inches. Therefore, the study suggested that less often the laptops are placed on the laps the more the health and safety of the users are guaranteed.

Sensorimotor Skills Impact on Temporal Expectation: Evidence from Swimmers.

Aim of this study was to assess whether the ability to predict the temporal outcome of a sport action was influenced by the sensorimotor skills previously acquired during a specific sport training. Four groups, each of 30 subjects, were enrolled in this study; subjects of three groups practiced different sports disciplines (i.e., swimming, rhythmic gymnastics, and water polo) at competitive level whilst the fourth group consisted of control subjects. Subjects were asked to observe a video showing a swimmer doing two laps in crawl style. This video was shown 36 times, and was occluded after variable intervals, randomized across trials, by a dark window that started 3, 6, and 12 s before the swimmer touched the poolside. During the occluded interval, subjects were asked to indicate when the swimmer touched the edge of the pool by clicking on any button of the laptop keyboard. We found that swimmers were more accurate than subjects performing other sports in temporally predicting the final outcome of the swimming task. Particularly, we observed a significant difference in absolute timing error that was lower in swimmers compared to other groups when they were asked to make a temporal prediction with the occluded interval of short duration (i.e., 3 s). Our findings demonstrate that the ability to extract temporal patterns of a motor action depends largely on the subjective expertise, suggesting that sport-acquired sensorimotor skills impact on the temporal representation of the previously observed action, allowing subjects to predict the time course of the action in absence of visual information.

Flame retardants on the surface of phones and personal computers

Mobile phones and personal computers (PCs) are essential products that are frequently contacted in daily life. Thus, phones and computers containing flame retardants (FRs) may play vital roles in human exposure to FRs. We measured several FRs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA), and phosphate flame retardants (PFRs), on the surfaces of phones and PCs (laptop keyboards and mice). Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, 228pg/cm2) and tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, 43pg/cm2) were the most abundant chemicals on the surfaces of phones, while TPHP (65pg/cm2), TCIPP (48pg/cm2), and DBDPE (22pg/cm2) were dominant on the surfaces of PCs. The usage time and time after the production of the electronics were not significantly correlated with the FR concentrations, except for that of BDE 209. The concentrations of FRs differed on the surfaces of different brands of electronics. Dermal contact with the surface of electronics may contribute to human exposure to FRs, which should be of concern.

Arrow Key Configurations on Laptop Keyboards

Over the years, many configurations of the navigation arrow keys have been developed and implemented. As laptops have become smaller, keyboard sizes have followed suit. Consequently, arrow key configurations have been looked at to help free up real estate on the keyboard. The most common configuration currently is the inverted-T; however, the modified-T is being investigated as a possible solution to provide more space on laptop keyboards. This study sought to understand how the inverted-T and the modified-T compare in terms of performance and user preference. Performance was defined by accuracy and speed of use on a series of tasks, where accuracy was measured by number of errors and speed was measured by task completion time. User preference was evaluated using the System Usability Scale. Results showed that user performance and preference did not differ significantly between the two keyboard designs. This has practical implications for laptop keyboard design.

Arrow Key Configuration on Laptops

With the popularization of mobile devices, product design is adapting to the needs of mobility. Laptops are getting smaller, thus the keyboards on laptops are becoming smaller. Having a smaller keyboard means redesigning certain key configurations. A common key configuration that is often modified for the sake of keyboard size is the arrow keys. The most common arrow key configuration is the inverted-T, but the modified cross is being used on laptop keyboards more frequently due to its size and scalability. This study sought to understand how the modified cross performs against the well-known inverted-T in speed and accuracy. Also, we were interested in understanding the user experience and perceived performance with these two configurations. Although, the user rankings and preference ratings favored the inverted-T, we found that the performance of the modified cross was significantly faster than the inverted-T. There was no significant difference of the number of errors between the two configurations.

'Sarma Key Board' for Number-Based Typing

The conventional keyboards for computer and communication gadgets have been designed with intense care and attention, such that people may type easily and comfortably. Still however, optimum comfort and efficiency has not still been achieved in these fields because of the following major reasons : (i) Computer Keyboard: (a) For typing texts, the fingers have to move and cover a space measuring about 22 cm X 10 cm (as per standard lap-top computer keyboard). This compels the wrist, elbow and even the arm to make movements. (b) Even though the comfortable positions of the hands for typing are: Right hand – 90 Deg. and Left hand- 150 Deg. with the width of human body, most of the time people have to work creating 90 to 110 Deg. (ii) Mobile phone keyboard: Widely used languages like English, Arabic, Bengali etc. have 52, 28 and 70 scripts. The little space available in a mobile phone (say, about 4 cm X 6 cm) cannot comfortably accommodate this huge number. As a solution the manufacturers arrange 2, 3 or 4 letters in each key, such that those need to be pressed several times in order to get the expected letter. The obvious solution of the above problems is to type with minimum numbers of keys. The concept of such a method has been developed by this author. The name of this keyboard has been given “Sarma Key Board”. It should be mentioned here that the principle utilized in it has its origin in “Sarma’s Unified Script” (Ref. 01 and 02), invented by this author and Dr. Mira Rani Sarma (Parai).

Overlapping areas of neuronal activation after motor and mental imagery training

Overlapping areas of neuronal activation after motor and mental imagery training

10 Inventions on Laptop Keyboards

A desktop keyboard has several sections like character key section, navigation key section, numeric key section, and function key section etc. each consisting of several number of keys. However, a laptop computer does not have so much of space to accommodate all these keys into the keyboard. There are several considerations while designing a laptop keyboard. This article illustrates 10 inventions on keyboards for laptop and portable computers. The inventions are selected from US patent database. The inventions try to improve various aspects of a laptop keyboard, such as reducing size, folding and concealing, ergonomic features, improving quality and reducing cost.

Towards a portable system for the measurement of thermaland mechanical indices

Users of diagnostic ultrasound equipment are provided with on-screenindices (TI and MI) to indicate the potential thermal and non-thermal hazards. It isprudent that these indices be checked for accuracy. Indeed, this is a recommendationof the Safety Guidelines of the British Medical Ultrasound Society. Knowledge of thevariation with depth of the derated temporal-average intensity is required for two ofthe thermal index formulae for non-scanned beams — TIS (large aperture) and TIB. Aportable system has been designed and built to permit a plot of derated temporalaverage intensity versus depth to be quickly made for any ultrasound diagnosticscanner. Signals from a membrane hydrophone are amplified and input to an RFpower meter. The use of an analogue method for measuring temporal intensityobviates the need for trigger signals from the scanner. The output from the powermeter and the output from a hydrophone depth measuring potentiometer are input to alaptop computer, which calculates and displays the plots of derated intensities (ITA·3and ITA·6) versus depth. By entering the separately measured acoustic output power ofthe scanner via the laptop keyboard, the laptop can produce and display MI and TIvalues.