Laptop Charger Research Articles

Rancang Bangun Sistem Kontrol Dan Monitoring Beban 1 dan 3 Phasa Pada Panel Distribusi Berbasis Internet of Things

The distribution panel is a place to distribute and distribute electrical energy from the power panel to the load panel (consumer) for both power installations and lighting installations. The main problem with every disturbance or improvement in electricity usage is that people need to come to the area to control and monitoring the panel manually. This research focuses on the design and manufacture of control and monitoring devices at 3 and 1 phase loads, with the method using NodeMCU esp 32/8266 with pzem004t sensor as control and reading of voltage, current and frequency on the panel, which can be viewed and controlled offline at panel or online using the blynk application. The testing of the tool is carried out using a 3-phase motor, PC monitor, fan, laptop charger, and chicken lamp. By turning on the load one by one or simultaneously. From the test results, the tool can turn on and off online through the blynk application and manually using a push button. the results obtained are quite accurate with a maximum error percentage of 8.70%. However, the microcontroller between control and monitoring is used separately.

Design Optimization of Solar Power Inverter

Optimizing the design of solar power inverters aims to improve efficiency, dependability, and performance. Effective circuit design, component selection, and advanced power electronics design are all involved. Effective methods for trouble identification and heat control guarantee long-term dependability. Complex control algorithms and filtering techniques enable the generation of high-quality AC output. Different system sizes can be integrated thanks to scalability. Monitoring and communication features enable remote control and real-time performance monitoring. Safety features adhere to all relevant standards and laws. For the highest return on investment, cost-effective design selections balance performance and affordability. Check to see if any specific aspects, such as dependability, power quality, scalability, cost-effectiveness, or efficiency, need to be improved. data collection Collect all necessary data, such as details on solar panels, load specifications, grid standards, environmental factors, and any other details that might affect the design. Modelling and simulation an electronic or mathematical model of the solar power inverter system should be created. This model should be able to accurately represent the inverter's electrical properties, control structures, and operating behavior. Utilise simulation tools to assess the system's performance under various conditions. Utilizing optimization techniques, algorithms are used to discover the optimal design solution. These algorithms could be based on methods for machine learning, evolutionary algorithms, or mathematical optimization methods. Define the objective function and constraints of the optimization process. Iterative Refinement for Modify the design in response to the optimization's results. Iterate through the design exploration, performance evaluation, and optimization stages to reach a superior design solution. The parameters of the model are continuously updated and modified as required. Taken as alternate parameter is Air Conditioner, Fan, Iron Box, Laptop Charger, Microwave Oven, UPS, Cooler. Taken as evaluation parameter is Battery, Filter capacitor (C1), Filter inductor (L1), Switching Frequency, DC link Capacitor (C2) 2 nos.

Verification of a Modeling Toolkit for the Design of Building Electrical Distribution Systems

DC electrical distribution systems offer many potential advantages over their AC counterparts. They can facilitate easier integration with distributed energy resources, improve system energy efficiency by eliminating AC/DC converters at end-use devices (e.g., laptop chargers), and reduce installation material, time, and cost. However, DC electrical distribution systems present additional design considerations, largely resulting from potentially greater magnitude and variation in cable losses. Modeling and simulation are rarely used to design such systems. However, the greater dependency of DC system energy efficiency on design choices such as distribution voltages, architecture, and integration of PV and BESS suggests that modeling and simulation may be required. Such system performance analysis is currently not a standard practice, in part due to limited availability and validation of capable software tools. This paper characterizes the accuracy of a Modelica-based Building Electrical Efficiency Analysis Model (BEEAM) toolkit, as a precursor for validating its use to perform system performance analysis and inform design decisions. The study builds upon previous verification research by characterizing complete systems comprised of commercially available equipment, and providing a more detailed analysis of simulation results. Five lighting systems with varying electrical distribution architectures were designed using market-available equipment, installed in a laboratory environment, modeled using BEEAM, and simulated using three Modelica integrated development environments (IDEs). Simulated and measured results were compared to characterize toolkit accuracy. Initial results revealed that simulated performance was mostly within ±5% of measured system-level and device-level performance. While simulation results were not found to be dependent on the IDE, some Modelica compiler interoperability issues were identified. Although the BEEAM toolkit showed promise for the targeted use case, further work is needed to determine whether the demonstrated 5% accuracy is sufficient for making real-world design decisions, and for BEEAM to advance from an interesting research tool to one that can impact real-world building projects.

Rosen-Type Piezoelectric Transformers Based on 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 Ceramic and Doped with Sb2O3.

In this study, the characteristics in the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (0.5BZT-0.5BCT) were investigated to assess its potential for Rosen-type piezoelectric transformers. This piezoelectric ceramic has a piezoelectric charge coefficient d33 of 430 pC/N, an electromechanical coupling factor kp of 49%, a dielectric constant εr of 2836, a remnant polarization Pr of 4.98 μC/cm2, and a coercive electric field Ec of 2.41 kV/cm. Sb2O3 was soft doped with 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mol%, respectively, and exhibited excellent physical properties at 0.1 mol%. Based on this, a piezoelectric transformer was fabricated and measured, and it showed better output characteristics than pure 0.5BZT-0.5BCT. The amplification ratio (Vout/Vin) was optimized based on the device geometry and properties of the piezoelectric material. Moreover, the output characteristics of the Rosen-type piezoelectric transformer were simulated with the PSpice program. Output values of the fabricated and simulated piezoelectric transformers for the r vibrational frequency were compared and analyzed. Accordingly, the step-up amplification ratios Vout/Vin of the fabricated and simulated devices at the vibrational frequency were compared as well. This piezoelectric transformer could replace silicon steel transformers and be used for the creation of black light and for laptop chargers.

Monitoring and Control System of Parallel Loads Electricity Consumption Based on IOT

This paper discusses the design of a power consumption monitoring using telegrams and LCDs. Monitoring of electrical energy consumption is carried out for overconsumption does not occur as well as safeguarding the electronic devices used. The relay will automatically disconnect the power source in every room when the power is overloaded and this condition is reported via the internet network with the Telegram application. To monitor power usage, it is necessary to measure it. Measurement in this study used a digital multi-meter and the PZEM-004T sensor. Measurements were made on ten electrical loads including Lights, fans, laptop chargers, cell phone chargers, soldering iron, grinders, iron hand drills, drill bits, and circular grinding wheels. The test to compare PZEM-004T and multimeter has been done, resulting in voltage error values of 0.048-1.347% and current error values of 0-35.484%. From the error value obtained in this test, it can be concluded that the PZEM004T is suitable for measuring current and voltage. Automatic control in the relay works when rooms 1, 2, 3, or 4 experience power readings that exceed the desired capacity. It will automatically cut off the voltage from the source so that excess power does not occur, the goal is to protect an electric circuit.

Implementation of IPv6 using 6RD Method on Power Line Communication Network

The development of computer network technology is rapidly advancing in response to society's increasing demand for network services. Currently, the most widely used network protocol is IPv4, but it has some limitations. To address these limitations, a new network protocol, IPv6, has been developed. More and more new network devices are using IPv6 as their IP address, while many existing technologies and internet devices still use IPv4. Therefore, a mechanism is required to transition from IPv4 to IPv6. The 6RD tunneling method is used in Power Line Communication networks to connect two or more network devices using electrical wiring as a data transmission medium. The Power Line is equipped with a charger for a laptop and a drill, creating a load to test the performance of the Quality of Service(QoS) with the throughput parameter. The measured Rerate throughput upload was 11800 Kbit/s without any additional electrical load, 9377.8 Kbit/s with a laptop charger as an additional load, and 6082.2 Kbit/s with a drill as an additional load. The Rerate throughput download was 8098.8 Kbit/s without any additional electrical load, 7782.8 Kbit/s with a laptop charger as an additional load, and 5996 Kbit/s with a laptop charger and a drill as additional loads. With this transition mechanism, IPv4 can communicate with IPv6, allowing for more efficient network communication.

Process-Factor Optimization of Small-Area Sintered Interconnects for Power Electronics Applications

AbstractPower electronics is concerned with the use of electronic devices to control and transfer electric power from one form to another. Power electronics can be found in laptop chargers, electric grids, and solar inverters. Die-attach interconnections form a critical part of power electronics devices. Silver sintering has been traditionally used for die-attach interconnections because of its high melting point and ability to form very thin thicknesses. However, the processing time compared with soldering is very long. Sintered layers might contain large voids that affect the mechanical stability of the structure. Stresses caused by mechanical and environmental conditions might cause degradation and possibly early failures. This work focuses on studying the combined effect of process factors on the shear strength of small-area die-attach interconnections in silver sintering. Design of experiments (DoE) tools were used to build an experimental matrix with a 95% confidence level. The results have shown that holding time has a considerable effect on the mechanical stability of the die-attach interconnections. Intermetallic compounds formed in the sintered joints at higher holding times resulted in fewer voids. Furthermore, the treatment level of the holding time highly affects the shear strength under other factors such as temperature and pressure.

A comparative analysis for impact of distributed generations with electric vehicles planning

In the approaching years, the utilization of Distributed Generations (DGs) with Electric Vehicles (EVs) will accelerate. Future issues will be exacerbated by the relationship between the distribution system of DGs solely, DGs with Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), and DGs with Extended Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Ex-PHEV). This paper discusses the use of a multi-tasking Genetic Algorithm to optimize DGs with EVs planning in distribution systems for load models for rating and placement determination. From a system perspective, the goal of this research is to reduce total real power loss. The various types of DGs with EVs are taken into account from the standpoint of the analysis. Photovoltaic, diesel engines, synchronous condensers, and doubly-fed induction generators are examples of various types of DGs. In this analysis, EV types such as FCEV and Ex-PHEV are considered. Different forms of constant impedance (Z), constant current (I), and constant power (P) load models are included in DGs with EVs planning for improving system performance indices, such as Light-emitting diode, Laptop charger, Personal computer, Tungsten light, and Vacuum tube. The real power loss index (%ILP), the reactive power loss index (%ILQ), the voltage deviation index (%IVD), the short circuit current reduction (%IC), the active power DGs with EVs penetration (% PPWDGs & EVs), and the reactive power DGs with EVs penetration (%PQWDGs & EVs) are all measured in this paper. On the 37-bus test distribution system, the effectiveness of the listed approach was verified.This article is very much useful for researchers, industrial, scientific persons, and those who are working in the smart grid with DGs and EVs.

Design for Reuse: residual value monitoring of power electronics’ components

Extending electronics’ lifespan is a major issue in Design for Sustainability. Power electronic components are a continuously growing part of our daily good service usages from the laptop charger (10-100 W), the home air conditioning (1-10 kW), the solar power plant (1-100 kW), to the railway electric mobility (1-100 MW). They drastically contribute to increasing the e-waste stream since device volume is proportional to power ratings. Repairing conversion systems challenges designers in the way the systems should be designed to be maintained over the years. In addition, introducing circular economy with electronic component (or subsystems) reuse supposes evaluating their residual value in case of power electronics. This paper firstly introduces from the state of the art the residual value evaluations to define the relevant parameters that should be included in the case of power electronic components, and a method to estimate this value is proposed.

PROTOTYPE MONITORING ELECTRICITY SYSTEM 220V OF WIND POWER PLANT (PLTB) BASED ON THE INTERNET OF THINGS

Abstract - Electrical energy is a human daily need that cannot be separated, even the need for electrical energy has increased every year. This is evident from the construction of renewable energy plants in areas with potential. In this thesis, a control and monitoring system for a vertical turbine wind power plant prototype will be made using the internet based on IoT (Internet of Things) technology. Where the IoT technology here, the author uses the Thingspeak and Blynk applications which are used to monitor the electrical energy output from the wind power plant (PLTB) and the output from the 220V inverter. The purpose of using IOT technology is to make it easier to monitor and control the voltage, current and output power of wind power plants from anywhere and anytime via the internet. For the manufacture of this tool in need of a voltage sensor, current sensor, relay, LCD and NodeMCU. The voltage sensor uses PZEM 004T which functions to read the value of voltage, current, cos phi and frequency, relay1 serves to limit the output voltage from the dynamo generator and relay2 to limit the output voltage to 220V in case of equipment problems, NodeMCU functions to process data read from the sensor, this NodeMCU already equipped with a WIFI module that functions to send data to an internet server so that it can be controlled and monitored anywhere and anytime. The results of the tests carried out measurements for 2 hours on the load of the iron, fan, television, 1 phase AC motor, soldering iron, dispenser, laptop charger, incandescent lamp, and refrigerator using the 004T PZEM sensor resulted in an error of 0.28% - 0.3%.

Efficiency of Class III Surge Protection Devices against Lightning Surges

The power surges produced by lightning discharges affect the electrical network at residences and cause damages in home appliances. To avoid these damages, it is recommended to use Surge Protection Devices (SPD) in the power input of the appliances (SPD Class III). This article presents the current levels that the SPD Class III bypass at the entrance of the appliances. We show that the SPD can deflect 75% of the current that reaches it. We also show that SPD increase the voltage level supported by equipment in 2 kV or more and thus maintain the equipment's useful life. Cell phone chargers, laptop chargers and refrigerator power supply were submitted to a series of surges with different voltage levels to determine the number of surges that each equipment can withstand at a specific voltage. In all the studied equipment, SPD increased the number of supported surges.

Market basket analysis using apriori algorithm to find consumer patterns in buying goods through transaction data (case study of Mizan computer retail stores)

Mizan Computer Shop is a shop that is engaged in the trading sector, especially in the field of selling computers and supporting accessories. Growing and increasing number of business actors in the computer sector, can makes the players challenged to be able to create unique differentiation and clear positioning. So, that consumers can differentiate from their competitors. Competitive and dynamic market conditions make every company should always observe competition in their business environment. Retail stores need to use all of available resources including data. Data processing is expected to be able to provide information that can be used to support marketing strategies. One of the data processing methods that are often used in marketing strategies is the use of data mining techniques i.e Market Basket Analysis using a priori algorithm. The application is designed using the waterfall method which starts from analyzing user needs, designing a process using UML which consists of: Use Case Diagrams, Activity Diagrams and Sequence Diagrams . This Market Basket Analysis application was built using the PHP programming language. From the results of the analysis in this research, it can be concluded that for the combination of 2 items with the highest confidence value 100% and the lift ratio value 3.39 i.e if a consumer buys a Laptop Charger, he will also buy a keyboard and for a combination of 3 items with the highest confidence value 100% and the lift ratio value 2.17 i.e if a consumer buys a Joystick and Laptop, he will also buy a mouse.

Scale-up of non-toxic poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-Chitin based nanocomposite articles by injection moulding and 3D printing

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), a compostable polymer, filled with different weight percentage of unbleached nano chitin (NC; 10%, 30% and 50%), a biodegradable filler from crustacean waste, were prepared from the extruded blends by injection moulding and 3D printing. The nanochitin required was prepared from chitin isolated from prawn shells (Fenneropenaeus indicus). The nanochitin crystals were observed to contain carboxylic acid surface functional groups as assessed by FT-IR, 13C solid state NMR (SS NMR) spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements and the extent of the same was estimated by potentiometric titration. The PBAT-NC nanocomposites were characterized SS NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analysis, DSC and TGA. Thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were determined. The moulded nanocomposites changed more and more rigid with increasing weight percentage of NC without significant change in the tensile strength. The TGA indicated that the thermal stability of PBAT could be improved but not significantly by the addition of NC. Wound healing was enhanced in the presence of the nanocomposite while in vivo toxicity was significant at high concentration. The PBAT-NC nanocomposites could be moulded in to useful articles such as laptop charger cover, rat cover for washing machine, planters and key holders under conditions similar to that used in the processing of LDPE.

Design, Construction, and Testing of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Charge Controller for Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controller is designed for using an easy and effective way to charge a 12v battery and a laptop charger of 19v simultaneously through the principle of the bulk-boost converter. This research work is suitable for 150W solar panels, as the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of Photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems changes with variation in atmospheric conduction, an important consideration in the research work is the efficience of PV systems to track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) correctly. It enhances battery life by providing higher efficiency to it. The efficiency of the research work was calculated from the power dissipated, and also calculated the point at which the battery extracts maximum power from the PV module. As the work was tested, the voltage and current were obtained which was used to plot the voltage-current and voltage-power characteristics curve. Though a lot of works have been published on this topic, but none has researched on MPPT that can charge both 12v battery and 19v laptop charger simultaneously. Hence, this work is aimed at researching on Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) that will be able to perform the above mentioned features. Also, it is the objective of this work to compare the theoretical and experimental relationship between MPPT and PWM charge controller which the efficiency of the MPPT was calculated theoretically to be 97% while, experimentally we obtained it as 91.1% while for PWM the efficiency was calculated theoretically as 75% and experimentally as 70.4% which shows that MPPT charge controller is approximately 30% efficient more than the PWM charge controller.

INTERCONNECTED DC MICROGRID FOR EFFICIENT USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

The use of a dc micro-grid with the interconnection of the main ac power supply, which is provided from renewable energy sources such as the sun, wind, and other sources, was investigated in this article. Micro-grids will play a significant role in the future development of the energy sector, but the generation phase may differ. In this article, we show that when we use green energy sources for dc applications such as smartphone chargers, laptop chargers, and LEDs, the performance of the dc micro-grid device improves by up to 40%. This is due to the reduction of ac to dc and back to ac, which results in excessive power conversion losses in the current system. The PIC16F73 microcontroller is used to power the micro-grid device and solar tracker, increasing the model's performance. When this sort of device is attached to a specific load, it uses more power during off-grid renewable generation, resulting in more pulse width modulation (PWM) waveform generation, demonstrating the system's failure compared to renewable energy sources.

DC Grid for Domestic Electrification

Various statistics indicate that many of the parts of India, especially rural and island areas have either partial or no access to electricity. The main reason for this scenario is the immense expanse of which the power producing stations and the distribution hubs are located from these rural and distant areas. This emphasizes the significance of subsidiarity of power generation by means of renewable energy resources. Although in current energy production scenario electricity supply is principally by AC current, a large variety of the everyday utility devices like cell phone chargers, computers, laptop chargers etc. all work internally with DC power. The count of intermediate energy transfer steps are significantly abridged by providing DC power to mentioned devices. The paper also states other works that prove the increase in overall system efficiency and thereby cost reduction. With an abundance of solar power at disposal and major modification in the area of power electronic conversion devices, this article suggests a DC grid that can be used for a household in a distant or rural area to power the aforementioned, utilizing Solar PV. A system was designed for a household which is not connected to the main grid and was successfully simulated for several loads totaling to 250 W with the help of an isolated flyback converter at the front end and suitable power electronic conversion devices at each load points. Maximum abstraction of operational energy from renewable sources at a residential and commercial level is intended with the suggested direct current systems.

Applications of Power Electronics

Power electronics technology is still an emerging technology, and it has found its way into many applications, from renewable energy generation (i.e., wind power and solar power) to electrical vehicles (EVs), biomedical devices, and small appliances such as laptop chargers[...]

Design and implementation of an automatic control for a laptop battery charger

In the process of charging laptop's battery, there is no automatic settings are disconnected and connecting the laptop charger voltage according to the needs and desires of the user. In addition, the apathetic nature of the laptop users often also lead to battery charging voltage overload on the laptop battery. These conditions will have an impact on the voltage of the battery leakage which will eventually be more easily damaged. In addition, the electrical energy will continue to flow from adaptor to the laptop and the resulting dissipation of electrical energy within a certain period. From some of these problems, the authors had the idea to make the tool as a form of solution that charging automatic controller. The tool is designed to regulate battery-charging time through additional software on the laptop. The method used was an experimental method. Results of this research have shown that these tools not only cut off the voltage from the adapter to the laptop, but also classes decide the flow voltage of 220V AC power adapter to the charger. Therefore, this tool provides two benefits at once, ie maintain the lifetime of the battery and also save electrical energy use.

Linear open circuit voltage‐variable step‐size‐incremental conductance strategy‐based hybrid MPPT controller for remote power applications

This study presents a novel hybrid maximum power point tracking (HMPPT) controller capable of harvesting maximum power from solar panels in a remote power park which can be used for applications such as outdoor uninterruptible power supply, cellular phone and laptop chargers. The proposed HMPPT controller combines two MPPT methods, namely the linear open-circuit voltage method and variable step-size incremental conductance method and it has a simple and robust way of tracking MPP based on the relationship between the solar panel characteristics and load line. A 100 W photovoltaic (PV) generation system with soft switched interleaved flyback (SSIFB) converter is built to implement the proposed HMPPT algorithm. The soft switching of flyback converters in the proposed PV-SSIFB system is achieved by zero voltage switching–pulse width modulation technique. The steady-state performance under various constant irradiations and transient characteristics for rapidly varying irradiations and load changes are investigated. The effectiveness of the controller in the recommended circuit is verified by the simulation results and validated using a prototype model. Both simulation and experimental results show several advantages, namely accuracy, high tracking speed, minimum power loss and increased adaptability for a wide range of irradiations and load.

Measurements for remote identification of electrical equipment

The phenomenology of electrical signatures being unintentionally injected onto the mains electricity supply by a range of common household devices is investigated. Measurements were made of both current time series and voltage spectra of a variety of devices, using commercially available measurement equipment designed for electromagnetic compatibility testing. The measurements give strong evidence that multiple devices can be identified from either their current transient when switched on or off, or their voltage spectrum when running. While some devices are readily identifiable, even in the presence of large amounts of noise, for low power devices it may be necessary to perform filtering of the mains signal to obtain spectra with a suitable signal-to-noise ratio. For certain types of device, spectral signatures of particular instances of the same device appear to be separable in high signal-to-noise ratio environments. For example, it may be possible to identify a specific laptop charger among other chargers of the same make and model. The relevant measurements can be made outside buildings, and when combined with other intelligence, could be used to obtain remote intelligence of building interiors.