Language Problems Research Articles

The Effect of Metabolic Disease on Language and Swallowing Skills in Children: A Case Report

Objectives: The present research aims to highlight the impact of hyperammonemia, a common pediatric metabolic disease, on children’s language and feeding skills. This research was conducted through a literature review and the presentation of a 2.5-year-old girl diagnosed with hyperammonemia. Case Presentation: The research was conducted on a 2.5-year-old girl who had been diagnosed with a sudden-onset metabolic disorder that resulted in swallowing, speech, and language problems. The child’s receptive and productive language and feeding history were obtained through interviews with her mother. Formal and informal tests were used to assess the child’s language and feeding skills at two different times after the onset of symptoms. Discussion: This study presents a new and unique case of a child with very high levels of ammonia and severe clinical manifestations of cognitive, language, and motor dysfunctions. Although the child did not receive any direct interventions during the study, a secondary assessment revealed slight improvements in some language and oral motor skills, possibly due to maturation and advice provided by rehabilitation team members.

An Analysis of Students' Perspective Toward the Classroom Management of English Teaching-Learning Process at MTs NW Putra Rinjani NW

This study has two objectives. The first objective is To describe the Students' Perspective Toward the Classroom Management of English Teaching-Learning Process at MTs NW Putra Rinjani NW .The second objective is To know what the students Problem in learning English Language. The data collection methods used in this study observation and interview. The data analysis method uses a qualitative descriptive method with the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The result of the study shows that to handle a big class, the teacher uses the conventional seating arrangement. The teacher uses both English and Indonesian in the teaching and learning process in order that the students understand the lesson. To make the students easy to understand the material, the teacher acts as an informer and monitor in the teaching and learning process. The teacher uses small groups in grouping students. The teacher corrects the students’ spoken and written language by checking students’ pronunciation and writing one by one. The teacher gives feedback to the students individually or in groups. The teacher’s voice is loud in explaining the material. It is aimed to make the students hear the teacher’s voice clearly. The teacher’s pronunciation is correct and clear.

Learning Languages in the 21st Century: the Digital and Ai Transformation

The article deals with the problem of the learning languages in the 21st century: the digital and AI transformation. The aim of this article is to explore and clarify the transformative impact of digital technologies on foreign language teaching. This article explores the evolution of language learning from classroom-based methods to the incorporation of digital instruments, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Digital tools such as language learning applications, online dictionaries, multimedia resources, and language exchange platforms have made language acquisition more accessible and engaging. AI technologies introduce intelligent tutoring systems, personalized learning experiences, and advanced language processing capabilities, while ICT tools like Learning Management Systems (LMS) and virtual classrooms facilitate effective communication and information processing. The benefits of these advancements are multifaceted, including increased accessibility and flexibility, enhanced engagement and motivation, personalized learning paths, and improved collaboration and communication. However, challenges such as the digital divide, variability in resource quality, data privacy concerns, and the need for continuous teacher training must be addressed. Looking ahead, future trends such as augmented and virtual reality, blockchain technology, AI-driven content creation, IoT integration, and multimodal learning experiences promise to further transform the landscape of language education. These innovations will pave the way for more immersive and interconnected language learning experiences, contributing to a more multilingual global society.

Amphibolism of Legal Discourse, or the Art of Word Mastery in Professional Legal Activity

Introduction: the paper discusses the problems and prospects of the study of legal discourse in procedural law. On the one hand, the lack of unity and unambiguity in the definition of legal discourse makes it possible to characterize the situation as amphibolic. On the other hand, there is an awareness that everything new is just well-forgotten old. The development of the problem of language and law began as early as ancient Greek philosophers and lawyers of Ancient Rome, who for the first time drew attention to the fact that the words of the law were not identical with its “power and authority” (vin ac potestatem). Therefore, it would be at least doubtful to talk about the relevance of the problem from a position of novelty today. The art of using the word in professional activity has always been of concern to the legal community. Therefore, the paper attempts to show continuity in the study of the issue and the possibility of enriching developments in this direction, taking into account modern achievements. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to generalize the positions available in various branches of knowledge regarding what is included in the content of legal discourse, as well as to identify the functions and properties of this multidimensional concept. Methods: in the course of the research, the dialectical and general scientific methods of cognition were used – observation, description, and theoretical understanding of the material, systematic interpretation. Among the specific scientific methods of studying the subject of scientific research were the formal legal and generalization methods. Results: it is advisable to abandon the complication of the definition of legal discourse by eliminating the accumulation of various components in its content, devoid of practical content. “Do not multiply entities unnecessarily” – this is how Occam’s principle sounds. The definition of legal discourse through words in law most clearly and fully characterizes the essence of this phenomenon. Conclusions: legal discourse is the art of using the word in the professional activity of a lawyer, human common sense.

On probabilistic and causal reasoning with summation operators

Abstract Ibeling et al. (2023, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 103339) axiomatize increasingly expressive languages of causation and probability, and Mossé et al. (2024, The Review of Symbolic Logic, 17, 106–131) show that reasoning (specifically the satisfiability problem) in each causal language is as difficult, from a computational complexity perspective, as reasoning in its merely probabilistic or ‘correlational’ counterpart. Introducing a summation operator to capture common devices that appear in applications—such as the $do$-calculus of Pearl (Causality. Cambridge University Press, 2009) for causal inference, which makes ample use of marginalization—van der Zander et al. (The hardness of reasoning about probabilities and causality. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-23, E. Elkind, ed., pp. 5730–5738. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization. Main Track. 2023) extend these earlier complexity results to causal and probabilistic languages with marginalization. We complete this extension, fully characterizing the complexity of probabilistic and causal reasoning with summation, demonstrating that these again remain equally difficult. Surprisingly, allowing free variables for random variable values results in a system that is undecidable, so long as the ranges of these random variables are unrestricted. We finally axiomatize these languages featuring marginalization (or more generally summation), resolving open questions posed by Ibeling et al. (2023, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 103339).

Digital health literacy of adults with low reading and writing skills: A mixed-methods study

Abstract Background Around 12% of the adult population living in Germany have low reading and writing skills. Little is known about their digital health literacy and use of digital health technologies. The objectives of the Liter@te study were to assess the digital health literacy of adults with low reading and writing skills and to explore which digital tools they used in everyday life. Methods A cross-sectional survey (n = 96) and five focus groups (n = 39) were conducted with adults aged 18-64 years with low reading and writing skills. Digital health literacy was measured using the eHEALS scale and compared with results from a nationwide sample. Focus group participants completed a task course on digital health information and then discussed their experiences. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Qualitative content analysis was applied to analyze the focus group data. Results Survey participants were on average 44 years old, 72% were female and 92% were not born in Germany. Compared to the nationwide survey, use of digital health technologies and digital health literacy were lower. In addition, use of digital health technologies was associated with higher digital health literacy. Lack of technical skills, language problems, and searching and finding health information online were most challenging for focus group participants (mean age 43 years, 87% female). Focus group participants reported that they prefer videos when searching for health information online and seek support from family members or local organizations if they cannot find a solution to their health issue. Conclusions Adults with low reading and writing skills search for health information online, but have difficulties to find the appropriate information. Interventions to promote digital health literacy are needed to ensure that persons with low reading and writing skills are not further left behind. Key messages • Adults with low language skills have a low digital health literacy. • Reading and writing requirements and lack of technical skills make it difficult for them to search health information online.

Risk factors of speech and language disorders in children

Background Speech and language problems are developmental disorders often observed in children. Risk factors for speech and language disorders can occur prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally. Recognizing the risk factors for speech and language problems is essential for early diagnosis and intervention. Objective To identify risk and protective factors of speech and language disorders in children. Methods This case-control study was conducted in the Growth and Development Clinic at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Siloam Hospital, Kendangsari Merr Hospital, and Darmo Hospital, Surabaya, East Java. Subjects with normal development were included in the control group, subjects with speech-language development disorders with no additional problems were included in the primary case group, and subjects with speech-language disorders and additional problems were included in the secondary case group. Subjects underwent history-taking and developmental examinations to assess for risk factors and types of speech-language disorders. Results During March – July 2023, 162 subjects aged 2-6 years met the inclusion criteria. The significant risk factors in the primary group were male sex (P=0.000), age 2-3 years (P=0.01), and maternal age 19-35 years (P=0.018). The protective factor identified was not bilingual (P=0.046). In the secondary group, the significant risk factor was male gender (P=0.002). The protective factors obtained were absence of seizures (P=0.028) and not being bilingual (P=0.045). Conclusion Male gender is a risk factor while non-bilingual is protective for speech-language disorders in children.

Meta-analysis reveals low language capacity in childhood is associated with mental health problems in adulthood.

Children and adolescents with language problems have poorer mental health compared with their non-language impaired peers. Less is known about mental health in adults with a history of language problems. This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis that addresses this gap in the literature. Specifically, it summarisesthe results from studies examining anxiety and depression in adults (aged 18 years and over) who were identified with language impairments or problems earlier in development. Five electronic databases (PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, EMBASE and PubMed) were searched for studies comparing anxiety and/or depression in a sample of adults with and without a history of language problems. Nine studies were found that met the inclusion criteria. From each, an odds ratio (OR) was computed measuring the relationship between childhood language problems and anxiety or depression in adulthood. The OR was computed so values > 1 which indicated anxiety/depression were associated with a history of language problems. ORs were averaged using multilevel random effects meta-analysis. Averaging the study's findings across both anxiety and depression outcomes, we found that a history of childhood language problems was associated with poorer mental health in adulthood (OR = 1.79, p = 0.004). The association for anxiety was also significant (OR = 1.80, p = 0.012) and close to statistical significance for depression (OR = 1.60, p = 0.054). This review reveals that adults with a history of language problems are more likely to experience poorer mental health outcomes compared with controls. These findings demonstrate childhood language problems affect not only communication but also mental health and well-being in the long term. What is already known on the subject Prior research examining mental health in children and adolescents with language problems reveals a twofold increased risk of internalisingproblems, including anxiety and depression. However, little is known about mental health outcomes in adults with a history of language problems. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge The main finding was that childhood language problems are associated with increased risk of anxiety and depression in adulthood. What are the practical and clinical implications of this work? First, the study demonstrates childhood language problems increase the risk of poor mental health in adulthood. Second, in adult mental health settings there is a need to screen for language problems and, where applicable, adjust interventions to accommodate communicative needs for patients/clients. Solving these issues requires integration and recognition of the importance of speech-language therapy in the adult mental health system.

Spontaneous speech: a robust measurement before, during and after awake brain surgery in patients with glioma

Background Patients with glioma often report language complaints with devastating effect on daily life. Analysing spontaneous speech can help to understand underlying language problems. Spontaneous speech monitoring is also of importance during awake brain surgery: it can guide tumour resection and contributes to maintaining language function. We aimed to investigate the spontaneous speech of patients with glioma in the perioperative period and the additional value of spontaneous speech analyses compared to standardised language testing. Methods We elicited and transcribed spontaneous speech of eight patients with glioma elected for awake brain surgery preoperatively, intraoperatively and 2.0–3.5 months postoperatively. Linguistic errors were coded. Type Token Ratio, Mean Length of Utterance of words, minimal utterances, and errors were extracted from the transcriptions. Patients were categorised based on total error patterns: stable, decrease or increase during surgery. Reliable Change Index scores were calculated for all spontaneous speech variables to objectify changes between time points. Language performance on language tests was compared to spontaneous speech variables. Results Most errors occurred in lexico-syntax, followed by phonology/articulation, syntax, and semantics. The predominant errors were Repetitions, Self-corrections, and Incomplete sentences. Most patients remained stable over time in almost all spontaneous speech variables, except in Incomplete sentences, which deteriorated in most patients postoperatively compared to intraoperatively. Some spontaneous speech variables (total errors, MLUw, TTR) gave more information on language change than a standard language test. Conclusions While the course of spontaneous speech over time remained relatively stable in most patients, Incomplete sentences seems to be a robust marker of language difficulties patients with glioma. These errors can be prioritised in spontaneous speech analysis to save time, especially to determine intra- to postoperative deterioration. Importantly, spontaneous speech analyses can give more information on language change than standardised language testing and should therefore be used in addition to standardised language tests.

뉴스 기사 빅데이터 분석을 통한 북한이탈주민의 사회적 이슈와 언어 문제 탐색: 2019-2024

Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore social issues and language problems that appear in news articles related to North Korean defectors and to suggest their implications. Methods 561 news articles related to North Korean defectors covered by major domestic newspapers and media companies from 2019 to June 2024 were collected. For analysis tools, language network analysis and topic modeling techniques were used to analyze major keywords and topics and visualize them. In addition, based on the analysis results, social issues and language problems of North Korean defectors were explored, and Korean language education implications were presented. Results he research results are as follows. First, the amount of news coverage has been increasing significantly over the past three years, and political articles have shown an overwhelmingly high proportion. Second, the main keywords are ‘government, support, human rights, protection, and settlement’. The main topics were protection of human rights of North Korean defectors, increasing number of North Korean defectors among elites and the 2030 generation, and complaints of difficulties due to mental and economic discrimination and prejudice in the process of settling in Korea. The content of the government's integrated support policy accounted for a high proportion. Third, it was found that North Korean defectors were struggling with the language difference between North and South Korea, and Korean language education focusing on pronunciation, accent, and vocabulary in each area was necessary for them. Conclusions The main topic of the news article was the integrated support for the protection of human rights and stable settlement of North Korean defectors. However, although North Korean defectors complain of ‘difficulty’ due to economic, psychological, emotional, and linguistic differences, these related topics are hardly covered in the media. Therefore, this paper suggested implications for Korean language education research for North Korean defectors' language adaptation.

Dickens’s Signs: Language, Authority, and Communication Problems

ABSTRACT This article focuses on a particular aspect of language in Dickens that has not been studied: the authority over the signs as shaping interpersonal, ethical, and social relations. Who masters linguistic signs? What does it mean for a Dickensian character to aspire to control language? Surprisingly, the work of one of the greatest geniuses of the English language betrays a distrust of those who presume to master the signs. A question that preoccupies Dickens throughout his career is whether the purpose of communication systems is, indeed, to communicate, commune, and form a community or, instead, to assert one’s exclusivity and privilege. This article compares two characters who serve as contrasted analogues: Doctor Strong in David Copperfield, the compiler of an unfinished dictionary, and Doctor Marigold, the protagonist of Doctor Marigold’s Prescriptions, who adopts a deaf child and invents a private sign language. The article explores Dickens’s changing conceptualization of communication, agency, and disability in the context of Victorian debates over these issues. His growing support of signing over lipreading indicates his developing view of disability and linguistic marginalization as an arena of acquired ability that the privileged agents of language are unable to possess.

Temporal-sampling theory and language in Down syndrome: An empirical study

BackgroundTemporal-sampling theory argues that difficulties in the processing of syllable stress auditory markers and in lexical stress discrimination contribute to explaining the language problems of children with developmental language disorder and of those with dyslexia. The theory has not been tested in other developmental disabilities. AimsThis research sought to assess the potential of temporal-sampling theory as a framework to accounting for language difficulties in Down syndrome (DS). Methods and proceduresThresholds for auditory markers of lexical stress, lexical stress discrimination, and receptive vocabulary were studied in teenagers and young adults with DS and in peers with other intellectual disability (ID) of unknown origin matched on chronological age and non-verbal cognition. Outcomes and resultsFrequency and intensity thresholds were higher in participants with DS, and their lexical stress discrimination and receptive vocabulary skills were lower than those of the group with other ID. Lexical stress discrimination was predicted by intensity thresholds and group, while receptive vocabulary was only predicted by lexical stress discrimination. Conclusions and implicationsThe results suggest that temporal-sampling theory is useful to explain language difficulties in individuals with DS or with other ID. This opens up new window opportunities for the design of language intervention programs in such populations.

A Compromise Doomed to Failure: The Soviet Practice of Greek ‘Language Construction’ in the 1920s–1930s

ABSTRACT The ‘Greek language problem’ in the USSR represented a special ‘case of complex ethno-linguistic identification,’ because in the Soviet Union, in addition to Katharevousa and Dimotiki, several dialects (languages) were used as a spoken language. In May 1926, at the first All-Union Meeting on Cultural Building among the Greeks of the USSR it was decided to abandon the use of Katharevousa. However, the reform of 1926 created the ground for a very broad interpretation. In 1932–1934, several more meetings on the ‘Greek issue’ were organized in the USSR, as well as a linguistic expedition to the places of residence of the Greeks. But the final decision on the ‘language problem’ has never been made.

Lexical-semantic analysis of toponyms of khojavand district

The onomastic system of the Azerbaijani language did not remain stable, it constantly changed, and onomastic units replaced one another over time or new ones were created. This event does not happen suddenly, but in connection with the social-political, economic, and historical events taking place in the country and the world, it happens over time and is based on certain regularities. The new onomastic unit created in our language is created according to the rules of the Azerbaijani language and reflects the characteristics of our language. By studying and researching the onomastic units that indicate the antiquity of the Azerbaijani language, it is possible to reveal a number of issues related to the past and language of the people, and to help solve important problems of language, history, ethnography, geography and other fields of science. Toponyms, which form a branch of onomastics, are formed in different forms. The linguistic analysis of toponyms gives us information about the past, history, language, culture, public and social life of the people. In this regard, the study of toponyms of Khojavand region and their historical-linguistic analysis is very important. Place names provide conditions for studying the geographical objects inhabited by people in the historical past, the areas where they are spread, and language features. In terms of studying the history of our language, toponyms are of great importance. In the creation of toponyms, various words - person, tribe, clan, animal, heavenly bodies, plant names, etc. plays an important role. There are the following groups of Azerbaijani toponyms: anthropotoponyms, ethnotoponyms, hydrotoponyms, zootoponyms, phytotoponyms. In addition, there are object names related to the relief structure of the earth: oikonyms, urbanonyms, choronyms, oronyms, dromonyms, social-political toponyms, memoir-memorial toponyms, cosmotoponyms, and descriptive toponyms.In the article, research was conducted on only a certain part of toponyms in Khojavand region.

Hearing Screening of Infant and Children Suspected of Congenital Hearing Loss at Dustira Cimahi Hospital

Hearing problems in children impact development, especially speech and language. Some risk factors are known to influence the occurrence of congenital deafness. For the last five years, screening with Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) and Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA) examinations has been used at Dustira Hospital to make a diagnosis and intervene as early as possible. This study aims to obtain the prevalence, risk factors, and OAE and BERA examination results at Dustira Cimahi Hospital. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on children who underwent the OAE and BERA examination by collecting subject data for the period of January 2020– December 2022. The OAE examination uses distortion product otoacoustic emissions, while the BERA examination is based on the International Standard Organization (ISO). Of the 42 patients who were screened for hearing loss, the 3–5-year-old group was the most dominant (40.4%). Most of the patients were male (66%). While the prenatal risk factor was a history of TORCH infection (12%), the perinatal risk factor was low birth weight (14.2%) and the postnatal risk factor was hyperbilirubinemia (19%). The majority of the OAE examination results were refers found at 32 people (76.1%). The results of the BERA click examination were the presence of wave V found in 38 people (90.4%)). Patients with suspected congenital deafness who underwent hearing screening were in the age range of 3–5 years and were all male. The risk factors found were a history of TORCH infection, low birth weight, and hyperbilirubinemia. The majority of the results of the OAE examination was refer and that of the BERA was wave V. Keywords: BERA, children, congenital deafness, OAE

Multimodal Outcomes of Early Open Extended Midline Strip Craniectomy With Bilateral Microbarrel Staving for Correction of Isolated Nonsyndromic Sagittal Synostosis.

Sagittal synostosis is the most common craniosynostosis. The aim of surgery is to preserve cognitive function and to correct the morphologic changes. In our unit, the authors offer strip craniectomy and microbarrel staving (SMB) performed at 16 to 22 weeks. This study aims to ascertain the 7-year outcome of scaphocephaly correction by SMB. The authors investigate whether the improvement in cranial index (CI) is sustained over time, and report speech and language and neurodevelopmental outcomes. All nonsyndromic patients with sagittal synostosis who underwent SMB between 2009 and 2012 were identified from a prospectively created database that recorded anthropometric measurements, quality metrics, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. A total of 27 patients were analyzed. The mean CI preoperatively was 67.5% (±3.5), and at 7 years 78% (±4.8). Regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes at 7 years, SDQ responses did not highlight any concerns for social, emotional, or behavioral outcomes. The vast majority of those who completed a WASI-II assessment performed within the average ranges in terms of cognitive ability. In terms of speech and language 70% of subjects demonstrated receptive language within normal level (WNL). Seventy-seven percent of subjects demonstrated expressive language WNL. In conclusion, after 7 years of follow-up, early open extended SMB is a safe and effective method for correction of isolated nonsyndromic isolated sagittal synostosis. Across the neurodevelopmental measures and assessments, the children in the current study appeared to perform within expected ranges. Speech and language problems are more prevalent than in the general population.

Development of a Children’s Educational Dictionary for a Low-Resource Language Using AI Tools

Today, various interactive tools or partially available artificial intelligence applications are actively used in educational processes to solve multiple problems for resource-rich languages, such as English, Spanish, French, etc. Unfortunately, the situation is different and more complex for low-resource languages, like Kazakh, Uzbek, Mongolian, and others, due to the lack of qualitative and accessible resources, morphological complexity, and the semantics of agglutinative languages. This article presents research on early childhood learning resources for the low-resource Kazakh language. Generally, a dictionary for children differs from classical educational dictionaries. The difference between dictionaries for children and adults lies in their purpose and methods of presenting information. A themed dictionary will make learning and remembering new words easier for children because they will be presented in a specific context. This article discusses developing an approach to creating a thematic children’s dictionary of the low-resource Kazakh language using artificial intelligence. The proposed approach is based on several important stages: the initial formation of a list of English words with the use of ChatGPT; identification of their semantic weights; generation of phrases and sentences with the use of the list of semantically related words; translation of obtained phrases and sentences from English to Kazakh, dividing them into bigrams and trigrams; and processing with Kazakh language POS pattern tag templates to adapt them for children. When the dictionary was formed, the semantic proximity of words and phrases to the given theme and age restrictions for children were taken into account. The formed dictionary phrases were evaluated using the cosine similarity, Euclidean similarity, and Manhattan distance metrics. Moreover, the dictionary was extended with video and audio data by implementing models like DALL-E 3, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion to illustrate the dictionary data and TTS (Text to Speech) technology for the Kazakh language for voice synthesis. The developed thematic dictionary approach was tested, and a SUS (System Usability Scale) assessment of the application was conducted. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed approach’s high efficiency and its potential for wide use in educational purposes.

Ghanaian Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises (SMEs') Readiness for African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Implementation

This paper seeks to assess Ghanaian Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises (SMEs') readiness for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Implementation. The research instrument used to collect data was questionnaires and the study employed descriptive research design. The study randomly selected 250 SMEs from a population of 480 SMEs that were registered members of the Ghana National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Cape Coast Branch and operating within manufacturing, pharmaceutical, herbal, tourism, hospitality, food and beverage, agribusiness, garment, leather, and textiles. Data collected from the SMEs was analysed using SPSS, version 28. The findings from the study shows that, there is a significant gap between Ghanaian SMEs' readiness for AfCFTA implementation. The study finds out that although majority of SMEs are capable of innovation and developing new products, they also have limited knowledge of export documentation, trade information and infrastructure, trade finance, and funding for expansion. They also have low knowledge and lack a basic understanding of the benefits of AfCFTA, its advantages, components, protocols, and Rules of Origin. The study again revealed that the obstacles facing Ghanaian SMEs exportation are high cost of production, border delays, poor infrastructure, high inflation, difficulty in accessing credit, and language problems. Based on these findings, the study recommended that SMEs needs to be retooled particularly in the area of AfCFTA Rules of Origin, its objectives, components, and Ghana’s trade policy to improve their readiness for AfCFTA implementation. Again, businesses should concentrate more on value addition, and be dedicated to looking for ways to enhance their current or existing products to outperform comparable products from other African nations.

The First Step in Triadic Decision-Making Involving People with Dementia: Determining Who Talks When

ABSTRACT Everyone should have the opportunity to participate in decisions about their health, including people living with dementia. People with dementia typically bring a companion to medical appointments, so most care decisions are made in interactions involving three parties. To make decisions about their care, patients with dementia must have the opportunity to take a turn-at-talk in conversations where decisions are made. However, negotiating who speaks next in triadic talk is a complex task, especially when dementia-associated language and/or memory problems impact communication. Findings show that using second person (“you”) pronouns assist people with dementia in responding to queries, yet third person (“she/he”) can exclude them from the interaction, although this near-canonical pronoun use can be overridden by sequential placement, gesture, and gaze. We also demonstrate how midturn pronoun switching often only provides for tokenistic inclusion, though this again is dependent on sequential placement and embodied interaction. Data are in English.

TINGLAB TUSHUNISH KO‘NIKMASINING MAQSADI VA MUAMMOLARI

this article will talk about the role of listening comprehension skills in native language lessons today, how students develop an understanding of this skill, teach them to work with this skill assignment, and how listening comprehension skills can be taught abroad and in our native language lessons, problems and solutions.