Principles Of Landscape Planning Research Articles

Development of Structural Criteria for the Certification and Designation of Recreational and Therapeutic Forests in Bavaria, Germany

Background: Based on the increasing evidence of forest on health, a research project assessed the structural certification criteria of recreational and therapeutic forests in 15 Bavarian pilot sites. The main project objectives were (1) to develop a certification standard for recreational and therapeutic forests and (2) to establish a certification and designation process. Methods: Relevant criteria were identified by a literature review. The findings, in conjunction with landscape planning principles, were used to develop a catalog of certification criteria, which was then tested and amended in field testing in the pilot sites. Results: The criteria catalog for recreational and therapeutic forests was structured into four sections: general requirements, forest-specific requirements, safety and infrastructure, and preventive and/or therapeutic interventions. At 13 pilot sites, 13 recreational forests and 3 therapeutic forests were designated, 47 professionals were trained, the designation process and a certification body were established, and the results were published in a manual (BayKK KuH). Conclusions: This newly developed Bavarian certification standard for recreational and therapeutic forests represents an innovative synthesis of science and empirical on-site experience. It enables interested parties to develop a recreational or therapeutic forest on the basis of transparently published standards in order to use the health-promoting effects of the forest in prevention and therapy.

The Role of Taoism in the Development of Images of Gardens and Parks in Chinese Art

The article reveals the role of Taoism in the development of images of gardens and parks in Chinese art. Taoism is considered as a spiritual component of the traditional culture of China, affecting all spheres of human essence, including its expression in the visual arts. The problem of this study is to show how the Taoist ideas about man and the world around him were expressed in the works of landscape painting of the V–XIV centuries, when both the formation and development of the art of depicting nature and the formation of the fundamental principles of landscape planning took place. Both phenomena of Chinese culture were obviously influenced by Taoism, so the focus is on picturesque images of gardens and parks and the means of their artistic embodiment, which were formed as a result of the influence of philosophical and religious ideas. The purpose of the publication is the stylistic and semantic analysis of Chinese medieval landscapes depicting garden and park ensembles and elements formed under the influence of Taoist aesthetics. Such a perspective should enrich Russian science with new information about the formation and enrichment of the figurative series in the landscapes of Chinese masters over a long period of time, as well as evaluate the originality of their visual interpretation of philosophical and aesthetic ideas. This will allow us to see how the images of gardens and parks conveyed through the symbolism of images the inner world of a person and the authors themselves, how the ideas of the Taoists associated with these images manifested themselves not only in the subject of paintings, but also in an artistic form.

Landscape Planning as a Basis for Sustainable Development of a Region (Simferopol Region and the Town of Simferopol, Republic of the Crimea Taken as an Example)

This research deals with the theoretical principles of landscape planning. The possibility for applying geographical information systems (GIS) to carry out landscape planning on different levels has been studied. Geographical informational systems (GIS) can be used on every stage of planning work and they provide processing and analyzing a great amount of spatial data about natural components, submission and dissemination of the results by plotting the maps, their typing as well as distributing over on-line resources. The chart of landscape planning with its application has been worked out. The main stages of the research include: spade-work\\ preliminary (data collection and information storage, alongside with cartographic, informational, statistical data), examining the territory and its environment, considering the landscape features of the territory. Geographic information system data can help to make up landscape planning of the territory of Simferopol region and the town of Simferopol of the Republic of the Crimea. During this stage of landscape planning a set of maps i.e. maps of natural and economic landscape subsystems, adverse natural processes, ecological network, landscape and ecological restrictions has been plotted. By reference to all maps for the territory of Simferopol region, the map for landscape planning as well as functional zoning of territory have been worked out. According to the received data, measures against adverse processes have been planned.

The Historic Urban Landscape and the Metropolis

The Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) recommendation adopted by UNESCO in 2011 provides a holistic approach based on landscape planning principles. It is in line with the International Guidelines for Urban and Territorial Planning adopted by UN-Habitat in 2015 (UN-Habitat 2015). HUL concerns the integration of culture in territorial planning processes and the historical urban centre inside their urban or city context. Large cities are becoming the dominant pattern of the human settlements worldwide. They are the main engine of economic development, attracting people for jobs, creating the highest values and are the main support for the globalisation process. The 21st century is the era of the metropolis, with a large increase of cities of more than 500,000 inhabitants. The heritage of the 21st century will be building through the metropolis. We can consider the metropolis as an artefact of the humankind. It produces large urban–rural systems supported by large infrastructures, iconic buildings and specific facilities. The upgrading of the main characteristics of the metropolis adds value in cities for the quality of life, creating new heritage at a scale greater than the existing world heritage categories. HUL could be extended as a relevant approach to be applied on the metropolitan scale.

Research on the Design of Community Landscape Planning under Eco-House Perspective

With the advent of the knowledge economy and the rapid development of information technology era, people's demand for the living environment has been far more than mere material comfort. In this paper, good landscape design for residential quarter not only provides appropriate living conditions for dweller, satisfies people's yearning for home, improves the quality of urban environment, but also is the main prerequisites which measure the green quality and management of the community. Landscape planning and design of residential environment exists failed plant landscape design, weak user-friendly design, ignoring landscape such as issues. We have identified the principles of landscape planning and design community, and allocation of green plants. It is the important weights that real estate developers sell their items, which is an important success factor that the real estate developers operate company, and people will pay more and more attention to the landscape design.

LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN UKRAINE: THE FIRST LANDSCAPE-PLANNING PROGRAM

The paper presents the results of the first, in Ukraine; project on landscape planning widely accepted in European countries. Under the project implemented in 2010–2013, a landscape-planning program has been developed for the Cherkassy oblast. This is the first document of this kind in Ukraine. The program is mainly based on the experience of the German and Russian schools of landscape planning and on research and assessment conducted by the authors, which allowed identifying approaches to landscape planning, principles of the national policy, and characteristics and potential of environmentally friendly planning in Ukraine. The paper discusses the main phases of the work on the development of the landscape program for the oblast. It also identifies the main stages and key concepts and principles of landscape planning. The paper presents the results of integrated research on the identification and classification of conflicts in land use and the integral concept of the developmental goals for the oblast. The results can be the foundation for adopting management decisions and development of action plans for the lower hierarchal branches.