Landscape Planning Approach Research Articles

Identifying temperature refuges in Utah using temperature, biota, and habitat data

AbstractUnderstanding where on landscapes to make investments, such as designating protected areas, is a critical component of biodiversity management. Locations for management actions should achieve current management objectives while also having the best chance of continued success in the future. Climate change has the potential to undermine biodiversity management, as it may lead to substantial changes in environmental conditions that are outside local managers' control. Following changes in environmental conditions, areas on the landscape may become unsuitable for the species or habitats that the initial actions were intended to benefit. The potential for local actions to be undermined by global‐scale threats makes it essential to account for and minimize exposure to temperature change. We present a series of analyses identifying priority areas for wildlife and habitat management. We conducted our analyses using a systematic landscape planning approach that identifies areas within species' ranges or current distributions of key habitats that are predicted to be less affected by future temperature change. We used the ranges of 142 animal and 149 plant species identified as species of greatest conservation need (SGCN) together with the distributions of 14 terrestrial and 19 aquatic key habitats in Utah, USA. We measured temperature change in 2 ways: as changes in mean annual temperature between 2020 and the year 2100 (temperature difference) and by quantifying how far a species range or habitat would have to shift to maintain its current temperature envelope (climate velocity). We identified the sub‐watersheds with hydrologic unit code 12 (HUC 12) that collectively encompassed the ranges of our SGCNs and key habitats while minimizing overall exposure to temperature change. These high priority HUC 12s represented areas that were not only hotspots for SGCNs and key habitats but also acted as temperature refugia, where management actions are likely to be robust to temperature change. We hope that our identification of high‐priority HUC 12s will help inform and guide future management actions to improve their long‐term outcomes.

Designing Food Hubs for Territories of Proximity: Assessing the Spatial, Ecological, and Cultural Potentials of Places through Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems

Logistics, distribution models, and landscapes of food production strongly influence the space of our cities and territories. In addition to the network of large-scale retail distribution that is diffused in urban and non-urban areas, with this contribution, we study the presence of new forms of the local and sustainable distribution of food (such as Alternative Food Networks, and community-supported agriculture). Studying and understanding how these distribution models can support and be integrated within a landscape planning and design approach is explored through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision analysis method. Through the specific focus of a Food Hub localization, the aim is to demonstrate how distribution models can not only support but also integrate into landscape planning and design. The fundamental objectives for structuring and locating a Food Hub can be organized under three strategic objectives: pursuing the benefit of people, the planet, and profit. The choice of one distribution method over others, or what is the best location and condition for distribution centers, is the question we have tested with the collaboration of “L’Ortazzo” Association. The case study is a solidarity purchasing group located in the upper Valsugana valley area (Trentino Region, Italy), a supra-municipality reality involving about a hundred families that, currently, do not have a physical distribution center.

Land Use Change Scenario Building Combining Agricultural Development Policies, Landscape-Planning Approaches, and Ecosystem Service Assessment: A Case Study from the Campania Region (Italy)

In the last two centuries, land-use change (LUC) has been the most important direct change driver for terrestrial ecosystems. In contrast with the consequent ecosystem degradation, forward-looking spatial policies and target landscape and land-use planning processes are needed from a sustainability perspective. The present paper proposes a framework of action, including different landscape-planning and ecological approaches: from spatial modelling to recognize LUC and build different scenarios, to ecosystem service (ES) assessment to evaluate possible environmental impacts. Three different scenarios were explored: Trend, No Tillage, and Energy crops. The sediment delivery ratio and carbon storage and sequestration ESs were assessed and compared for each scenario. The results show that regional development in line with past trends could lead to further land degradation (with ES value losses, in a decade, greater than 5%). Instead, the two scenarios proposed in compliance with EU policies could bring benefits, if only those related to moderate LUCs and respecting the naturally grass-vegetated land. The aim of the paper is to support decision makers and local communities in the landscape planning landscape planning process. From the local to global scale, guided and shared LUC management allows us to implement sustainable development, based not only on a deep knowledge of the physical environment but also of social and economic issues.

Landscape Planning and Design Approaches for Ecologically Sustainable Cities

Rapidly increasing urbanization trends at the global level increase the interest in sustainable urban life, while also revealing their effects on ecological balance more clearly. In particular, increasing urban areas create negative effects on ecosystems and quality of life through factors such as increasing air temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. This rapid urbanization process negatively affects the natural ecosystems in urban areas, ecosystems are fragmented, deteriorated and even face the danger of complete extinction. For this reason, the development of planning methods to preserve ecological balance has become a great necessity. These planning approaches are seen as the cornerstones of building sustainable cities. Factors such as spatial diversity and temperature variations play a vital role in understanding ecological processes. In this context, although studies on the design and maintenance of sustainable urban landscapes continue, more effective strategies are needed to ensure the sustainability of these landscapes in the long term. Many innovative ideas regarding urban landscape planning and design have been developed in recent years. However, there has been limited success in applicability of these ideas from a sustainability perspective. Sustainable landscape planning and design helps improve environmental quality and multiply social benefits through the integration of various materials and methods in the creation, construction and management of urban areas. Sustainability-focused approaches to landscape planning and design include restoration and enhancement of natural systems, sustainable management of resources, efficient use of water and energy, and protection of external environmental quality. The aim of this study is to discuss new strategies at the urban level. In this way, it is aimed to take ecosystem protection measures in urban areas, create livable environments and achieve sustainability goals more effectively.

Exploring the Interplay between Landscape Planning and Human Well-Being: A Scientometric Review

Numerous studies have indicated that proximity to nature positively affects human well-being. Landscape planning and related techniques have been widely implemented to achieve balance between natural environments and human society, thereby contributing to human well-being. This study examines peer-reviewed empirical research using scientometric analysis and systematic review to clarify how landscape planning enhances human well-being. On analysing 439 documents, we found a significant increase in publications by multidisciplinary teams in this research area from 2016 to date. There was an uneven global distribution of publications, with most institutions cooperating within the same continent. These findings suggest the potential for greater international collaboration in the future. We identified three main research topics in this field, traced their dynamic development, and highlighted intangible values requiring attention. Moreover, we proposed a loop of ‘naturalness-landscape structures-landscape services-human well-being’ which includes four intermediary steps to illustrate how landscape planning can improve human well-being. This loop clarifies the pathway between landscape planning approaches and human well-being, thus providing a foundation for future research. Overall, this research highlights the conceptual pathways of landscape planning in promoting human well-being and calls for further investigation to fully understand this complex relationship.

Defining and Regulating Peri-Urban Areas through a Landscape Planning Approach: The Case Study of Turin Metropolitan Area (Italy)

Peri-urbanization is a global phenomenon strongly linked to socio-demographic and settlement dynamics. Although peri-urbanization is a topic widely debated in academic literature, especially in the field of urban and regional planning, there is no universal definition, and different types and interpretations of peri-urban areas can be found in the literature. Identifying physical limits and boundaries, as well as defining what is peri-urban and what is not, are important issues for planning these spaces at city and metropolitan levels but are not easy to solve due to their heterogeneity. Establishing land use rules for peri-urban areas is a crucial issue for maintaining and fostering primary and vital ecosystem services, especially in terms of functions provided to urban core areas. Developing a replicable method to identify and regulate peri-urban areas, exportable to other European countries, is the aim of this study. In this paper, the authors propose a method applied to the case study of Turin (Italy), based on a collaborative and place-based approach, the identification of certain peri-urbanization conditions, and the definition of rules and guidelines for peri-urban areas, in order to support decision-makers at different levels. These planning tools were adopted by the recent General Territorial Plan of the Turin Metropolitan Area (TMA). In conclusion, the authors highlighted not only the strengths and possible limitations of this method but also the role of the landscape planning approach in terms of the protection and management of peri-urban areas, considering some of the new challenges that will likely involve future peri-urban research and planning practices.

Uncovering spatial patterns of ecosystem services and biodiversity through local communities' preferences and perceptions

Tropical agricultural frontiers are rapidly changing and present unique opportunities to reconcile ecosystem services (ES) provision, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood maintenance of rural communities. To understand the dynamics of these frontiers, we analyzed preferences, reasons associated with importance, and spatial perceptions of ES and biodiversity in Mexico at two scales. In seven workshops and 42 interviews, participants ranked preferred ES and expressed reasons for their importance. They identified the relevant areas for ES and biodiversity. We used this data to create an index to obtain maps of perceived spatial patterns and perform a cluster analysis to identify ES bundles. A redundancy analysis highlighted the factors that help explain the spatial patterns and qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore the reasons behind participants’ rankings of relative importance. We found two contrasting bundles at the regional scale: the natural protected area, where biodiversity is highest, and the agricultural frontier, where agricultural services were highest. At the ejido scale, ejidos whose livelihoods are mainly centered on agriculture and those that develop diverse activities were grouped. Socio-ecological factors (e.g., ejido area, PES program, and indigenous population) further distinguished ejidos focused on agricultural expansion, those dominated by marginalized local inhabitants, and those focused on forest management. The most dominant reasons underlying ES rankings include having sufficient nutritious food and economic support linked to agricultural services. We discuss the role of conservation strategies, historical government decisions, and biophysical characteristics in shaping strong trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and agriculture—and the role of voluntary local conservation initiatives and a national PES scheme in supporting opportunities to reconcile some of these trade-offs. This study demonstrates the importance of integrating local community preferences and perceptions into spatially explicit products that can be used in inclusive conservation and landscape planning approaches for tropical landscapes worldwide.

The Historical Transformation of Peri-Urban Land Use Patterns, via Landscape GIS-Based Analysis and Landscape Metrics, in the Vesuvius Area

Peri-urban areas constitute an enormous resource in terms of natural capital, landscape heritage and economic activities, but, at the same time, they are often affected by physical and socio-economic degradation, drawing the attention of decision makers and planners. Many studies have focused on these contexts both in terms of suburbs, with a close dependence on urban centers, and new land typologies. The present paper focuses on documentary evidence of the direct impacts of urban growth on rural lands. The study area entails the Vesuvius National Park, which, belonging the Naples metropolis, is well-known for its historical, geo-morphologic and naturalistic value. Furthermore, the area has a history of high-quality cartographic production: the 1817, 1907, 1960, 2009 time steps maps were digitized, georeferenced, vectorized and compared in a GIS environment. The results highlight a strong change in land-use, in vineyards and urban class types, with a more disaggregated landscape mosaic. The approach shows that the historical modeling of land-use changes supports the understanding of current land-use dynamics and landscape patterns. The study also shows the need to integrate landscape planning and landscape ecology approaches, highlighting the close interactions between urban, agricultural and natural areas, for the purpose of supporting decision makers in land-use management and conservation policies.

Aspects of rural landscape planning related to abandoned places and objects

The study gives insight into the definition of abandoned places and objects in rural landscape planning. The goal of the study is to identify the essential aspects of rural landscape planning, that are related to abandoned places and objects, to use these findings from the literature review in further research already defining abandoned places and objects and giving guidelines for these kinds of places and object inclusion in planning documents. Rural landscape planning is considered to be the beginning of the development of planning, but planning issues have moved these days in the direction of metropolitan areas. There are still relevant initial planning goals in rural landscape planning - the creation of a quality living environment and job creation. Nowadays the importance of the landscape planning approach at the local level is emphasized. Rural landscape development and change processes are closely linked to the Common Agricultural Policy. Abandoned place/object in the context of planning can be considered as one that is not used for one year or more according to the defined function, or a place/object as abandoned, defined in human perception.

Assessing the effectiveness of protected areas against habitat fragmentation and loss: A long-term multi-scalar analysis in a mediterranean region

Landscape fragmentation and human-induced land-cover changes are two of the main current threats to nature conservation. To face such challenges, the development of networks of Protected Areas (PAs) has become a central element of nature conservation policies. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of PAs against long-term natural habitat fragmentation and loss at a regional scale in a South West European context (Andalusia, Spain). A multiscalar approach –covering the entire region, the regional PAs network, the complete set of Andalusian Nature Parks and ten individual Parks– has been adopted for the analysis of four landscape metrics. The study covers a time span of approximately 50 years (1956–2007) divided into two periods (1956–1984 and 1984–2007), which allows for the assessment of the effects of PAs development in the region. The results show that habitat loss has a relatively low incidence and is distributed very irregularly throughout the region under study. In contrast, habitat fragmentation has a strong incidence at all scales of analysis. The loss of habitat continuity is mainly located in non-protected areas. Small losses of natural cover in key areas located outside PAs may lead to a strong increase in habitat fragmentation at the regional scale and indirectly affect valuable natural areas under protection. According to the results, it is highly advisable to reinforce the ecological connections between large PAs and adopt a more ecologically sound and proactive landscape planning approach in non-protected environments.

Biodiversity and ecosystem services mapping: Can it reconcile urban and protected area planning?

Land-use changes, especially urbanization, have largely impacted the capacity of ecosystems to deliver ecosystem services (ES) on which human wellbeing depends. The current sectorial landscape and territorial planning approaches that separately address protected areas and urban areas have proven ineffective in conserving biodiversity. To address this important challenge, integrated territorial planning has been claimed to be able to better reconcile interests between nature conservation and urban planning, and ES supply and demand mapping may be a useful tool for such purposes. In this study, we quantitatively mapped biodiversity and the supply and demand of eight ES along an urban-rural gradient in the region of Madrid (Spain). Then, we clustered the municipalities in this gradient into four groups based on their common biodiversity and ES supply and demand characteristics. Additionally, we reviewed the urban plans from these municipalities and the management plans of three protected areas, analysed the references to ES in the plans, and searched for potential conflicts between urban and protected area planning aims. We found that municipalities with highly coupled ES supply and demand are in high altitude areas, coinciding with protected areas, while in urban areas, the ES demand exceeds the supply. Municipalities exhibiting a high demand for regulating ES usually include them in their plans, while municipalities with a high supply of regulating ES do not. Given the several conflicts between protected areas and urban planning that we detected, we discuss the utility of mapping biodiversity and ES supply and demand beyond administrative boundaries to overcome the challenge of integrating spatial planning approaches, especially in the context of urban-rural gradients and megacities. We also explore the utility of these methods for coordinating urban planning tools to achieve integrated territorial planning.

Integrating conservation targets and ecosystem services in landscape spatial planning from Portugal

Securing biodiversity values alongside ecosystem services and other socio-economic assets, is a priority in the European policy and territorial planning. Here, we design a landscape planning approach that identifies priority conservation areas and informs on their ecosystem services’ potential in the context of a legally binding spatial planning instrument in central Portugal. Our approach included a spatial prioritisation approach of biodiversity, a literature review on the potential supply of ecosystem services, the participation of political stakeholders, and expert-based field validation in the Municipality of Alvaiázere. Firstly, we used the decision-support software Marxan to help prioritising biodiversity conservation efforts. Then, we evaluated the potential supply of multiple ecosystem services from a systematic literature review. Finally, we selected priority areas for landscape planning and management through a participatory approach with local politicians, considering the relevance of those areas to safeguard biodiversity assets alongside ecosystem services’ potential supply for the region. A total of nine priority areas, with both high biodiversity values and potential for ecosystem services’ supply, were identified. For the first time in the country, those areas have been considered in the design of the main spatial planning instrument for the region, together with practical recommendations for in situ management. Our approach represents a first step to engage local administration in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, focused on the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with ecosystem services’ potential through legally binding landscape planning.

“Green” architecture of city riverwalks: on the example of Yekaterinburg

“Green” architecture of city riverwalks: on the example of Yekaterinburg The object of this research is the Iset River walk, between Malysheva Street and Kuibysheva Street of Yekaterinburg, which is the major attraction for population and the water-recreational urban area. The subject of this research is landscape urbanism used for reconstruction and recreational development of the territories of various functionality, including riverfronts. The author determines the key aspects of the development of recreational spaces of Yekaterinburg in the context of implementation of landscape and city planning approach, as well as the peculiarities of their formation of public and private lands. Comparative-historical analysis of the stages of formation and reconstruction of recreational spaces in the Sverdlovsk agglomeration, analysis of the shoreline of the Iset River between Malysheva Street and Kuibysheva Street of Yekaterinburg is carried out from the perspective of landscape urbanism. The obtained results are as follows:1. The author outlined the prospects of application of the principles of landscape urbanism in reconstruction of city riverwalks;2. The author analyzed the current functional and planning structure of Yekaterinburg; determined the prospects for its transformation, considering the principles of landscape urbanism and formation of the unified ecological-recreational framework;3. The author highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of reconstruction of the Iset River walk and the prospects for its further reconstruction, taking into account the concepts of landscape urbanism and eco-city.

Point cloud modeling as a bridge between landscape design and planning

The paper evolves on the discourse of digital three-dimensional (3-D) modeling methods in the fields of landscape architecture and landscape planning. Digital design and planning methods used at present rely on mapping and modeling techniques that fall short of engaging the physical form of the landscape. However, form-specific knowledge is essential to understand how transformations can improve landscape functions, for example, in terms of providing ecosystem services and influencing climate in response to increasing heat in cities. The technical development of laser-scanning technology for landscape survey introduced new approaches over the last decade in working with geospatial data. Laser-scanning, or LiDAR, is now used to create digital 3-D representations of the landscape at high definition in the form of point clouds models. Beyond their function of representation, point cloud models can be manipulated to represent future landscape scenarios. Changes can be developed by editing the point cloud models and using the characteristics of form and scale of the physical site, resulting in an informed workflow of landscape transformation.In this paper, we address an existing gap in working concurrently with the analytical and spatio-visual properties of the landscape and propose a method that integrates landscape planning and design approaches by using point cloud models as a shared medium. We (i) propose a modeling method that employs laser-scanned data as a medium to represent landscape transformation and to enable a new level of inquiry for shaping future scenarios; (ii) exemplify with a case scenario in Singapore how point cloud models can be used to exchange analytical and spatial information for assessing thermal comfort; (iii) discuss the role that point cloud models can play in establishing a bridge between methods of landscape design and of landscape planning to develop the quality of urban landscapes.

Understanding cultural ecosystem services related to farmlands: Expert survey in Europe

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are nonmaterial benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. The CES subcategories cover a wide range of domains (e.g. recreation, conservation of cultural heritage, human-nature relations). The CES concept has been proposed to acknowledge the nonmaterial values linking people and nature in social-ecological systems. Agricultural landscapes are outstanding examples of complex social-ecological systems where synergies and trade-offs between production and conservation determine the CES values. Europe is still rich in such landscapes/systems with outstanding cultural and natural values that deliver a multitude of CES. In this paper, we address the knowledge and perceptions of identified experts on the role of CES in the management of European agricultural landscapes. To achieve this goal, we developed a questionnaire on CES which was answered by experts working with various issues of European agricultural landscapes, including sustainable agriculture, landscape ecology, grassland management, nature conservation, cultural heritage conservation, environmental policy, sustainability research and rural development. The results show a wide knowledge and acceptance of the CES concept within such expert communities. Especially the aesthetic, cultural heritage, educational and recreational values were considered the most relevant CES subcategories. Interdisciplinary approaches, landscape planning and integrative science-policy approaches were perceived as the most promising methodologies to improve the CES approach for policy and management. Our results also show that according to experts the CES concept is still far from practical implementation in policies that target agricultural landscapes. In order to sustain such systems, we suggest the better implementation of inter- and transdisciplinary research for the development of CES-integrative policy and decision-making.

Identification of Marginal Landscapes as Support for Sustainable Development: GIS-Based Analysis and Landscape Metrics Assessment in Southern Italy Areas

Landscape is increasingly characterized by a multifaced nature. In scientific literature and landscape governance, new landscape definitions are often coined to explain new meanings and to define specific intervention strategies and tools. The present study purposes a framework for the identification of hybrid landscapes as support for land-use planners, which aim to guarantee development opportunities as well as natural heritage preservation and valorization. “Marginal lands” were identified starting from EU Directives and scientific approaches, by means of multicriteria analysis. Different scenarios were built: (1) no-change; (2) energy crops; (3) green infrastructures. An ecosystem services approach, via landscape metrics analysis, was used to compare the possible effects of scenarios. About 20% of the study area, an internal area of the southern Apennines, was identified as suitable for land-use change in a medium-short time, and scenarios of land-use changes show a better condition, in terms of fragmentation, than as a current asset. Results showed the strategic role and potentialities of marginal lands, as a trade-off between nature conservation and development issues, suggesting new opportunities for green infrastructures and a renewable energies chain. The study allowed for deepening the close connection among landscape planning approaches, land use change scenarios building and environmental assessment, focused on the ex-ante evaluation stage.

Integrating landscape planning and stream quality management in mountainous watersheds: A targeted ecological planning approach for the characteristic landscapes

Abstract Landscapes in the watersheds can comprehensively reflect and actively drive the dynamic changes of water quality along a river. Therefore, scientific landscape-ecological planning is critical to stream quality management. However, due to the complicated socioeconomic attributes of landscapes, it is very difficult to fully realize the optimal configuration of each type of landscape. Therefore, it remains a challenge in how to incorporate the trade-offs of different landscapes and the priority in landscape optimization into watershed landscape planning approaches to promote effective planning practices, especially in mountainous watersheds. To better solve this problem, we proposed an improved and targeted ecological planning method based on landscape ecology, which emphasized the significant roles of the characteristic source-sink landscapes (CSSL) and their structure that contribute the most to stream quality changes in sustainable management for mountainous stream quality. We conducted this study in Yinglong watershed, a mountainous watershed in Chongqing, China, and carried out the landscape ecological planning through “CSSL extraction - constraint functions construction - CSSL optimization”. The research showed that (1) agricultural and forest landscapes were the CSSL that could represent the impact of the overall landscapes on stream quality in mountainous watershed; (2) besides the landscape area, stream quality also highly cohered with the quantitative structure of the CSSL; (3) the sustainable management for stream quality in mountainous watersheds could be promoted by conducting ecological planning for the CSSL and controlling their quantity structure within a reasonable range. Our research showed that it was feasible to optimize the main conflict landscapes tightly associated with stream quality changes through landscape ecology methods to help manage stream quality more effectively. This more targeted and easy-measured ecological planning method can promote the conversion of theoretical planning outcomes to planning practices, and can also encourage landscape planners, not just scientific researchers, to participate in specific ecological planning practices.

Application of landscape planning approach for study of peculiarities of territorial organization and territorial development

Forming of economic-geographical environment for innovative development is closely related to landscape and resource characteristics of a territory. It is revealed through a system of related characteristics that should geographically fully and accurate describe the nature, economy and population of the territory and express its state through a special assessment indication function of all natural and economic factors. Such task is solved on empirical data and the principles of the geosystem theory by Sochava, indicative and landscape planning approach, methods of interpretation mapping, comparative geographical analysis, geoinformation and math modeling. A landscape typological map is considered as an invariant basis for the analysis of the territory, reflecting the spatial distribution of geosystems of different types and allowing to derive new knowledge and create thematic maps of different content for solving applied problems. Features of the geographical environment and its impact are taken into account through the introduction of quantitative environmental corrections using the methodology of polisystematic stratification. A unified database with a grid of natural and economic units of the landscape map is created for the area of the Selenga river delta for analysis of the territorial organization peculiarities and local development. The assessment indication function is calculated on the geosystem database and characterizes the features of the territorial organization with the definition of individual indicators of economic development for each unit of the study area.

PERENCANAAN LANSKAP KAWASAN PERKOTAAN KOTA PALU BERBASIS MITIGASI TEMPERATUR PERMUKAAN LAHAN

Urban landscapes have the potential to provide a variety of benefits for urban communities. Urban landscapes can be a public space that can accommodate various kinds of public activities but also can be an ecological space that can provide space or means of protection for the sustainability of natural and environmental resources. The urban area of Palu city in its landscape arrangement tends to not pay attention to climate aspects as one of the factors that influence environmental sustainability and in creating productive public spaces. The main objective of this study is to develop a landscape plan for the urban area of Palu city based on mitigating land surface temperature. The specific objectives of the study include analyzing and determining the surface temperature distribution of urban areas in Palu City, analyzing the vegetation density index of the urban area of Palu City, formulating concepts and developing urban landscape landscape plans based on land surface temperature distribution and index of vegetation density. The approach used in this study uses a landscape planning approach which consists of several stages starting from inventory or data collection, data analysis, synthesis and planning. Based on spatial data on land surface temperature distribution and vegetation density index results obtained showed the highest distribution of temperature distribution in almost all areas of the East Palu Sub District and parts of West Palu Sub District and the lowest temperature distribution was in parts of West Palu Sub District. Based on the results of the spatial analysis of land surface temperature distribution and vegetation density index, the results show that landscape development plans with intensive green arrangement intensity are located in the East Palu Sub District and part of West Palu Sub District and landscape development plans with the intensity of non-intensive green is located on Most of the West Palu Sub District Area.

Synergetic Urban Landscape Planning in Rotterdam

In this PhD research, the major environmental challenges of our time, such as climate change, sustainable energy transition and scarcity of resources, are approached from a spatial, landscape-architectural perspective. The goal is to accelerate the transition to liveable, low carbon cities. The focus of the research is at the local scale and attempts to turn challenges into opportunities for a better quality of life and living environment. Since 1857, when Frederick Law Olmsted combined the construction of two large drinking water reservoirs for the city of New York with the design of a beautiful park, these types of assignments are part of a landscape architect's job. At that time, the issue was to solve the problem of drinking water while now we are concerned about solving the combination of very diverse and different flows. This renders the assignment more complex but certainly no less landscape architectonic. As part of this research, many functions, flows, areas and actors in the urban landscape system of Rotterdam have been studied. This research focuses on the development, design and testing of new approaches to strengthen existing urban qualities and to tackle problems in such a way that positive effects for other functions (synergies) arise at the same time in order to improve the quality of life in cities. The themes researched are: Water and climate change: stormwater challenges and water in the city (such as flooding) and how these might provide opportunities for a better environment Energy transition: exchange of residual flows of heat in order to achieve a more sustainable energy supply. Urban agriculture and nutrients: urban waste flows of phosphorus and urban agriculture as related to liveability. All these themes could also be investigated per sector and that is often what is done, however this research looks at their inter-connectedness and the possibility to promote synergies. For this, it is important to know what kind of synergies can be achieved and for whom. As a result, planning for synergies in a structured way is possible. Landscape architectural, urban ecological and governance theories are used to extract building blocks and to set up a so-called Synergetic Urban Landscape Planning (SULP) approach. This is an integrated approach that allows us to explore, imagine and plan synergies so as to accelerate the transition to a liveable, low carbon city. During the research process, SULP has continuously been reinforced by incorporating the results of the separate studies on water, climate, energy, urban agriculture and nutrients. Synergetic urban landscape planning forms the bridge between CO2 and livability goals on the one hand, and principles for sustainable urban development on the other. This research and this approach were fed with, and strengthened by, the results of separate studies on water, climate, energy, urban agriculture and nutrients. To test this approach, SULP building blocks were used in the inner city of Rotterdam. Possible densification and greening strategies were built together with stakeholders. This has resulted in a plan for the various components such as water and energy, which greatly improved multiple liveability aspects of the inner city and reduced CO2 emissions per capita. These results were also used to further develop the SULP approach such as the development of the ‘Smart City Planner’, based on the principles and indicators of sustainable cities, an assessment tool linked to Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This tool can be used to assess the sustainability performance of neighbourhoods as well as to plan for synergies. This research contributes to sustainable urban development and emphasizes the role of landscape architecture in this regard as it provides synergies within urban metabolism (flows in the city). It also leads to closer cooperation with other disciplines. New approaches have been developed through SULP some of which have already been successfully applied, for example, the ‘Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning’ (REAP) as well as the ‘Smart City Planner’. Approaches that accelerate the transition to a liveable, low carbon city!