Landscape Pattern Characteristics Research Articles

The relationship between landscape pattern and plant species diversity in east Dongting lake wetland based on different Eco-environment

Exploring the impact factors associated with biodiversity and the relationship between them has always been a concerned issue in recent years. However, the previous research mostly focus on theoretical layer. Accordingly, the relationship between landscape pattern and biodiversity is to be analyzed in this research. The landscape pattern determines the function and ecological process of the landscape, and affects the species flow, information flow and energy flow in the landscape. Land use patterns has inevitably left an impact on the landscape pattern. Landscape pattern determines the function and ecological process of landscape and thus plays a significant role in biodiversity. East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve is taken as the research object of the paper, and the remote sensing image data of three different time periods are collected, including 2000, 2010 and 2020. With an interpretation of the vegetation landscape pattern changes inside the protected area to collect and analyze the vegetation coverage. By comparing landscape patterns and the dynamic changes of land use in different periods of time, the correlation between landscape pattern characteristics and regional biodiversity is to be analyzed. Research shows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the vegetation coverage of East Dongting Lake increased, but the landscape shape, scale, diversity and uniformity index decreased to varying degrees. (2) At the class level of landscape type, the relationship between landscape index and biodiversity is different. A complex relationship between farmland landscape and biodiversity. There is a significant positive correlation between the index of grassland landscape type and the index of regional biodiversity. (3) The correlation analysis results at the landscape level show that the landscape characteristic index is positively correlated with the regional biodiversity index. The grassland landscape in the area is the main habitat of biological species. At the same time, as the main grain producing area, the impact of farmland landscape cannot be ignored. This study has certain theoretical guiding significance for the protection and management of biodiversity in the region in terms of maintaining landscape pattern in particular the grassland landscape area and increasing vegetation coverage in the process of land use.

Analysis of landscape pattern and ecological risk change characteristics in Bosten Lake basin based on optimal scale

Amidst swift socioeconomic progress, urbanization is intensifying, necessitating robust methodologies for environmental quality monitoring. Landscape Ecological Risk (LER) has emerged as a pivotal tool in this context. Extensive research has focused on the land utilization rates within watersheds, scrutinizing them through the lens of land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics. This study delves into the LULC attributes of the Bosten Lake Basin (BLB) across three temporal snapshots: 2000, 2010, and 2020. Grasslands and bare ground made up the vast majority area of the BLB. Selected twelve landscape pattern indices, analyzed their response curves with respect to grain size, determined the optimal grain size to be 150 m, and analysed its optimum amplitude of 10 km × 10 km on the basis of the semi-variance function, thus determined the optimal scale for analyzing the landscape pattern. Exploring scale effect facilitates a nuanced examination of the landscape patterns and land use efficacy within BLB. From 2000 to 2020, the landscape pattern showed less fragmented, less aggregated, and more spatially heterogeneous. The landscape ecological risk index model has been constructed for the investigation of the LER change characteristics of the BLB. Lowest-risk zones and lower-risk zones of LER predominate in BLB. In 2000, 2010 and 2020 the combined lower and lowest risk zones represent 62.02 %, 59.37 % and 58.44 % of the catchment area respectively. Finally, analyzed the spatial autocorrelation variation characteristics of LER. The global Moran' I index of BLB for the three periods from 2000 to 2020 exceeded 0.7. This study establishes theoretical and practical foundation for future multi-scale landscape ecological risk studies in eco-fragile regions.

Assessing the influence of simulated environmental gradients on the spatial heterogeneity of landscape patterns in the Tibetan Plateau

Landscape patterns are pivotal in the realms of land use planning and ecological development, yet there remains a dearth of comprehensive research pertaining to the prediction of changes in landscape pattern characteristics. Within this study, we adopt the PLUS-CA-Markov and Fragstats models to forecast landscape patterns on the Tibetan Plateau spanning the period from 2030 to 2050. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, we explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of landscape pattern changes between 2000 and 2050, concurrently identifying correlations among landscape pattern indices. Moreover, acknowledging the distinctive environmental gradients encompassing the plateau, notably elevation, slope, temperature, and precipitation, we investigate their implications on landscape pattern changes. Our findings indicate that: (1) Grassland degradation exhibited the utmost severity between 2000 and 2020, primarily attributed to overgrazing and climate-induced glacial melt. In contrast, cropland, forest, and water showcased divergent trends from 2020 to 2050 when compared to the preceding two decades, indicative of the efficacy of climate change control measures. (2) The distribution of landscape patterns on the Tibetan Plateau exhibited a considerable level of instability, marked by a decline in aggregation, reduced diversity and complexity, and amplified ecological connectivity between 2000 and 2020, signifying a partial amelioration in ecological quality. Between 2020 and 2050, landscape aggregation decreased alongside landscape fragmentation and the number of connectivity paths, signifying a discernible degradation of the plateau's ecosystem. (3) The most significant trade-off relationship was observed between landscape division index and largest patch index, while the synergistic relationship between landscape shape index and mean shape index was more pronounced. (4) Landscape aggregation, division, and largest patch index demonstrated non-linear quadratic trends in relation to elevation and temperature. Landscape shape index and patch density exhibited irregular non-linear effects. Largest patch index was predominantly influenced by slope, whereas division index was most affected by precipitation.

Influence of landscape pattern changes on water conservation capacity: A case study in an arid/semiarid region of China

With the accelerating changes of land use/cover caused by natural and human factors, landscape pattern has undergone significant changes. Given the scarcity of water resources and the degradation of ecological functions in arid and semi-arid regions of China, it is necessary to analyze the impact of landscape pattern changes on water conservation. Taking the Wei River Basin (WRB) as the research area, based on water balance equations, FRAGSTATS 4.2 software, and correlation analysis method, this study explored the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of water conservation and landscape pattern in the WRB from 1990 to 2020, as well as the correlations between the two. The results showed that from 1990 to 2020: (1) the water conservation capacity (WCC) showed no insignificant change trend (P > 0.05) in sub water basins as well as the entire WRB, and it presented a spatial distribution pattern of more in the south and west, and less in the north and east; (2) the landscape diversity and fragmentation of the WRB have increased, and the patch shapes tended to be complex, while connectivity and agglomeration between patches decreased; (3) The WCC had significant negative correlations with the Contagion Index (CONTAG), connectivity index (COHESION), and largest patch index (LPI), while had significant positive correlations with landscape shape index (LSI), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), and separation index (SPLIT), indicating that the increase of landscape fragmentation and diversity was conducive to the improvement of WCC. In the process of ecological landscape planning and optimization, the fragmentation degree of landscape can be appropriately increased. (4) Vegetated grassland, forestland, and farmland were the main sources of WCC, with average WCC values of 81.90, 68.04, and 8.72 mm, respectively. NDVI of the watershed increased significantly (P < 0.01) during the research period and showed a significant positive correlation with WCC, indicating the promoting effect of increasing vegetation coverage on WCC. Relevant results may provide referential information for ecological restoration and optimization of landscape pattern in arid/semiarid regions.

Impacts of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Anthropogenic Disturbances on Landscape Patterns in the Nandu River Basin, China

We explored the characteristics of landscape pattern (LP) changes in the Nandu River Basin (NRB) and its dynamic response mechanism to anthropogenic disturbance (AD). This is important for ecological protection and for land use decision-making in the basin in the context of the construction of a free trade port. Land use and land cover change (LULCC) data of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were analyzed with the help of the LP index, moving window method, hemeroby index, geo-information atlas, and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis to reveal the dynamic changes in LP characteristics in the NRB. Furthermore, this paper discusses into the correlation between LP and AD. The results indicate that over the past three decades, the NRB showed a staggered LP, dominated by forestland and cropland, whose total area has decreased by 25.27 km2 and 62.75 km2, respectively. On the other hand, the built-up land increased by 91.37%. The overall landscape fragmentation, landscape patch homogeneity, and landscape diversity have increased in the NRB. AD is the main reason for the dramatic changes in the LP of urban agglomerations centered in Haikou city. The area of minor disturbance (over 34%) occupies the largest proportion of the land, followed by higher (about 13~25%) and moderate disturbances (about 17~22%). The area of minor and strong disturbances has increased significantly, whereas those of moderate and higher disturbances have significantly decreased. The spatial distribution pattern of AD is gradually increasing from the southwest (natural landscape) to the northeast (human landscape). A transition in areas of low disturbance levels to higher levels is obvious. The area of the atlas that has transitioned from “minor → lighter disturbance (12)” and “higher → minor disturbance (41)” changed changed most significantly during 2000 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2020, occupying 26.79% and 11.99% of the transfer atlas, respectively. All regions encountering disturbances were significantly correlated with the largest patch index (LPI) from 1990 to 2020. The overall AD in the NRB has increased, especially in Haikou. Urbanization is the main factor for an increase in AD. The ecological and environmental management and monitoring in the basin need to be strengthened.

Multiscale effects and drivers of landscape heterogeneity for water‐related ecosystem services in urban agglomerations

AbstractUnderstanding the multiscale impacts and drivers of urban agglomeration landscape patterns for ecosystem services (ESs), especially water‐related ecosystem services (WESs), is essential for the development of regional ecological management. However, the multiscale impacts and driving mechanisms of urban agglomeration landscape patterns for ESs have not been adequately explained. In this study, multivariate data were employed, and the InVEST model, trend test method, coupled GeoDetector and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) method were utilized to comprehensively explore the spatial and temporal changes in landscape patterns and WESs in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration (PRDUA) at various grid and administrative scales from 1990 to 2020 and to determine the driving mechanisms affecting WESs. The results indicated that the variation characteristics of landscape patterns and WESs in the PRDUA were consistent, forming a binary spatial structure of core and peripheral areas in an inverted “U” shape around the estuary of the Pearl River. The relationship between landscape patterns and WESs weakened with the increase of scale, and the correlation coefficient decreased by approximately 0.10 from 5 km to 10 km grid scale. Additionally, precipitation (PRE) was the main factor controlling WESs changes in the PRDUA, explaining more than 50% of the changes in WESs, and the regression coefficients ranged from 0.0825 to 0.1584. Changes in WESs were the result of the combined effects of natural factors, including PRE, landscape pattern, elevation, slope, and socioeconomic factors, such as population and gross domestic product (GDP). Overall, these findings could contribute to optimizing regional landscape patterns and fostering sustainable development of the ecological environment in urban agglomerations.

Construction and Application of a Landscape Design Teaching Platform Driven by Artificial Intelligence

Landscape design is a measure of the development of urbanization process and the improvement of people's happiness index. The process of urbanization will involve landscape design. The study and teaching of landscape design is the core teaching method of landscape design research. However, with the diversified development of landscape design schemes and the characteristics of landscape 3D schemes, traditional landscape teaching schemes can no longer meet the needs of students and teaching, which also limits the effect of students' understanding and learning of landscape design schemes. Digital technology has been widely used in the field of landscape design, and has shown good results. This research uses the artificial intelligence method of digital technology to study the relevant factors in the teaching task of landscape design. This article mainly discusses three characteristics of students' design preference, landscape layout, and landscape pattern in landscape design teaching, which are also important factors affecting landscape design.

Spatio-temporal characteristics of traditional village landscape pattern and its influencing factors from the perspective of tourism development: a case study of Huangcheng Village, China

ABSTRACT Tourism development promotes economic income and cultural protection of traditional villages, but it also disturbs their landscape pattern and ecosystem. This study is aim to explore the process characteristics and mechanisms of the impact of tourism development on the landscape pattern of traditional villages. Taking Huangcheng Village, a typical tourism-oriented traditional village as a case, this research selects four remote sensing images from 1995 to 2020 according to its key time nodes of tourism development, analyzes its landscape expansion and pattern change, and uses Geodetector to explore influencing factors. The results show that: (1) The landscape change mainly presents the non-natural landscape continuously occupying the natural landscape, and expands continuously around tourist resources in edge-expansion and leapfrog-expansion manner, among which the expansion from 2003 to 2011 is the most significant; (2) The dominance and connectivity of non-natural landscape are enhanced, and the overall landscape pattern experiences a “relatively complete – tending to fragmentation – tending to completeness” change process; (3) The dominant factors affecting landscape pattern have stage characteristics. The results emphasize the role of tourism-related socio-economic and policy factors in influencing landscape pattern, which is significant for the landscape pattern optimization and sustainable development of tourist-type traditional villages.

Application of geographical detector and geographically weighted regression for assessing landscape ecological risk in the Irtysh River Basin, Central Asia

The exponential growth of human activities has resulted in a substantial increase in land use practices that not only modify the characteristics of landscape patterns but also pose significant landscape ecological risk (LER), with the latter being pivotal for ecosystem conservation and sustainable social development. However, research on LER and driving factors of Irtysh River Basin (IRB) are limited. Objectively assessing the LER of the high latitudes within Central Asia (Irtysh River Basin) and quantitatively identifying the environmental factors driving its changes holds significant research value for ensuring the ecological security of human habitation amidst global change. In this study, the spatial autocorrelation analysis method and geographically weighted regression (GWR) and geographical detector (Geo-Detector) models were utilized to reveal the spatiotemporal changes in LER based on land use/land cover (LULC) changes in the IRB from 1992 to 2020. The findings indicate that (1) the temporal scale reveals a slight increasing trend in LER within the IRB. (2) The spatial distribution is characterized by a dominance of lower- and medium-risk regions, with evident positive spatial autocorrelation. (3) The spatial pattern of LER is influenced by various factors, with a significant impact from temperature in the geo-detector model. In addition, the spatial heterogeneity of the effects of major factors was further obtained using the GWR model. The findings presented herein can serve as scientific references for the development of sustainability and ecological safety management in global arid zones and high-latitude cold regions, thus promoting environmental protection in various countries, enhancing consensus on ecological protection and facilitating international cooperation on conservation.

Identifying critical landscape patterns for simultaneous provision of multiple ecosystem services – A case study in the central district of Wuhu City, China

Landscape patterns have a global impact on ecosystem services (ESs). Managing land to enhance the provision of multiple ESs is vital for ecological resilience and sustainable development. Identifying critical landscape patterns that simultaneously influence multiple ESs provision based on understanding ES trade-offs is needed. Our study aims to develop an approach to find the relationship between multiple ESs provision and landscape patterns, identify the critical landscape patterns that simultaneously promote multiple ESs provision, and give suggestions on land management based on an understanding of the relationships of ESs. Taking the central district of Wuhu City as an example, production possibility frontier (PPF) and Pareto ranks are used to identify relationships between ESs and extract the landscape pattern characteristics of samples that effectively enhance multiple ESs. Our analysis of trade-offs between ESs highlights the complexity of ES relationships and emphasizes the necessity for multi-dimensional investigative approaches. Landscape metrics of Mean Perimeter Area Ratio (PARA_MN), Coefficient of Variation of Perimeter (PERI_CV), Area-weighted Mean Fractal Dimension (FRAC_AM), and Relative Mutual Information (RELMUTINF) emerged as critical determinants of multiple ESs supply. Our findings suggest enhancing patch shape complexity when conducting land use planning to avoid homogenization and keeping differences between the diversity of land use categories and the diversity of adjacencies small. Also, we recommend caution in using high contagion as the only criterion for land use planning, as its effects may vary on different ES targets.

Impact of land use pattern on water quality under different riparian buffer zone scales in Gaya River Basin, Northeast China

River water quality is influenced by land use and landscape distribution patterns. Quantifying the relationship between land use, landscape pattern and water quality factor at different riparian buffer zone scales is of great significance for rational land use planning and water quality improvement. Based on water quality data from 91 sites in May 2021 in the Gaya River Basin, we analyzed the spatial characteristics of land use types and landscape patterns at the riparian buffer zone scales. With redundancy analysis (RDA) and generalized additive models (GAM), we examined the effects of land use and landscape patterns on river water quality. The results showed that water quality was primarily impacted by total nitrogen (TN). Farmland was the dominant land use type at riparian buffer zone of 50, 100 and 500 m. The sampling sites were classified into farmland dominant group and farmland other group. Forest was dominant at riparian buffer zone of 1000, 1500, 2000 m, and the sampling sites were classified into forest dominant group and forest other group. 100 m riparian buffer zone was the strongest scale in the Gaya River, and 1000 m was the second. Land use types in the forest dominant group were closely related with electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, permanganate index and ammonium (NH4+-N) of water. NH4+-N was positively correlated with proportion of forest and farmland area. Phosphate was significantly affected by Shannon diversity index (SHDI). SHDI and largest patch index (LPI) was the key landscape indices affecting permanganate index. TN was significantly impacted by area proportion of forest, grassland and LPI in farmland dominant group, showing decreasing trend with the area proportion of forest increasing from 8% to 40%. Total suspended solids in farmland other group were significantly correlated with proportion of farmland area, while negatively correlated with proportion of forest area. Water quality in the Gaya River was mainly affected by proportion of forest area, followed by proportion of farmland area. The combined effects of LPI, SHDI and other land use types played an important role in affecting water quality.

Landscape Fragmentation and Spatial Autocorrelation of a Typical Watershed in the Wenchuan Earthquake-Affected Area—A Case Study in the Longxi River Basin

The 2008 8.0 Ms Wenchuan earthquake caused serious ecological degradation in the northwest of China’s Sichuan Province. Elucidating landscape fragmentation and spatial pattern of post-earthquake landscape is of great interest in order to improve ecological restoration and predict the spatial distribution of damaged ecosystems in earthquake-affected areas. We used four real-time remote sensing images to analyze the landscape pattern characteristics and spatial autocorrelation of the Longxi River Basin before and after the Wenchuan earthquake during the period from 2005 to 2015. In the study period, the degree of landscape fragmentation increased 1 year after the earthquake in 2009 but decreased in 2011 and 2015. The spatial distribution of forest, farmland, and shrub-grassland had significantly positive spatial correlation and the characteristics of spatial aggregation from 2005 to 2015. Construction land had no significant spatial correlation before the earthquake in 2005, but significantly positive spatial correlation after the earthquake, while traffic land had no significant spatial correlation across the study period. Unlike the other landscape types, geological disasters changed from a significantly negative spatial correlation before the earthquake to a significantly positive spatial correlation after the earthquake. However, the positive autocorrelation of all landscape types decreased with the increase of space distance, but in different distance-decay rates. The High-high spatial aggregation areas of geological disasters and construction land clustered gradually upstream of the basin and distributed in Longchi town, respectively; those of farmland distributed in the southeast of the basin increased in 2009 but then decreased, while those of forests had the opposite pattern as the dominant landscape type after the earthquake. Our results elucidated the spatial structure and distribution features of the Longxi River Basin to give a theoretical foundation for assessing the effects of ecological restoration and reconstruction management in earthquake-affected areas.

Spatial-temporal evolution and correlation analysis between habitat quality and landscape patterns based on land use change in Shaanxi Province, China.

Regional habitat quality is an important reflection of ecosystem services and ecosystem health. Exploring the characteristics of habitat quality changes and revealing the vulnerability of regional ecosystems caused could provide reference for the improvement of ecological service functions and the protection of regional ecological environment. Based on remote sensing data of Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2015, InVEST model and grid analysis were used to analyze the evolution characteristics of habitat quality and landscape pattern, and spatial autocorrelation was also used to analyze the spatial correlation and temporal evolution characteristics. The results showed: (1) Arable land, grassland, and forest land were the main landscape types in Shaanxi province, accounting for more than 94% of the total area, and the arable land and unused land showed a decreasing trend, while the grassland and forest land showed an increasing trend, and the proportion of construction land continued to increase with the rapid economic development from 2000 to 2015; (2) The spatial distribution characteristics of habitat quality was similar to land use cover change, which was "high in the southern and central forest areas, low in the northern sandy land and central urban agglomeration", and habitat quality value showed a steady increase, indicating that the habitat quality was getting better; (3) The landscape pattern index values of Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration changed significantly, which tended to be fragmented, and the landscape types were more diverse and uniform; (4) There were obvious spatial correlation between habitat quality and landscape pattern, and the spatial differentiation of clustering was obvious, and the clustering effect of habitat quality and landscape pattern characteristics would weaken with the increase in urbanization degree. The analysis of the spatial association between habitat quality and landscape pattern could provide scientific support for ecological protection and landscape planning.

Forest Fire Spread Hazard and Landscape Pattern Characteristics in the Mountainous District, Beijing

Objective: This study established an index system for assessing forest fire spread hazards and conducted a forest fire spread hazard assessment in the mountainous district of Beijing (including Fangshan, Mentougou, Changping, Yanqing, Huairou, Miyun, and Pinggu). The relationship between forested landscape spatial pattern and forest fire spread hazard was explored; this method provided the basis for the establishment of a landscape forest fire security guarantee system. Methods: The forest fire spread hazard assessment index system was constructed from four aspects: forest fuel, meteorological factors, topographic factors, and fire behavior. The weighted comprehensive evaluation method and area-weighted average method were used to calculate the forest fire spread hazard indices at the subcompartment scale and township scale. Moran’s I index was selected as the spatial autocorrelation index to analyze the autocorrelation degree and spatial distribution of the forest fire spread hazard index. Eleven representative landscape pattern indices were selected to analyze the main landscape spatial pattern affecting forest fire spread hazard by correlation analysis and principal component analysis. Results: (1) The areas with high, medium–high, medium-low, and low forest fire spread hazard grades accounted for 39.87%, 33.10%, 11.37%, and 15.66% of the study area, respectively, at the subcompartment scale and for 52.36%, 22.58%, 18.39%, and 6.67% of the study area, respectively, at the township scale. (2) The forest fire spread hazard index results obtained at the subcompartment and township scales in the Mountainous District of Beijing showed a spatial agglomeration distribution law. (3) The forest fire spread hazard was influenced mainly by landscape diversity (SHDI and PRD), landscape aggregation (AI, CONTAG, and PD), and landscape area (TA). Conclusions: The overall forest fire spread hazard in the mountainous district of Beijing showed a gradual increase from plains to mountainous areas. The land types of the high-spread hazard subcompartment mainly included general shrubbery and coniferous forestlands, and the dominant species in the high-spread hazard arbor forest subcompartment were mainly Platycladus orientalis, Pinus tabuliformis, and Quercus mongolica.

Evaluating the Influence of Land Use and Landscape Pattern on the Spatial Pattern of Water Quality in the Pearl River Basin

Differences in land use and landscape patterns have become crucial factors affecting regional water quality. In order to investigate the effects of different land use and landscape patterns on water quality, this study used dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and potassium permanganate index (CODMn) from 147 conventional water quality monitoring stations in the Pearl River basin of China from January to December 2021 as representative water quality parameters. The quantitative relationship between land use, landscape pattern, and water quality in the Pearl River basin was investigated using geographic information system technology (GIS) and partial least squares (PLS). The results showed that the overall water quality of the Pearl River basin was relatively positive and mainly threatened by organic pollution. The water quality of the Pearl River basin was affected by the spatial characteristics of land use and landscape pattern, showing a poorer spatial pattern on the eastern and western ends and a better one in the central part of the basin. The developed PLS regression model could better explain the quantitative relationship between water quality, land use, and landscape pattern, concluding that unused urban land has the greatest impact on water quality, with an impact coefficient of more than 0.10. The interspersion juxtaposition index (IJI) for representing landscape patterns had the greatest impact on water quality indicators, with an impact coefficient of −0.15 on DO, 0.13 on NH4+-N, and 0.15 on CODMn, respectively. Meanwhile, land use types such as unused land and water and landscape patterns indicated by the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) and the contagion index (CONTAG) had significant effects on watershed water quality. The results of the study provide a reference value for the optimal adjustment of land use structure and water quality improvement in the basin.

Spatiotemporal Dynamic Analysis and Simulation Prediction of Land Use and Landscape Patterns from the Perspective of Sustainable Development in Tourist Cities

The unreasonable development of land use and use of landscape patterns are the primary causes of the unsustainable growth of tourism cities. Dawa District, a well-known tourist destination in China, was chosen as the research object in order to scientifically evaluate and simulate the dynamic changes in land use. Landsat remote sensing images of the Dawa District from 2011, 2016, and 2021 were processed, using the development of regional tourism in 2016 as the dividing point. Using Arcgis10.3, ENVI5.3, and Fragstats tools, GIS spatial analysis and landscape index analysis were used to explore the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of land use and landscape patterns. The CA-Markov model was used to simulate and predict the land use landscape pattern in 2026. The results show that the rapid expansion of built-up areas in 2011–2021 and the increasing marginal complexity and fragmentation of landscape patterns are the main evolution trends. In 2016, emphasis was placed on sustainable land resources, and the area of forested water gradually recovered. However, the patch density (PD) and number of patches (NP) indices reflecting fragmentation still showed a 1.5–2 fold increase. It is expected that in 2026, the dual pressure of urban development and ecological sustainable construction will enhance connectivity and aggregation, and the ecological environment will gradually recover. At the same time, the competition for various types of land will become increasingly prominent, and agricultural activities will be affected. In summary, optimization strategies are proposed from the perspectives of government, land, landscape, and industry, aiming to promote the sustainable development of land and landscape resources in tourist cities.

Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Patterns and the Response of Surface Runoff in a Rapid Urbanization Area: Focus on the Chang–Zhu–Tan Metropolitan Area of China

Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Patterns and the Response of Surface Runoff in a Rapid Urbanization Area: Focus on the Chang–Zhu–Tan Metropolitan Area of China

Evolution of landscape pattern and response of ecosystem service value in international wetland cities: A case study of Nanchang City

Based on the natural resource endowment perspective, this paper examines how landscape patterns change over time and how ecosystem service value (ESV) responds to these changes, which plays an important role in rationalizing land use to make international wetland cities more sustainable. To identify the spatial and temporal variations in landscape patterns and ESV in Nanchang City and to investigate their relationships between them, six periods of land use data and associated socio-economic data from 1995 to 2020 were chosen as a sample of international wetland cities. The findings demonstrated that during the study period, the land use pattern of Nanchang City formed a landscape pattern dominated by cropland and supplemented by wetland, construction land, and woodland. And the ESV increased from 18,887.96 to 20,900.44 million yuan, with a total increase of 10.66 % in 25 years. Among them, the contribution of wetlands to the ESV was more than 71 %. The study also discovered that changes in landscape patterns significantly affect the ESV in Nanchang City, and the impact of landscape changes on the ESV varies among lands. In addition, although the ESV in Nanchang City has increased, there is still a risk of landscape fragility. This paper proposes relevant suggestions for increasing the ESV in Nanchang City by identifying key landscape pattern characteristics.

Boundary green infrastructure: a green infrastructure connecting natural and artificial spaces

As a naturally-based solution (NBS), green infrastructural network constructing can improve urban ecological resilience and support sustainable urban development. However, as the Frontier of urban expansion, the boundary of built-up areas has little research on the boundary green infrastructure (BGI) connecting natural and artificial spaces. In order to make up for the shortcomings of relevant research, we propose a method for identifying BGI and analyze its landscape pattern characteristics. We selected 15 European cities as cases to extract the boundaries of built-up areas. Moreover, we used morphological pattern analysis (MSPA) to identify the ecological source and select the best distance threshold for the landscape connectivity model to identify the BGI range. Through the gradient area method and MSPA, the BGI landscape pattern characteristics of the case cities were analyzed quantitatively. The BGI scale was affected by the area of the built-up area and the threshold of GI landscape connectivity distance. Additionally, the BGI space contained a small number of large ecological sources and many scattered and small fragmented patches. The best landscape model of BGI was the surrounding pattern, followed by the aggregation pattern, which had good landscape connectivity; however, the fragmentation of the scattered pattern was high. Lastly, the ecological core area in BGI was the main landscape type; it has a high landscape connection function for the GI network inside and outside the built-up area and promotes biological exchange inside and outside the built-up area. This study proves that BGI has an important ecological significance, can guarantee the scientific nature of the NBS method, and ensures the ecological security pattern of cities.

Spatial and Temporal Evolutionary Characteristics of Landscape Pattern of a Typical Karst Watershed Based on GEE Platform

Spatial and Temporal Evolutionary Characteristics of Landscape Pattern of a Typical Karst Watershed Based on GEE Platform