Landscape Research Articles

The influence of Zen Buddhism and ink wash painting on Japanese gardens during the medieval Japan

ABSTRACT This paper explores the impact of Chinese landscape painting on the evolution of Japanese gardening styles, which is seldom mentioned in the development of ancient Japanese gardening. China and Japan have had a cultural exchange dating back to around 600 AD. The development of Zen Buddhism in China, accompanied by the emergence of landscape painting, played a crucial role in the perfect combination of philosophy and aesthetics that characterizes Chinese landscape painting. With the introduction and prevalence of Chinese Zen thought and landscape painting, Japanese classical gardening practices underwent significant transformation. The introduction of Zen Buddhism facilitated the formation and development of traditional Japanese gardens, while gardens became an integral part of Zen culture. Japanese gardens evolved from the Pure Land gardens of the Heian period to the Zen-style pond gardens of the Kamakura period, culminating in the mature form of dry landscape gardens under the influence of Zen thought. Against the backdrop of Zen monks gradually taking the initiative in garden making, Japanese garden forms were imbued with a distinct landscape painting character.

Unveiling Sufi Legacies in Dhaka of Bangladesh: A Chronological Discourse on Islamic Heritage

Dhaka’s landscape is adorned with centuries-old mosques and shrines, a testament to the enduring legacy of Sufi mystics who propagated Islam in the region. Sufis, Islamic mystics, played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in Bengal. This study delves into the arrival, motivations, and practices of these Sufi figures within Dhaka, Bangladesh. By examining biographies and historical records, it explores how Sufis, through their exemplary character, compassionate outreach, and establishment of social institutions like khankahs and dargahs, profoundly influenced the spread of Islam. Even in the face of persecution, the Sufis’ dedication laid the foundation for a new social order, shaping the region’s religious landscape for centuries. Their willingness to engage with Hindu and Buddhist communities on social and spiritual matters fostered a peaceful acceptance of Islam, leading to a significant shift in the region’s religious makeup. By examining Sufi activities, this research sheds light on the historical processes that shaped Dhaka’s religious identity and offer valuable insights for understanding Islamic propagation dynamics.

포스트휴머니즘 시대의 AI(인공지능) 미술 수업 사례를 통한 미술 교육 방향 탐구 : 중학교 미술 교육을 중심으로

This study aims to explore the direction of art education that can foster post-humanistic thinking by analyzing learners' reflections after implementing an AI-based art education program for middle school students. To this end, 3rd grade students at S Middle School participated in both traditional art expression methods and AI-assisted classes on topics such as pottery making, portraiture, and landscape painting. Students' views on these two teaching methods were surveyed and analyzed. This led to the following implications: First, AI was seen as an efficient and straightforward tool for creativity. Second, it was confirmed that there are limitations in expressing the artist's inner self during the AI-based image generation process. These findings suggest that, despite the limitations of AI-based art activities in accurately expressing students' inner selves, AI holds significant potential as an innovative tool and paves the way for a new educational approach centered on the collaborative relationship between humans and AI.

From gardens to neighbourhoods: Characterizing the climate adaptation contribution of the garden landscape in Flanders

From gardens to neighbourhoods: Characterizing the climate adaptation contribution of the garden landscape in Flanders

Digital Preservation and Network Security Protection: A Case Study of Landscape Painting in Ming Dynasty

In the global wave of digitalization, the digital preservation of Chinese Ming Dynasty landscape paintings has achieved remarkable results. According to statistics, major museums in China have scanned more than 60% of Ming Dynasty landscape paintings with high precision, and the digital preservation work covers a wide range. However, the accompanying cybersecurity challenges cannot be ignored either. In recent years, cyber attacks on digital platforms of cultural heritage have occurred frequently. Worldwide, the number of such attacks has exceeded 3 million every year, of which attacks on works of art account for as high as 15%. Faced with this grim situation, China has taken a series of measures to strengthen network security protection. By upgrading encryption technology, optimizing network security protection systems, and conducting regular network security training and drills, China has made remarkable progress in ensuring the security of digital works of art. According to the latest data, since the implementation of enhanced protection measures, the number of cyber attacks on the digital platform of landscape painting in Ming Dynasty in China has decreased by 35%, effectively protecting precious cultural heritage from cyber threats.

A Key R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Activates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Leads to Leaf Reddening in Poplar Mutants.

Colorful woody plants are highly valued for their ornamental qualities, and are commonly used in garden landscape design. We previously cultivated several ornamental poplar varieties from bud mutants of Populus sp. Linn. '2025' (ZL2025), each with different leaf colors. Based on transcriptome data from these varieties with varying anthocyanin pigmentation, we identified and named an R2R3-MYB gene, PdMYB113. The mRNA of PdMYB113 accumulated in the leaves of the red-leaf mutants 'QHY' and 'LHY', but barely expressed in the leaves of 'ZL2025'. The anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were upregulated, resulting in high levels of red anthocyanins (particularly Peonidin-3-O-rutinoside, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, and Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) in both OE-PdMYB113 tobacco and poplar plants. This upregulation caused a color change in the tissues from green to red or dark purple. Yeast one-hybrid and luciferase assays demonstrated that PdMYB113 activates the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, including the early anthocyanin biosynthetic gene PdCHS and the late anthocynin biosynthetic gene PdANS. Consequently, PdMYB113 is identified as a key regulator of red coloration in poplar. Additionally, PdMYB113 does not dwarf transgenic plants under normal lighting conditions. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of color change in ZL2025 and highlights a crucial gene for breeding new varieties of woody plants.

Research on Oriental Artistic Conception of Architectural Space of Suzhou Garden Ecology Based on Interactive Genetic Algorithm

Ancient Chinese gardening has a long history, and the culture contained in it is extensive and profound. If it is analyzed with today’s spatial characteristics, it still conforms to the norms of scale, proportion, perspective relationship, spatial sequence, etc., so it is well-deserved as a classic. Suzhou gardens enjoy a good reputation in the history of gardens in the world. They have the artistic characteristics and culture of typical oriental gardens. Suzhou gardens have unique poetic and picturesque meanings. They are unique and beautiful humanistic landscapes among gardens in the world. The world cultural heritage with scientific value has far-reaching significance for contemporary Chinese architectural practice. Although many gardening theories in ancient China are different from today’s design methods, we can still find common ground by analyzing and comparing classical gardens according to the rules of scale, proportion, perspective relationship, and spatial sequence in modern design. Therefore, this paper will take Suzhou classical gardens as the research object, and construct a garden architectural space optimization model based on interactive genetic algorithm, and use quantitative means to find the rules of spatial scale and the oriental artistic conception in the garden architectural space. The information fusion model is used to quantify the garden landscape, in order to enhance the intuitive perception to a rational level, so that the means and methods of creating a comfortable and beautiful space in Suzhou classical gardens in the past can be continued in today’s garden design.

How Can an Urban Botanical Garden in a Densely Built-Up Landscape Develop Sustainably with Urban Renewal?—The Case of Shanghai Botanical Garden

Urban botanical gardens collect, preserve, research, and utilize important regional plant resources and serve as ecologically friendly cores of development and renewal for urban organisms. Meanwhile, they offer garden landscape displays and public science education. Furthermore, biodiversity conservation has become important globally. Here, the connotation of urban botanical gardens is interpreted, the functional evolution of urban botanical gardens is examined, and the challenges of sustainably developing urban botanical gardens in the context of biodiversity conservation are analysed. Taking the Shanghai Botanical Garden as an example, the abilities of urban botanical gardens in high-density downtown areas to coexist with urban spaces and thrive along with cities—thus enhancing their five core functions of ex situ conservation, scientific research, popular science education, garden horticulture, and public service—are discussed. These discussions provide references for the sustainable development of urban botanical gardens in similarly high-density city centres.

Communicative consciousness and principles of environmental design in the experimental project "Stone. Inversion. Vessel"

The article is based on the analysis and summary of the design process of the work of the Chinese author "Stone. Inversion. Vessel". It examines three key aspects of the development of environmental design. Firstly, it is a combination of modern technologies with aesthetic representations of traditional Chinese culture. Through the study of the project, it is demonstrated how traditional Chinese art can be combined with modern technologies when creating a design object. Secondly, the project highlights the features of the development of design in the modern era. It is characterized by problems of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity, which can be mitigated through interdisciplinary integration with the use of the latest technologies. Environmental design, thanks to the multifaceted concept of "environment", meets the conditions of development of the modern era. Thirdly, the article focuses on the fact that the communication of the subjects of the creative process is based on the images embodied in a specific project. Environmental design as an interdisciplinary field is based on the methods of different scientific fields, since the environment that changes under the influence of human activity is not the same. In the proposed article, the author uses the art criticism method when describing blue-and-green landscape painting, and also assigns a large role to the communicative method of sociology developed by the American scientist Harold Dwight Lasswell. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author was able to show the possibility of a harmonious combination of modern 3D modeling technologies with the traditional Chinese art of blue-and-green landscape painting (青绿山水 qīng lǜ shān shuǐ). In other words, a planar image turns into a design object, with the help of which can be realized various spatial combinations. Through artistic thinking, one can enjoy not only the functional, but also the aesthetic possibilities of the design object. So, in the described project, the author focuses on the imagination of the observer, forcing him to climb a mountain peak, but inside the building. This is how communication takes place between the author, the "viewer" and the project itself. The image is the basis of communication between various objects of the environment involved in the design process. The creative process combines the material (functional) and spiritual (image-induced) needs of a person. Environmental design, through the synthesis of spiritual and material, establishing communication between design objects and integrating disciplines through the prism of an image, explores how design affects human activity.

Analyzing Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains from a Pictorial Perspective

From the perspective of iconography, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, a classic work of traditional Chinese landscape painting. This work has been highly respected since the Tang Dynasty and is regarded as one of the important representatives in the history of Chinese painting. Its rich connotation and artistic value have always been the focus of scholars' research. The thesis aims to deeply interpret the historical and cultural connotations and artistic symbolism embedded in Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains through the iconographic method, from the levels of ex-iconography, iconography and iconographic analysis, to reveal its important position and value in Chinese traditional art. Adopting the iconographic method, the analysis is divided into three main levels. First, through pre-imaginative analysis, we focus on the physical facts and visual representations on the surface of the work; second, we use imaginative analysis to explore the information of the specific objects in the work and explore their connections and themes; and finally, we carry out imaginative analysis to reveal the deeper historical and cultural connotations and symbolic meanings of the work. Through in-depth iconographic analysis, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains demonstrates the core values of traditional Chinese landscape painting, presenting a fusion of natural landscapes and humanistic emotions. It is not only a work of art, but also a vivid expression of traditional Chinese culture and aesthetics. The findings of this dissertation will contribute to a better understanding of the profound historical and cultural connotations embedded in Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, as well as its important position and value in the history of Chinese art.

Decorative properties of cultivars of Liquidambar styraciflua L.

Purpose. To determine the structure, and color of the leaf, the bark of the branches, the habit of the crown, the linear characteristics of the plants, the features of flowering and fruiting of Liquidambar styraciflua L. and its cultivars. Provide recommendations for their use in landscaping. Methods. The subjects of the research were cultivars of L. styraciflua, which were found in arboretums, parks, squares, garden centers, nurseries and in green areas throughout Ukraine. The plants were evaluated according to a complex scale of ornamental value of woody plants, which includes four levels of ornamental value of trees and shrubs: very high, high, medium and low. The methods of observation, analysis, comparison, data summarization, photo­fixation and descriptive­taxation method were used. Results. A comprehensive assessment of the decorative effect of L. styraciflua cultivars (‘Worplesdon’, ‘Gum Ball’, ‘Rotundiloba’, ‘Albomarginata Manon’, ‘Oakville Highlight’, ‘Slender Silhouette’, ‘Fastigiatа’, ‘Pasquali’, ‘Stared’, ‘Thea’, ‘Aurea’, ‘Golden Treasure’, ‘Variegata’, ‘Golden Sun’, ‘Stella’, ‘Stella Rossa’) against species plants was carried out. Based on the results of the research, a table was compiled to help landscape architects, nursery and garden center workers, botanists and ecologists, students and staff of forestry and botanical institutions in the selection of plants. Recommendations are given for the use of L. styraciflua cultivars in landscaping. Conclusions. According to the degree of ornamentality, the vast majo­rity of L. styraciflua cultivars (13) belong to group I (very high, 65–90 points). They are recommended for use in urban and domestic landscaping and for the creation of various landscape objects. Group II (high ornamental value, 51–64 points) contains two cultivars, and group III (moderate ornamental value, 41–50 points) contains only one cultivar.

Which direction will electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) choose? Dance drama eWOM's spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors

Compared with movie electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) with concentration, retail eWOM with continuity, and accommodation eWOM with locality, dance drama eWOM is specific to time and space because of the performance of offline single-threaded touring. Dance drama is associated with a special cultural output function, with a focus on potential development value rather than apparent sales revenue. To explore the eWOM generated by dance dramas with specific spatiotemporal characteristics, two vector autoregressive models for megacities and other cities are developed based on the online review data of the representative dance drama The Journey of a Legendary Landscape Painting, and the dynamic relationships among eWOM reviewer characteristics, rating characteristics, and online buzz are investigated. The results of the study show that in terms of spatial characteristics, dance drama eWOM displays significant differences across different city types, and the relationships among eWOM reviewer characteristics, rating characteristics, and online buzz are causally inverted in megacities and other cities. In terms of temporal characteristics, dance drama eWOM exhibits long-term an fluctuating characteristics, and the cycle of dance drama eWOM spans approximately 10 months. In terms of spatiotemporal joint characteristics, the spatial distributions of dance drama eWOM and dance drama background culture remain consistent. Specifically, the eWOM for The Journey of a Legendary Landscape Painting moves from south to north, but for the Spring Festival, Gala eWOM moves from east to west.

The image of Kyiv in a landscape painting by a Ukrainian artist Serhiy Shyshka of the second half of the 20th century

The purpose of the article is to study the representation of the image of the city of Kyiv in the landscape painting of the outstanding Ukrainian artist S. Shyshko, through the prism of the author's artistic vision and stylistic development. Research methodology. Methods such as analytical and comparative art studies were used in the work, which made it possible to holistically consider the given problem and obtain scientifically based research results. Scientific novelty. The article first analyzes the artist's stylistic features, in particular the combination of realistic traditions with elements of impressionism, which are clearly visible in his works. The main topics, motives and techniques that characterize his creative path and the importance of the artist in the context of the development of Ukrainian art are considered. Conclusions. The article examines the work of the outstanding Ukrainian artist S. Shyshko, one of the leading masters of Ukrainian landscape painting of the 20th century, whose work left a significant mark on the artistic life of Ukraine of that period. The main attention is paid to his contribution to the development of landscape painting, in particular to the depiction of landscapes with views of the city of Kyiv. The importance of S. Shyshko as an artist who made a significant contribution to the development of Ukrainian art, in particular realistic landscape painting, and his influence on subsequent generations of Ukrainian artists is emphasized. The work of S. Shyshko is an important component of Ukrainian art of the 20th century, which clearly reflects the cultural and historical significance of Kyiv. His works, focused on the urban landscape, enrich our perception of Kyiv as a symbol of national identity, as a space that combines history, culture and natural beauty. Through masterful command of light, color and composition, Serhii Shishko was able to convey the multifaceted nature of Kyiv, showing it not only as an architectural or natural object, but as a place where the spiritual and the material are closely intertwined. The artistic image of Kyiv on the canvases of S. Shyshka serves as a kind of bridge between the past and the present, because the artist not only captured the appearance of the city at specific moments, but also conveyed its spirit, its eternal essence, which remains relevant decades later.

A Brief Discussion on Mr. Congzhou Chen's Thoughts on Garden Art

The role and significance of Mr. Chen multiple identities, personal practices, and academic history in the formation of his personal thoughts and theories on the art of gardening are discussed to explore Mr. Chen's inheritance and innovation of Chinese thoughts on landscape gardening. Analyzing Mingxuan, Yuyuan, and Nanyuan from the perspective of poetic and picturesque aesthetics, we discover the course of Mr. Congzhou Chen's gardening ideas and his inheritance and innovation of traditional garden culture. As Mr. Chen said, Mingxuan is an imitation with some new ideas, Yuyuan East is a continuation with some new ideas, and Nanyuan is an independent design, which is a concrete embodiment of his garden theory. The process of gardening is a perfect combination of practice and Concept of Garden Design.Mr. Congzhou Chen's theoretical topics on traditional Chinese gardens are widely spread and far-reaching.

Proposal of a Modernized Work Through Analysis of the Sense of Well-Being in the Landscape Paintings of Chinese Writers “Shen Zhou” and “Shi Tao”

This study explores the potential value of promoting psychological health by analyzing individual well-being through traditional Chinese landscape paintings. Chinese landscape paintings incorporate the natural view and humanistic spirit of the major philosophical ideas of Confucianism, Taoism, and Zen Buddhism in the East. In particular, the landscape paintings of “Shen zhou(沈周)” and “Shi tao(石濤)” convey a feeling of peace and leisure. We explore how works can evoke sense of well-being with the emotional needs of modern people. The research methods include various literature studies, surveys, statistical analyses of Chinese people, and commentary on works created by the researcher by reapplying the sense of well-being in Chinese landscape paintings to modern design. This study finds that the sense of well-being in landscape paintings has a significant effect on improved psychological stability among modern people, thus identifying an opportunity to recognize the value and meaning of traditional art in modern people’s lives. In addition, this study links the modernization and commercialization of traditional works through the researcher’s individual creative works. Furthermore, the researcher reveals the characteristic elements of traditional Chinese landscape paintings and combines them with modern landscape painting techniques. Accordingly, various research-related and creative activities using landscape painting can be conducted that design and provide creative products to promote psychological well-being and vitality among busy modern people.

Spatial patterns and driving factors of plant diversity along the urban-rural gradient in the context of urbanization in Zhengzhou, China.

Plant diversity is the basis for human survival and development, directly affecting the function and stability of urban ecosystems. Its distribution pattern and causes have been a central issue in ecological and landscape gardening research. Rapid urbanization in Zhengzhou City has led to the fragmentation of urban green spaces and damage to ecosystems, seriously affecting urban biodiversity conservation. Understanding the distribution pattern of plant diversity in the region and its relationship with environmental factors is crucial for maintaining and enhancing urban plant diversity. Plant data from 178 sample plots in the built-up area of Zhengzhou City were collected and combined with environmental factors, and the characteristics of plant diversity, richness patterns, and their main environmental explanations in Zhengzhou City were explored. Results showed that there were 596 plant species belonging to 357 genera and 110 families in the study area. There were five dominant families and four dominant genera. Four distinct spatial patterns of plant diversity were identified along the urban-rural gradient. Urbanization factors such as GDP per capita, house prices, and imperviousness within 500 m from the patch significantly influenced plant diversity. There was an imbalance between the spatial pattern of plant diversity and application of urban landscape greening in Zhengzhou City. Future studies should focus on the application of native plants, curb plant homogenization, and reduce anthropogenic interference, which are conducive to protecting and enhancing urban plant diversity. These results can provide a basis for understanding the distribution pattern and influence mechanism of urbanization factors on plant diversity and serve as a reference for policymakers and planners of plant diversity conservation in Zhengzhou City.

Costume and Body Language of Ethnic Dance Drama under Semiotics: An Analytical Study

Dance drama is a dramatic form with dance as its main means of expression, which has been developed in China for less than a century. In recent years, the development of Chinese dance drama, especially ethnic dance drama, has shown an obvious upward trend. Several excellent dance drama works have appeared, forming some distinctive dance drama styles, among which The Journey of a Legendary Landscape Painting, The Peacock, and The Railway to Tibet are quite representative. This study will investigate the above three dance dramas based on semiotics. An analysis of costume and body language is carried out in this study based on the semiotics, from the morphological characteristics of dance and costume. In addition, the author makes a comprehensive exploration of the integration of the external form, fabric, structure and pattern of costume and body language, tries to reveal the way of interaction between costume symbols and body symbols in dance drama, and summarises the artistic connotation of the integration of dance costumes and body language. Then, it provides ideas for the role creation and education of dance drama.

Full-Length Transcriptome Analysis and Characterization of DFRs Involved in the Formation of Anthocyanin in Allium wallichii

Allium wallichii is famous for its reddish-purple flowers, which can be utilized as cut flowers and garden landscaping. Flower color is mainly determined by flavonoids, betalains, carotenoids, as well as other pigments. However, there is no research on the color formation mechanism in A. wallichii, which restricts its genetic improvement and development of superior varieties. The flower of A. wallichii was collected for full-length transcriptome sequencing and metabolome analysis using PacBio SMART and UPLC-MS, respectively. A total of 45 anthocyanins were detected in its flower, and 75,778 transcripts of 107,208 non-redundant transcripts were annotated. Then, two AwDFRs were cloned and characterized using bioinformatics tools. Enzyme activity assays revealed that both AwDFR1 and AwDFR2 possessed DFR activity in vitro that only accepted DHQ and DHM as substrates, except for DHK. Finally, physiological results showed that AwDFR1 and AwDFR2 could restore the lacking phenotypes of Arabidopsis tt3 mutant and increase the content of anthoycanin in tobacco petals. The anthocyanins and transcriptome in A. wallichii were firstly reported, and AwDFR1 and AwDFR2 are key enzymes participating in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. This research provides important guidance for future key gene mining, color improvement, and horticultural breeding in A. wallichii.

Analysis of Nogunt'an (Emerald Cloud Pool) from Chŏng Sŏn’s Album of Views in the Capital Region (Kyŏnggyo myŏngsŭng ch'ŏp) Using Virtual Reality Analysis Tool

The Scenic Views of Kyŏnggyo (Kyŏnggyo myŏngsŭng ch'ŏp 京郊名勝帖) is a two-volume album of poetry and paintings in 1740 by Chŏng Sŏn (sobriquet: Kyŏmjae) during his time serving as magistrate of Yangch'ŏn. It captures scenic views from his travels along the Han River. Among these, three paintings (Nogunt'an 綠雲灘, Tokpaekt'an 獨栢灘, and Uch'ŏn 牛川), feature major viewpoints along the South Han River. Each has encouraged scholarly debates on the exact locations depicted in the album due to the scarcity of historical records and topographical changes of the area’s natural landscape.In particular, there has been no research that identifies the viewpoint and pictorial subject of Nogunt'an. This difficulty arises from two factors: first, the absence of architectural structures depicted in the painting, and second, the submersion of a rock that had once been significant landmark due to the construction of the P'altang Dam. These factors have made it impossible to fully match the painting’s historical landscape with its present-day appearance.This study aims to overcome these limitations by reconstructing the landscape in a virtual space. By analyzing topographical changes and utilizing image similarity evaluation techniques from the field of computer graphics, this study also propose the precise viewpoint of Nogunt'an, which previous studies were unable to clearly identify. Additionally, this research examines the fisheye lens distortion and panoramic composition techniques that Chŏng Sŏn frequently employed in Kyŏnggyo myŏngsŭng ch'ŏp and his other landscape paintings.

Этнокультурные особенности лингвокультуремы «французский сад» («jardin français»)

In less than a century, the stable concept of «French garden» is formed and consolidated, having become the result of the activity of very specific historical figures (André Lenôtre and Louis XIV) in the national consciousness of the French and in the language. The concept can be classified as a linguocultureme with a clearly expressed nationally colored semantic meaning. The article proposes to explore the ethnocultural features of the linguocultureme «French garden», as well as to determine its role and place in the national consciousness of the French, and to outline its influence on the formation of the French national picture of the world. The concept of «French garden» in the linguocultural aspect is not well-studied, which emphasizes the novelty of this work. The author conducts the research using a complex of scientific methods, including contextual-interpretive analysis, diachronic research, and analysis of linguistic and cultural objects. It is also worth noting that the author for the first time cites, in the author’s translation from French, primary sources of French scientific research and publications on the topic of landscape gardening, unknown to Russian readers. As a result of a comparison of theoretical generalization and analysis of linguistic material, the author comes to the conclusion that at certain stages of history, some concepts and traditions are formed in the collective consciousness of a nation, which can become elements of the cultural code and form the basis of the national linguistic picture of the world. Such a concept and a tradition stretching back centuries for the French is the desire to cultivate a garden, in which its aesthetic component acquires particular importance.