Description Of Landscape Research Articles

Literary geography and the problem of the formation of geo-cultural texts (using the example of the Black Sea texts of Russian literature)

The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of geo-cultural texts within the framework of literary geography. An important part of literary and geographical studies is the study of geographical images presented in literary works. The concept of a geo-cultural text makes it possible to typologize literary and geographical images in relation to different geo-cultures. Local geo-cultures with a developed literary tradition usually have a number of representative geo-cultural texts that characterize the landscape and figurative features of the development of a given territory. The evolution of the Black Sea text is considered using the concepts of geo-culture and geo-cultural text. Images of the South, exoticism, and antiquity are explored as key images determining the development of the Black Sea text. Special attention is paid to the formation of interrelations between the images of the Crimea and antiquity. The marine “exoticism,” combined with the “atmosphere” of antiquity, the marginal antiquity of European culture, turned out to be the strongest emotional stimulus for the formation of both southern and Black Sea images in Russian literature. In the geo-cultural context, the “crystallization” of the Black Sea text of Russian literature takes place by the end of the 19th–beginning of the 20th century (I. Bunin, A. Kuprin). This is due to the rich landscape descriptions, which make it possible to talk about the “Black Sea aura” of these texts and the emergence of a kind of “Black Sea ontologies.” Further, the substantial core of the geo-cultural Black Sea text in the 20th century is determined by the works of M. Voloshin, O. Mandelstam, I. Babel, A. Green, K. Paustovsky, V. Kataev. Through the “crystallization” of the Crimean and Black Sea texts and the modern re-creation of its own image of “Black Sea antiquity” throughout the 20th century, Russian culture created its geo-cultural “antiquity” within the framework of the European geo-cultural space. Thanks to the work of I. Brodsky (“Roman” and “imperial” loci), the Crimean and Black Sea texts expand their semantic field, turning out to be a “node” of metaphorical assimilation, uniting the Mediterranean geo-cultural area and geo-cultural zones of influence of Russian literature.

The poetics of the landscape of Konstantin Paustovsky's late prose

The article examines the poetics of the landscape of Konstantin Paustovsky's late prose. The novelty and relevance of the research is due to the fact that the article clarifies and details the features of the writer's prose of the 1940s and 1960s in the context of landscape poetics. When analyzing the use of landscape in the structure of Paustovsky's works, it was revealed that in late prose landscape descriptions are not just inserts or decorations, but are closely interrelated with the overall composition of the works, affecting their artistic integrity. Paustovsky masterfully fits landscape descriptions into the structure of his works, using them as an important element of the plot and atmosphere. Landscapes often serve not only as a colorful background for action, but also perform the function of historical context, philosophical depth of the content of the works, symbolic representation of the inner state of the characters and the key themes of the work. In addition, natural descriptions can serve as structural elements, linking individual parts of the work and creating a harmonious rhythm of the narrative. Thus, the landscapes in Paustovsky's later stories become an integral part of the overall composition of the text, contributing to the deepening of the meaning and emotional tension of the work

Design principles for energy transfer in the photosystem II supercomplex from kinetic transition networks

Photosystem II (PSII) has the unique ability to perform water-splitting. With light-harvesting complexes, it forms the PSII supercomplex (PSII-SC) which is a functional unit that can perform efficient energy conversion, as well as photoprotection, allowing photosynthetic organisms to adapt to the naturally fluctuating sunlight intensity. Achieving these functions requires a collaborative energy transfer network between all subunits of the PSII-SC. In this work, we perform kinetic analyses and characterise the energy landscape of the PSII-SC with a structure-based energy transfer model. With first passage time analyses and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, we are able to map out the overall energy transfer network. We also investigate how energy transfer pathways are affected when individual protein complexes are removed from the network, revealing the functional roles of the subunits of the PSII-SC. In addition, we provide a quantitative description of the flat energy landscape of the PSII-SC. We show that it is a unique landscape that produces multiple kinetically relevant pathways, corresponding to a high pathway entropy. These design principles are crucial for balancing efficient energy conversion and photoprotection.

Discrimination Against Non-native English Speakers in the English Language Teaching Profession: Evidence from Internship Advertisements

Despite the non-native English-speaking teachers’ (NNESTs) movement, the literature documents widespread discrimination against NNESTs particularly in hiring discourse in English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts. The present study aims to shed light on another aspect of this discrimination in EFL internship advertisements by investigating the ideal interns’ qualifications and requirements as well as the characteristics of internship locations and fringe benefits attributed to the internship positions. To this aim, 13 international advertisements were chosen as the corpus of the study from the Premier TEFL website and were thematically analyzed. The results pointed to the native speaker fallacy in internship advertisements as all the programs required the candidates to be native speakers of inner-circle English-speaking countries or hold academic degrees from these locations. Additionally, a variety of selling strategies and marketing tactics such as the description of landscapes and outdoor activities along with a diversity of fringe benefits were utilized to attract native speakers. The results are discussed in the light of native speaker dominance in the profession and the ways to fight against this legacy. Finally, the paper ended with the implications the study has for various stakeholders including native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) and NNESTs themselves.

Real-world data for marginal zone lymphoma patients in the French REALYSA cohort: The REALMA study.

Marginal Zone Lymphoma (MZL) comprises three subtypes: extranodal MZL (EMZL), splenic MZL (SMZL) and nodal MZL (NMZL). Since clinical trials have limited representativeness, there is a need for real-world data (RWD) evidence in MZL. Real-world data in Lymphoma and survival in Adults (REALYSA) is a prospective multicentric French cohort of newly diagnosed lymphoma patients. This study consists of the first abstraction of MZL patients prospectively included in REALYSA between 12/2018 and 01/2021 with at least 1year of follow-up. It provides a landscape description of clinical characteristics, initial workup, quality of life and first-line therapy performed in routine practice. Among 207 included patients, 122 presented with EMZL, 51 with SMZL and 34 with NMZL. At baseline, median age was 67years (range 28-96), and patients reported a favorable global health status (75/100 (IQR 58,83)) - which was higher in NMZL and lower in SMZL patients (p=0.006). 18FDG-PET/CT was frequently performed at initial workup (EMZL 72%, SMZL 73%, NMZL 85%). Active surveillance was the initial management for 58 (28%) patients. The most prescribed therapies were rituximab-chlorambucil in the EMZL population (30%), rituximab monotherapy in the SMZL population (37%) and R-CHOP (24%)/bendamustine-rituximab (15%) in the NMZL population. At end of first line, overall response rate was 93% among treated patients with 75% of complete response. This French nationwide study provided for the first time prospective RWD on clinical characteristics, initial management and treatment response of MZL patients.

POSSIBILITIES OF CREATING TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL COMPLEXES BASED ON THE LANDSCAPE CONDITIONS OF THE MOUNTAINOUS DISTRICTS OF THE ALMATY REGION, KAZAKHSTAN

The Almaty region, which is rich in natural landscapes, was established again in 2022. In this regard, the importance of regional spatial planning is taking on new forms. Considering the unique landscape potential, this project aims to create a framework for developing tourist and recreational complexes in the Uygur, Kegen, and Raiymbek regions. Creating a landscape diversity database to classify recreational resources; developing a typology for tourist and recreational complexes, considering the landscape's features and the tourism specializations. The research methods used in this study include field observations and landscape descriptions provided by the authors. A classification method has been developed to divide recreational resources into groups and sub-groups, determining their locations. The process of the developed typology is based on examples of specific types of tourist and recreational activities, as well as existing and potential tourist areas in the Almaty region and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The theoretical and methodological basis for the proposed classification and typology is based on the work of various authors and materials from the National Science Foundation of Kazakhstan. Issues of the possibilities of agricultural enterprises to provide tourists with local, natural food products have been analy zed. Based on these factors, recommendations were formulated for further developing promising tourist and recreational complexes in these areas. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Tracking dissociation pathways of nitrobenzene via mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction

Abstract As the simplest nitroaromatic compound, nitrobenzene is an interesting model system to explore the rich photochemistry of nitroaromatic compounds. Previous investigations of nitrobenzene’s photochemical dynamics have probed structural and electronic properties. These investigations paint, at times, a convoluted and sometimes contradictory description of the photochemical landscape. We investigate the ultrafast dynamics of nitrobenzene triggered by photoexcitation at 267 nm for the first time using a structural probe with femtosecond time resolution. Our probe complements previous measurements of nitrobenzene’s electronic structure evolution and aids in determining the photochemical dynamics with less ambiguity. We employ megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction to follow nitrobenzene’s structural evolution within the first 5 ps after photoexcitation. We observe ground state recovery within 160 ± 60 fs through nonadiabatic dynamics. Based on comparisons of the experimental signal with molecular dynamics simulations, we exclude a significant population of the triplet manifold. Furthermore, we do not observe fragmentation of nitrobenzene within the investigated time window, which indicates that previously observed photofragmenation reactions take place in the vibrationally “hot” ground state on timescales considerably beyond 5 ps.

Heat shock protein (Hsp27)-ceramide synthase (Cers1) protein-protein interactions provide a new avenue for unexplored anti-cancer mechanism and therapy

Hsp27 is a member of the small heat-shock proteins (sHSPs) – the known cellular line of defence against abnormal protein folding behaviors. Nevertheless, its upregulation is linked to a variety of pathological disorders, including several types of cancers. The ceramide synthases (CerS) mediate the synthesis of ceramide, a critical structural and signaling lipid. Functionally, downstream ceramide metabolites are implicated in the apoptosis process and their abnormal functionality has been linked to anticancer resistance. Studies showed that CerS1 are possibly inhibited by Hsp27 leading to biochemical anticancer effects in vitro. Nevertheless, the nature of such protein-protein interaction (PPI) has not been considerably investigated in molecular terms, hence, we present the first description of the dynamics CerS1-Hsp27 interaction landscapes using molecular dynamics simulations. Time-scale molecular dynamics simulation analysis indicated a system-wide conformational events of decreased stability, increased flexibility, reduced compactness, and decreased folding of CerS1. Analysis of binding energy showed a favorable interaction entailing 56 residues at the interface and a total stabilizing energy of −158 KJ/mol. The CerS1 catalytic domain experienced an opposite trend compared to the protein backbone. Yet, these residues adopted a highly compact conformation as per DCCM and DSSP analysis. Furthermore, conserved residues (SER 212, ASP 213, ALA 240, GLY 243, ASP 319) comprising the substrate shuttling machinery showed notable rigidity implying a restrained ceramide precursor access and assembly; hence, a possible inhibitory mechanism. Findings from this report would streamline a better molecular understanding of CerS1-Hsp27 interactions and decipher its potential avenue toward unexplored anti-cancer mechanisms and therapy.

Whole genome sequencing refines stratification and therapy of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer, but a comprehensive description of its genomic landscape is lacking. We report the whole genome sequencing of 778 ccRCC patients enrolled in the 100,000 Genomes Project, providing for a detailed description of the somatic mutational landscape of ccRCC. We identify candidate driver genes, which as well as emphasising the major role of epigenetic regulation in ccRCC highlight additional biological pathways extending opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Genomic characterisation identified patients with divergent clinical outcome; higher number of structural copy number alterations associated with poorer prognosis, whereas VHL mutations were independently associated with a better prognosis. The observations that higher T-cell infiltration is associated with better overall survival and that genetically predicted immune evasion is not common supports the rationale for immunotherapy. These findings should inform personalised surveillance and treatment strategies for ccRCC patients.

The World of Color in I.A. Bunin's short story "Henry": coloratives and sense of Motherland

The composition, semantics and functioning of words with color meanings (coloratives) are of interest to researchers specializing in various fields of scientific knowledge. The relevance of studying this group of words is determined with an important trend: to describe the facts of culture fixed in the units of the language, as well as to highlight culturally significant information in them. This tendency is manifested in the study of the writer's language. The analysis of coloratives, their composition and role in Ivan Bunin's multi-genre works is actively conducted, but it is often carried out without focusing on a specific work of art. The article analyzes the coloratives functioning in the text of the story «Henry» (a collection of short stories «Dark Avenues»), which is called a gloomy, or twilight, story. The analysis showed that the writer uses about 120 coloratives in the text of the story, most of which denote bright («daytime») colors (Rus. лиловый, индиго, янтарно-коричневый, цвета луковой шелухи). The nature of the selection of words naming the main colors of the spectrum and their shades in the text of the story shows the author's likes and dislikes. Semantic, lexicographic and linguocultural analysis of landscape and portrait descriptions is carried out against the background of materials from the National Corpus of the Russian language (the Main and Poetic subcorps). The analysis has shown that the coloratives become for the author not only a means of accurately and figuratively describing the world around them, but also a way of expressing the hero's condition and his attitude towards Russia and Europe.

Специфика функционирования проксемной информативной текстовой структуры в романе Г. Джеймса «Женский портрет»

The article deals with the English text space. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific features of the proxemic informative text structure of H. James’s The Portrait of a Lady. A new concept of “proxemic informative text structure” is introduced into text theory as a segment of text architectonics that describes the spatial parameters nominated by proxemes. Proxemes are considered as nominations of spatial parameters of the text. The typology of textual proxemes is specified and the existing proxemes-spacenаmes, proxemes-verbs of movement, proxemes-placenames, proxemes-landscape units are supplemented with such types of proxemes as a metaphorical landscape unit, an interior proxeme and a distant proxeme. The metaphorical landscape unit means a metaphorically marked proxeme that nominates a landscape description in the text. An interior proxeme is understood as a nomination of the interior decoration of a house. The interior proxeme revealed in the novel is a socio-cultural interior proxeme, interpreted as a socio-cultural informative construct in which two societies intersect: French, namely Parisian, and Spanish. A distant proxeme, i.e. a distant literary placename is understood as a proxeme that nominates a plot-textual reference to a location in which the described events do not occur at the moment when they are mentioned. Socio-cultural toponym-landscape unit is understood as a landscape nomination reflecting the socio-cultural aspect of the location. For the first time, bi-kernel proxemes were identified, which are constructs of a set of kernels of the same type and constructs of a set of kernels of different types. The bi-kernel feature of proxemes is one of the parameters of the specific features of the proxeme informative text structure in the work of H. James. Socio-culturally marked proxemic units, aligning various European cultural markers in the plot-thematic matrix of a work of fiction, are revealed in the proxemic informative text structure of H. James’s The Portrait of a Lady.

ATP binding to Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and pro-Nerve Growth Factor (proNGF): an endogenous molecular switch modulating neurotrophins activity.

ATP has recently been reconsidered as a molecule with functional properties which go beyond its recognized role of the energetic driver of the cell. ATP has been described as an allosteric modulator as well as a biological hydrotrope with anti-aggregation properties in the crowded cellular environment. The role of ATP as a modulator of the homeostasis of the neurotrophins (NTs), a growth factor protein family whose most known member is the nerve growth factor (NGF), has been investigated. The modulation of NTs by small endogenous ligands is still a scarcely described area, with few papers reporting on the topic, and very few reports on the molecular determinants of these interactions. However, a detailed atomistic description of the NTs interaction landscape is of urgent need, aiming at the identification of novel molecules as potential therapeutics and considering the wide range of potential pharmacological applications for NGF and its family members. This mini-review will focus on the unique cartography casting the interactions of the endogenous ligand ATP, in the interaction with NGF as well as with its precursor proNGF. These interactions revealed interesting features of the ATP binding and distinct differences in the binding mode between the highly structured mature NGF and its precursor, proNGF, which is characterized by an intrinsically unstructured domain. The overview on the recent available data will be presented, together with the future perspectives on the field.

Advocating for Mother Tongue as a Medium of Instruction in Moroccan Multilingual Public Schools

Since independence, Morocco has adopted Arabization, a monolingual policy that entails the use of Standard Arabic as the sole medium of instruction in public schools. But recent policies have advocated for a multilingual education that promotes mother tongues’ use in early instruction in public schools and foreign languages. In 2003, a National Education and Training Charter called for teaching the mother tongue Tamazight. As a result, Tamazight was recognized as an official language and was integrated into the school system. Although Moroccan Arabic or Darija is also the mother tongue that most Moroccans learn to speak since their birth, and the language of daily communication, it is overlooked in the education sector. Recent debates have advocated for its use in public schools and for its standardization to obtain an official standing with Standard Arabic and Tamazight. This paper aims to contribute to discussions about mother tongues education and attempts to shed light on the importance of both mother tongues, Moroccan Arabic and Tamazight in Morocco. First, I will provide a description of Moroccan linguistic landscape considering all languages spoken, their status and their use. Secondly, I will discuss different past and present linguistic and educational policies focusing on the current one advocating for mother tongue Moroccan Arabic. Thirdly, I will examine challenges and problems that could face the implementation of this mother tongue policy. Finally, I will end this paper with recommendations for using Moroccan Arabic along with Standard Arabic and Tamazight in public schools. Keywords: mother tongue policy, Moroccan educational policies, implementation assessment

Transitivity and agency in Richard Jefferies’s rural essays: an ecostylistic analysis

Abstract This essay aims to provide an ecostylistic analysis of transitivity and agency in selected extracts from Richard Jefferies’s late nineteenth-century rural essays, which were collected in his so-called country books. Jefferies’s portrayal of the interconnection between humans and the natural environment has been variously described as “pantheistic”, a “pantheist revery”, or an “ecstatic communion”. The present study proposes to validate these claims by showing that Jefferies’s essays utilise patterns of transitivity to depict manifold relationships between human and non-human agents in placid landscape descriptions. These can be regarded as positive discourse praising the rural environment and humans’ entanglement with other animal and vegetable organisms. An in-depth scrutiny of the linguistic patterns of Jefferies’s texts, corroborated by the theoretical and methodological framework of (eco)stylistics and related disciplines (i.e. Systemic Functional Grammar), offers useful insights into the author’s ecosophy and holistic understanding of the human and non-human world. By conceptualising the various constitutive elements of the physical environment as active/agentive participants in particular types of processes, Jefferies gives special prominence to ecocentric, rather than anthropocentric positions.

Extracting sensory experiences and cultural ecosystem services from actively crowdsourced descriptions of everyday lived landscapes

ABSTRACT What cultural ecosystem services (CES) do people perceive in their immediate surroundings, and what sensory experiences are linked to these ecosystem services? And how are these CES and experiences expressed in natural language? In this study, we used data generated through a gamified application called Window Expeditions, where people uploaded short descriptions of landscapes they were able to experience through their windows during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a combination of annotation, close reading and distant reading using natural language processing and graph analysis to extract CES and sensory experiences and link these to biophysical landscape elements. In total, 272 users contributed 373 descriptions in English across more than 40 countries. Of the cultural ecosystem services, recreation was the most prominently described, followed by heritage, identity and tranquility. Descriptions of sensory experiences focused on the visual but also included auditory experiences and touch and feel. Sensory experiences and cultural ecosystem services varied according to biophysical landscape elements, with, for example, animals being more associated with sound and touch/feel and heritage being more associated with moving objects and the built environment. Sentiments also varied across the senses, with the visual being more strongly associated with positive experiences than other senses. This study showed how a hybrid approach combining manual analysis and natural language processing can be productively applied to landscape descriptions generated by members of the public, and how CES on everyday lived landscapes can be extracted from such data sources.

The Narrative Significance of Landscape in Shen Congwen’s Novels

Shen Congwen’s works are famous for his unique depiction of landscapes, in which the delicate descriptions of natural and humanistic landscapes not only beautify the background of the story but also profoundly express the emotional and psychological state of the characters, as well as reflect the rich social and cultural background. This paper discusses the characteristics of landscape narration in Shen Congwen’s novels and its significance in modern literature. These creative techniques of Shen Congwen not only have an important influence on the landscape description in modern literature but also provide a deep insight into the cultural perception of society.

Outlines of the Science and Technology System: A Look into the Past for Forming Policy for the Development of the Next Generation Ecosystem. Part 2

Shifting from the description of landscape of the science and education system presented in the first part of the work as well as from identification of some values of the governing body (all these are needed for a situational study of trends, strengths and weaknesses), in this article we examine the system in a country case to find measures to overcome its accompanying nature with respect to economy. This is manifested in the diversion of management from what researchers and developers do, what they need, where and what goals to set, how to use the results obtained in the field of science and technology for the benefit of society, economy and person. By connecting the system to key building blocks, as well as functions and values they deliver, of a much broader innovation ecosystem, we are setting its next-generation outlines on the agenda. Systematic implementation of policies is based on a long-term vision, strategy and medium-term plans in the field of science, technology and innovation. Strategic decision-making requires greater clarity of the outlines of the future as a professional, and not just a political, consensus of stakeholders. To this end, taking into account the significantly increased pace and changed mechanism of technological renewal which have an impact on competitiveness, we use the method proposed by Startup Genome for ranking startup ecosystems. This method also identifies four stages of the ecosystem life cycle: activation, globalization, attractiveness and integration. We rely on concepts, historical and current practical examples to give high-level characteristics and formulate criteria and tasks for transformation of the startup ecosystem as a part of innovation ecosystem.

Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь Дании: социально-экономический и территориально-организационный аспекты

The study exemplifies the use of an institutional-territorial approach for a comprehensive description of a national denominational landscape. The article aims to provide such an account by analysing relevant official data and performing statistical processing using computational tools. The focus is on the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark and its administrative-territorial structures. The study places emphasis on the financial aspect, one seldom discussed in academic discourse. The denominational landscape of Denmark is a multicomponent system, with the National Lutheran Church holding a distinctive legal status as a dominant entity. Its historical and social significance, along with the ability to preserve functions that mirror those of the state, allow the Church of Denmark to maintain its civilisational and culture-building role for the populace, especially the indigenous one. However, Denmark is not exempt from the secular trends prevalent in the Nordic countries. One notable tendency is the decline in adherents of the Evangelical Lutheran Church observed over recent decades. This decline is most evident in the capital region, where the proportion of migrants in the population is higher and daily life is more vibrant than in other areas. Territorial variations in religiously motivated behaviour are evident, with the highest percentages observed in the country’s peripheral regions (despite the overall figures showing a negative trend). These areas also boast the most significant proportion of registered members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Exploring non-Christian religions in Denmark presents a promising avenue for future research.

Сандрар и Достоевский: функции литературных реминисценций

This paper examines the presence of literary reminiscences in the writings of Blaise Cendrars (1887–1961), a French poet of Swiss descent. The biographical factors that shaped the poet’s interest in Russia and the works of F. M. Dostoevsky are presented. This study examines the impact of Dostoevsky’s character, personality, and literary works on the development of Blaise Cendrars’s artistic identity. It is shown that Cendrars’ poetry, novels, and biographical prose demonstrate a continuous conversation with the writings of the Russian author. This conversation is especially noticeable in his description of the urban landscape: Cendrars’s St. Petersburg aligns perfectly with what literary scholars later referred to as the St. Petersburg text in Russian literature. It is worth mentioning the transition from the development of descriptive elements commonly found in the works of the Russian writer to his very characters and images, which undergo a novel interpretation in Cendrars. The analysis discloses the resemblance between little Jeanne of France in “Prose about the Trans-Siberian Express” (1913) and Sonya Marmeladova. The main character in “Moravazhin” (1926) is depicted as a modern Prince Myshkin derived from Dostoevsky’s drafts. A conclusion is drawn that Dostoevsky proved to be a talismanic author for Cendrars. Dostoevsky’s influence was not limited to the text. It was multifaceted, affecting not only the characters, plot lines, and artistic means of depiction but also the creation of a literary biography of Cendrars, with the motif of resurrection and rebirth to eternal life borrowed from Dostoevsky appearing as fundamental.

Variational analysis and AI algorithm implementation of free energy landscapes of molecular system

Accurate description of the free energy landscape (FES) is the basis for understanding complex molecular systems, and for further realizing molecular design, manufacture and industrialization. Major challenges include multiple metastable states, which usually are separated by high potential barriers and are not linearly separable, and may exist at multiple levels of time and spatial scales. Consequently FES is not suitable for analytical analysis and brute force simulation. To address these challenges, many enhanced sampling methods have been developed. However, utility of them usually involves many empirical choices, which hinders research advancement, and also makes error control very unimportant. Although variational calculus has been widely applied and achieved great success in physics, engineering and statistics, its application in complex molecular systems has just begun with the development of neural networks. This brief review is to summarize the background, major developments, current limitations, and prospects of applying variation in this field. It is hoped to facilitate the AI algorithm development for complex molecular systems in general, and to promote the further methodological development in this line of research in particular.