Landfill Facility Research Articles

Environmental safety performance dynamics and estimation of the deterioration of leachate containment elements: Implications for the lifespan of hazardous waste landfills

In the coming decades, the failure and expiration of over 100,000 landfills involving billions of tons of waste not only threaten global water security but also lead to a sudden increase in the global demand for solid waste disposal. Therefore, further research is needed on the ways in which landfill performance is degraded, their life expectancy, the factors that influence them and the ways in which they are influenced. A study estimated the performance degradation and expected lifespan of a modern hazardous waste landfill in China. The landfill experienced slow performance degradation in early years (0–12 years). But during mid-term (12–62 years) due to the rapid degradation of the liner material, the rate of leakage from the containment layer will increase by a factor of 4.8–27.1, leading to its earliest failure after about 38 years. This indicates the need for measures to prevent rapid performance degradation in the middle of the landfill's service life and to strengthen monitoring of performance indicators and environmental medium pollution in the later period (after 62 years) to respond to potential scrapping and pollutant leakage problems. Differences in construction quality and regional climate can cause differences in the lifespan of landfill facilities by up to 20 and 30 times, highlighting the importance of scenario-based failure and lifespan prediction for designing reasonable monitoring plans and preparing response measures to prevent potential groundwater pollution and to meet the sudden increase in demand for secondary waste disposal.

A GIS-based suitability analysis for siting a waste-to-energy power plant in Kaduna, Nigeria

The success of any waste management system requires accurate and up-to-date data on quantity, and composition of waste. Waste generation data from households are needed to address issues relating to municipal solid wastes such as management methods, performance improvement, policy, regional and local planning, administration, cost accounting, design and operation of landfill facilities, and environmental quality. This study carried out a suitability analysis for siting a waste-to-energy power plant in Kaduna using GIS and remote sensing techniques with the specific objectives of identifying existing waste dumpsite in the study area, identifying other factors needed for waste-to-energy plant in the area, and identifying the most suitability site of waste-to-energy in Kaduna. The slop map of the study area was created using the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM). In the ArcGIS environment, Euclidean distance analysis was performed on institutions, rivers, dumpsites, roads, markets, transmission lines, and electricity substations. The waste-to-energy power plant suitability map was created using a multi-criteria technique by overlaying the datasets. The waste-to-energy-power-plant suitability map was made by combining the criteria. Dogon Dawa, Sabon Birinin Jaji, Ganga, Buruku, chikun, Dokwa, ikara, and Kuban are the best sites. The results of the site suitability assessment further revealed that the Makafia local government, located in the city's northern outskirts, was the most suitable area for locating the waste-to-energy power plant, covering 73686 hectares, or 26% of the total area. In addition, the map lays the groundwork for decision-makers to locate a waste-to-energy generating plant. This study shows how decision-making about solid waste management may benefit from the use of geospatial technology. Additionally, it is advised that before approving the placement of a waste-to-energy power plant, decision-makers in the study region refer to it as a reference.

Analysis of Environmental Impact of Disposal of Uranium Waste in Surface Landfill Facilities

Analysis of Environmental Impact of Disposal of Uranium Waste in Surface Landfill Facilities

Characterization and spatiotemporal variations of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in leachate from old landfill-derived incineration residues and incombustible waste.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) influences the bioavailability and behavior of trace metals and other pollutants in landfill leachate. This research characterized fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in leachate from an old landfill in Japan during a 13-month investigation. We employed excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to deconvolute the FDOM complex mixture into three fluorophores: microbial humic-like (C1), terrestrial humic-like (C2), and tryptophan-like fluorophores (C3). These FDOM components were compared with findings from other studies of leachate in landfills with different waste compositions. The correlations among EEM-PARAFAC components, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, and ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence indices were evaluated. The FDOM in leachate varied spatially among old and extended leachate collected in the landfill and leachate treatment facility. The FDOM changed temporally and decreased markedly in August 2019, November 2019, and April 2020. The strong positive correlation between HIX and %C2 (r = 0.87, ρ = 0.91, p < 0.001)) implies that HIX may indicate the relative contribution of terrestrial humic-like components in landfill leachate. The Fmax of C1, C2, and C3 and the DOC concentration showed strong correlations among each other (r > 0.72, ρ > 0.78, p < 0.001) and positive correlations with leachate level (r > 0.41, p < 0.001), suggesting the importance of hydrological effects and leachate pump operation on FDOM.

Estimation of Potential Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Landfills in the United States: 2010–2020

Nitrous oxide (N2O), a major greenhouse gas, has the potential to be emitted from waste landfills. Previous studies have demonstrated the propensity of landfilling facilities to emit significant quantities of N2O, a fact underscored by the IPCC Guidelines, which emphasize the importance of researching this phenomenon. However, due to the absence of established international guidelines for quantifying N2O emissions from landfills, many countries, including the United States, have excluded N2O from greenhouse gas inventories. Therefore, this study aims to estimate N2O emissions from landfills in the United States, a country with a significant landfill waste volume. In this study, N2O emissions from U.S. landfills over an 11-year period (2010–2020) are estimated by using the emission estimation formula provided in CDM AM0083 and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Additionally, emissions were calculated spatially for each state and individual landfill facility. As a result, the impact of integrating N2O emissions from landfills into the national greenhouse gas inventory was assessed. The average annual landfill N2O emission in the United States over the 11-year period was estimated to be 3,214,693 ton-CO2-equivalent/year, with an overall decreasing trend. In 2020, Indiana, Michigan, and Oregon exhibited high landfill N2O emissions per capita, while the Virgin Islands, Connecticut, and Massachusetts demonstrated lower emissions. When incorporated into the U.S. greenhouse gas inventory, landfill N2O emissions represent 10.41% of the total sector N2O emissions. Although N2O emissions are declining alongside reduced waste landfilling in the United States, the quantity remains significant and should be factored into greenhouse gas inventory calculations and emission scenarios for the next CMIP6. Further research investigating N2O emission coefficients across different regions and waste types is necessary. Ultimately, this study aims to support the United Nations (UN)’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action), by enhancing the tools for accurate greenhouse gas inventory and promoting sustainable waste management.

Deterioration modes, mechanisms, and effects of flexible landfill facilities disposing hazardous waste

Dynamic performance and lifespan predictions are essential for understanding the whole life-cycle emissions and environmental impacts of landfills. However, there are knowledge gaps regarding the major failure modes and mechanisms in flexible hazardous waste landfills (FHWLs) and their potential effects on the service life of landfills. These issues limit the advancement of related research. In this study, focusing on flexible landfills, failure mode, mechanism, and effects analysis was conducted to identify the major failure modes, mechanisms, and impacts that may occur in landfills under extremely harsh chemical and stress conditions. The results indicate that there are approximately 33 major components and materials in landfills, corresponding to 35 potential failure modes and more than 60 underlying failure mechanisms. Notably, the failure of the drainage media in the drainage system is concerning and challenging to recover from. In contrast, the failure of the high-density polyethylene geomembrane (HDPE GMB) in the liner system (LS) is considered serious and is prone to occur, but it is also difficult to detect. Therefore, these two failure modes were identified as critical factors affecting the degradation of the performance and longevity of FHWLs. Finally, due to their high probability of occurrence and severe impacts, stress damage (physical damage) and oxidative aging were identified as the main degradation modes of HDPE GMB, the core material in FHWLs. This study provides key insights into performance prediction targets, failure modes, and failure mechanisms for further research on long-term landfill performance and life prediction. It prompts the government and stakeholders to re-examine the rationality behind the positioning of landfills, such as the assumptions of unlimited service and solid waste management endpoints. Therefore, it calls for a reassessment and optimization of the full life cycle emissions of landfills and related waste.

Groundwater path radiological impact assessment for the derivation of specific clearance levels for landfill disposed waste at Ignalina NPP

Industrial waste generated from the operation of Ignalina NPP was disposed of in industrial waste dumps, the so-called “landfill facility”. At the time of disposal, the waste was considered as non-radioactive. Due to changes in the regulatory requirements, a part of the waste was reclassified to a very low-level radioactive waste. The Ignalina NPP final decommissioning plan foresees the development of specific clearance levels for the disposed of waste. Application of specific clearance would allow removal from regulatory control and conversion of the existing landfill into a conventional waste disposal facility.This paper focuses on the modeling of radionuclide release and dispersion by different groundwater pathways, calculation of associated radiological impacts and definition of specific clearance levels for the landfill facility disposed of waste. The radionuclides considered in the assessment are based on the waste specific and include 3H, 60Co, 94Nb, 137Cs and 241Am. Modeling is performed using GOLDSIM software.

Optimal selection and challenges of municipal waste management system using an integrated approach: a case study

ABSTRACT Efficient waste management is crucial for maintaining a clean and sustainable environment in Indian cities. Patna faces significant waste management challenges due to rapid population growth and urbanization. This has resulted in increased waste generation, straining the current waste management system. The state of Bihar ranks poorly in waste-management-based Environmental Performance, highlighting the need for improvement. Although around 4281.27 TPD of garbage is generated, only 4013.55 TPD is collected. Insufficient information regarding waste processing, landfilling, and technology adoption exposes critical gaps in solid waste management, including limited landfill facilities, inadequate technology implementation, and inadequate monitoring. Effective waste management is crucial for ensuring the sustainability and quality of life in Patna. To address these challenges, the implementation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in waste management is proposed. This study focuses on evaluating the most suitable smart waste management system for Patna Municipal Corporation. By employing an MCDM model with fuzzy logic-based TFN, the authors identified the optimal MWM alternative based on economic, technical, environmental, and social criteria. Findings unequivocally establish the IoT-based Door-to-Door system (Ʌ1) as the most effective and economical solution for MWM in urban settings like Patna, characterized by a proximity coefficient (PCi) = 0.942809. Furthermore, Social acceptance (ӄ2) emerged as the most influential criterion with a weight of 0.19375. This system not only promises enhanced operational efficiency for municipalities but also offers significant environmental and social benefits, including waste reduction, improved public health, and heightened community engagement. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the robustness of the proposed method. Notably, the IoT-based system demonstrated a higher sensitivity to cost changes, affirming its superiority in adapting to economic considerations. This insight is pivotal for decision-makers prioritizing cost efficiency in waste management solutions.

Potential of Plastic Waste Leakage to Environment in Indonesian Final Disposal

The majority of developing nations still utilize landfills as their primary method of disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW), and Indonesia is no exception to this technology. On the other hand, landfill contributes a significant fraction of plastic in the global environmental leakage from mismanaged landfill and open dumping site in Asian countries. Furthermore, Indonesia has a long history of landfill mismanagement and open dumping. The loss of plastic to the environment could lead to multisectoral impacts on the health, environment, and economy. In this paper, we analyze the current situation of landfill and the potential of plastic waste leakage from landfills to the environment using systematic review and metadata analysis using GIS in Indonesia. In addition, this study analyses potential plastic leakage based on the distance to the waterways, leachate treatment facility and landfill facility. Based on the analysis, only around 11% of the landfill were claimed as sanitary landfill, yet only 3% operated based on the sanitary landfill standard of Indonesia after the analysis. The controlled landfill is also implemented in Indonesia at around 52%, and open dumping is around 37% of total final disposal. Based on the GIS analysis, more than 20% of landfill in Indonesia are near the waterways, which increase the potential for plastic leakage. Policymakers can use the resulting study to identify and prioritise ways to stop the environmental leakage of plastics from landfills.

ELEMENTS RESOURCE POTENTIAL IN TAILINGS AT THE TAILING STORAGE FACILITY OF PT. INDONESIA CHEMICAL ALUMINA (PT. ICA), TAYAN DISTRICT, SANGGAU REGENCY, WEST KALIMANTAN

PT Indonesia Chemical Alumina (ICA) is the first Chemical Grade Alumina (CGA) producer company in Indonesia which produces tailings, namely red mud, with ± 30% water content and stored in class III landfill facilities according to PP 101 of 2014 article 146. The stockpile has been mixed with tailing from thermal power station (PLTU) of PT ICA which are fly ash and bottom ash (FABA). This study aimed to determine the area and volume of the pile, analyze the characteristics of the tailings, and identify the potential elemental counts in PT ICA's tailings. The method used is mapping using the DJI Mavic 3 Pro, composite sampling, cone and quartering, and characterization using XRF. The results obtained from drone data were converted to determine the amount of potential in each element. The area and volume of tailing pile are 5.64 hectares and 1,400,459.96 tons. The results of the XRF analysis show that the highest elements and oxide compounds are Fe and Fe2O3 at 69.74% and 60.26%, respectively.

Geotechnical Aspects in the Planning of Radioactive by Product Landfill Facilities

Radioactive by-products (MIR) can be produced from non-nuclear activities. It is crucial to ensure proper management of MIR from the moment they are created. The issue of permanent disposal in landfill facilities has recently been resolved. Design planning, land availability, financing, public acceptance, and other factors are essential considerations in this process. This paper provides an overview of the role and influence of geotechnical engineering in planning MIR landfill facilities. The methodology involves a literature study of regulations, research results, and recommendations from international organizations. The Government Regulation No. 52 of 2022 outlines the general landfill criteria. However, the regulation of MIR and Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) differs in concept and approach. Geotechnical studies the properties of rocks and soil. For MIR landfills, the characteristics of the MIR to be disposed of must be considered during planning and design. Physical, chemical, and activity concentration elements of the MIR affect the planning and design process. Geotechnical aspects, such as soil and rock type, groundwater level (MAT), pore water pressure, grain size, water content, density, shear strength, compression, permeability, and chemical testing, are necessary considerations. Several geotechnical tests are carried out to prevent infrastructure failure. The first step in planning and design is to understand the characteristics of the MIR material to be disposed of in landfills. Some geotechnical aspects include slope stability analysis, soil carrying capacity, and foundation suitability. Although the current regulations do not explicitly mention the geotechnical aspects that must be met, the general criteria for the acceptability of landfill locations are used in designing landfill designs. Keywords: radioactive by-products, planning, landfill, geotechnic

Identification the Structure of the Waste Supply Chain for Circular Economy: Case Study in Pangkalan Kerinci

Keeping the materials at their highest value for as long as possible through reusing and recycling the waste, was the most applicable method for waste elimination, an application of the circular economy concept in Indonesia. The problem in waste management in Pangkalan Kerinci is, that during the transport and treatment to the landfill area, the waste is not sorted and mixed yet. This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The study found that the town of Pangkalan Kerinci Environmental service have serve 72% of the town area, using 19 vehicles (dumping truck), 19 routes for trash collection, 4 collapsible vehicles (bin container truck), and motorcycles for non-accessible locations. Problems found in waste management in Pangkalan Kerinci are; the lack of waste banks and garbage bins, lack of personnel in transporting and sorting, lack of excavators in the landfill facility, and the short supply of dump trucks and trash collecting vehicles

Chemo-Mechanical Behavior of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures Inundated with Organic Pore-Fluid

ABSTRACT Bentonite-sand mixture is considered to be a potential liner material for landfill facilities owing to its excellent sorption potential and swelling characteristics. Such liner materials are expected to perform satisfactorily if the hydraulic conductivity is maintained less than 10−7 cm/s and thereby inhibiting the migration of the generated leachate. However, the performance assessment of these liners in the presence of highly concentrated organic fluids and under the overburden stresses that is usually expected in landfill conditions is scarce. Therefore, in the present work, the hydraulic performance of the bentonite-sand mixtures in the presence of the organic compounds commonly encountered in the landfill leachate is studied, which is a need of the hour. Flow tests were performed to evaluate the hydraulic conductivity of different bentonite-sand mixtures in unhydrated conditions and permeated with varied proportions of methanol-water and ethanol-water mixtures. The study reveals that the proportions of the organic pore fluids significantly influence the hydraulic conductivity of the bentonite-sand mixtures. A very good linear relationship was observed between the pore fluids’ dielectric constants and the hydraulic conductivity of the bentonite-sand mixtures. The chemo-mechanical behavior suggests that the conventional bentonite-sand mixtures perform poorly in terms of the hydraulic and swelling characteristics with the change in the dielectric constant of the organic fluids. The microstructural analysis also supports the experimental findings that as the dielectric constant of the fluid are reduced, the effective flow path through the soil increases considerably resulting in higher hydraulic conductivity.

Suspect screening and total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay as tools for characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)-contaminated groundwater and treated landfill leachate

Landfill facilities are a major source of release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the surrounding environment. In this study, landfill leachate treated in a conventional wastewater treatment plant and PFAS-contaminated groundwater were subjected to suspect screening analysis and semi-quantification using total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). TOP assays yielded expected results for legacy PFAS and their precursors, but showed no discernible evidence of degradation of perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonic acid. TOP assays also produced significant evidence of presence of precursors in both treated landfill leachate and groundwater, but the majority of precursors had probably degraded into legacy PFAS after many years in the landfill. Suspect screening identified a total of 28 PF AS, of which six were not included in the targeted method and were identified with confidence level (CL) ≥3. Semi-quantification of these six compounds showed very low concentrations, indicating that they are not as great a concern as the target PFAS.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE UTILISATION OF LANDFILL FACILITIES IN A WASTE COLLECTION VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM

Recent studies have addressed several constraints to ensure the effective applicability of numerous models. However, an exclusive model meant for landfill utilisation for landfill facilities is still untapped. As such, this paper proposes a new constraint faced by landfill facilities to ensure a more comprehensive model and its applicability to real-life issues. This idea is influenced by three main reasons. First, the lifespan of selected landfills is bound to decrease due to the increasing density of waste transported to landfills daily. The second reason is abandoning the available landfill sites due to inappropriate locations. Lastly, the government would need to bear high costs in establishing more landfills to accommodate the annually increasing waste. Hence, the Nearest Greedy method was applied to a benchmark problem of Waste Collection Vehicle Routing Problem (WCVRP) to construct feasible initial routes by considering the following three scenarios of landfills: (1) without capacity priority, (2) balance capacity priority, and (3) imbalance capacity priority. This study highlights the importance of using all available landfills to unload waste for the WCVRP. Weighing in this additional constraint may increase the life expectancy of the available landfill sites. However, the computational findings revealed that utilising all available landfill facilities (scenarios 2 and 3) can significantly increase the total distance travelled and the number of vehicles used compared to Scenario 1.

Improvement of the Utilization of Abandoned Quarry as Landfill Facilities

Improvement of the Utilization of Abandoned Quarry as Landfill Facilities

Relationships between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and physical-chemical parameters in aqueous landfill samples

Variable chemistries of liquids from landfills can potentially impact levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The objective of the current study was to evaluate relationships between physical-chemical properties (bulk measurements, oxygen demand components, and metals) and PFAS concentrations in different types of aqueous landfill samples. Aqueous landfill samples were collected from 39 landfill facilities in Florida, United States. These samples included leachates from landfills that receive different waste types, such as municipal solid waste incineration ash (MSWA), construction and demolition debris (C&D), and municipal solid waste (MSW). Additional aqueous landfill samples were sourced from treated landfill leachate, gas condensate, stormwater, and groundwater from within and near the landfill boundaries. Results showed significant correlations (p < 0.05) between ∑26PFAS and alkalinity (rs = 0.83), total organic carbon (TOC) (rs = 0.84), and ammonia (rs = 0.79) for all leachate types. Other physical-chemical parameters that were significantly correlated (rs > 0.60, p < 0.05) with PFAS included specific conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and to a lesser extent, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total solids (TS). For gas condensates, PFAS was significantly correlated with TOC. Stormwater and groundwater, within and near the landfill boundaries, had considerably lower levels of PFAS and had a minimal correlation between PFAS and physical-chemical parameters. Although PFAS concentrations and physical-chemical parameters and their correlations varied between different types of aqueous landfill samples, results suggest that physical-chemical properties can be useful indicators of relative PFAS concentrations within a leachate type. More research is needed to validate the mechanisms that relate physical-chemical parameters to PFAS concentrations in landfill leachates.

MENGANALISIS DAMPAK SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP PENCEMARAN PESISIR PANTAI MASYARAKAT DUSUN NAMANDOI

The problem in this research article raises the issue of the household waste of the Namandoi hamlet community which pollutes the coast. Garbage is one of the opportunities for environmental pollution accompanied by a decrease in aesthetic quality. Garbage is not only a government problem but must also be a personal problem for the residents who produce the waste . The number of residents can also affect the increase in the amount of waste. In addition, the behavior of the community to dispose of garbage on the coast is also a habit that can have a negative impact. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of household waste that pollutes the coast due to people's behavior in disposing of household waste in the coastal area of Namandoi Hamlet. This study uses a qualitative method with descriptive research. Methods of data collection through literature study, field observations, interviews and documentation in Namandoi hamlet, Nanahale village, Talibura district. The results in this study indicate that the community has good knowledge about the behavior of disposing of garbage, but is constrained by the availability of landfill facilities so that many people dispose of household waste in coastal areas. Therefore it is necessary to have village autonomy (according to Law Number 6 of 2014) villages have the autonomy to manage their own households, including managing waste into goods that have economic value for its citizens. Therefore it is necessary to form a special institution based on autonomy villages that can manage waste and provide benefits (such as health insurance and other guarantees) that can stimulate the residents of Namandoi Hamlet to be willing to manage waste.

Siderophore production in fungi from asbestos biofilms: The first step towards bioremediation of a carcinogenic mineral

Asbestos refers to six types of fibrous, silicate minerals, historically used for a wide range of household, commercial and industrial applications. Asbestos exposure is known to cause diseases such as asbestosis, pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer, and is responsible for around 220 deaths per year in Aotearoa / New Zealand. Asbestos is disposed of using a designated hazardous landfill facility, an expensive and unsustainable practice. As an alternative, research has focused on bioremediation to manage asbestos contamination. Bioremediation research has shown that asbestos fibres can be partially degraded, and surface reactivity decreased, by the activity of iron-chelating siderophores, produced by some fungi and bacteria. This paper presents initial results of siderophore-detecting chrome azurol S (CAS)-agar plate assays on mycobiota collected from biofilms from asbestos-containing building products in Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland and natural asbestos mineral deposits in Kahurangi National Park, northwest of Whakatū / Nelson.

Retention Behaviour of Heavy Metals from Industrial Sludge Amended with Admixtures to Use Them as Liners for Landfill Facilities

The solidification of contaminants within the soil/waste has proved to be a versatile technique to de-contaminate them and make them usable for several applications. In this method, the development of binder provisions leads to the conversion of the environmentally unstable condition of waste materials into a nearly stable material. Further, these materials pose a minimum threat that can be absorbed into the environment. Normally lime/cement and other pozzolanic materials are used as binder materials. In this work, it is proposed to use the efficiency of binding fly ash to improve the unconfined compressive strength (UCC) of soils, particularly during the curing period. This is because improvement in strength is a reflection of the improvement of bonding soil particles. Fly ash as the main source material, in addition to a minor proportion of cement and lime, is used to determine the strength. UCC test results revealed that as the percentage of fly ash increases there is an increase in compressive strength. It is also observed that with an increase in lime content and an increase in cement content, the UCC strength also increases. The strength in cement-stabilized compacted specimens is more compared to lime-stabilized mixtures. To confirm that the improvement in strength is related to the solidification of contaminated metals, particularly for soils containing copper and chromium, the stabilized mixture is tested for the leaching of these metals. Leaching tests were conducted on various stabilized mixtures at different curing periods. The leachate was examined for metal ion concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The leaching behavior of heavy metals from different proportions of soil matrix revealed that with an increase in lime or cement percentage, a decrease in leachability is observed. It is found that the leaching of heavy metals from cement-stabilized soils was lower than in lime mixture combinations. However, minimum strength improves the solidification and retention of heavy metals effectively.