Land Transfer Research Articles

Lifecycle land decumulation strategies in a seventeenth‐century rural community

AbstractEconomic historians have tried to better understand how and why land was redistributed in rural communities, although our empirical insights have been limited by a lack of serial evidence for land distribution within the same locality across a long period. This article exploits the unusual survival of Veldboeken (field books), which allow a careful annual reconstruction of land distribution within an unremarkable seventeenth‐century village in the south of the modern‐day Netherlands. We show that, despite high levels of dynamism in the local land markets, including high and changing levels of leasehold, varying and flexible tenancies, and frequent transfers of land between parties, the overall aggregate distribution of land did not change very much over time. Employing a systematic lifecycle analysis of active land‐market participants, we advance a broader concept of pre‐industrial ‘decumulation’ – where landowners and land users used adaptive mechanisms within the land market to not just consolidate land but also work out ways of getting rid of it and achieve optimal (and often smaller) farms and estates. Accordingly, we do not find any social logic or natural tendency towards accumulation, consolidation, and greater inequality.

The Role of Trust in Facilitating Land Transfers and Contract Formalization: A Study of Chinese Farm Households

Facilitating land transfers and contract standardization is crucial for optimizing farmland use and achieving high-quality agricultural development following the round of confirmation, registration, and certification of contracted rural land management rights by the government. Social trust is crucial for cracking the growth dilemma of land transfer, and the impact of farmers’ trust on land transfer may also change after the round of land titling. This study aims to examine the impact of social trust on farm households’ land transfer decisions and the formalization of land transfer contracts within the context of the new round of land titling in China, using models such as IV-Probit, Heckprobit, and conditional mixed process (CMP), with survey data from 2600 Chinese farmers in 2020–2021. The results show that increased social trust significantly enhances both land transfer and contract formalization, and these results remain robust after addressing potential endogeneity. Further analysis reveals that while interpersonal trust promotes land transfer, institutional trust plays a more pivotal role in the formalization of contracts. The results underscore the importance of strengthening grassroots governance to foster institutional trust, enhance institutional reliability, and support the regulated growth of the land transfer market.

Analysis of Annual Spatiotemporal Variations in Carbon Stock in the Urban Agglomeration of the Middle Yangtze River Basin, China

Terrestrial ecosystem carbon stock (TECS) is critical to socioeconomic development and ecosystem services and is jointly affected by land use and cover and climate change. However, the dynamics of long-term annual TECS levels in urban agglomeration remain largely unknown, and research mostly ignores the spatial heterogeneity of climate factors, compromising sustainable environmental management and land planning strategies. To this end, we integrated field observations of carbon density, land use, and climate factors to map the annual distribution of TECS and analyzed their spatiotemporal variations and policy implications in the urban agglomeration of the middle Yangtze River Basin in China from 1990 to 2020. The results showed that 43,855.47 km2 of the land of the urban agglomeration changed from 1990 to 2020, accounting for 12.54% of the study area. The farmland and forest land area fluctuated and reduced, and the construction land area increased significantly. The increase in construction land was mainly from farmland and forest land. The TECS in urban agglomerations underwent a remarkable change, the overall trend fluctuated downward, and the maximum interannual variation was 1560 Tg. The transfer of construction land, farmland, forest land, shrubs, grassland, and other land mainly caused the change in carbon storage. Due to abnormal climate change, the urban agglomeration in some areas illustrated carbon storage with a spatially aggregated distribution. When considering the impact of climate change on carbon density, the TECS changes of land types other than forest land were found to be consistent with the area change but more significant due to climate change. The research results can provide reference data for regional land management policy formulation and realization of “dual carbon” goals.

Integration of In-VEST Habitat Quality Model with Landscape Pattern Indices to Assess Habitat Fragmentation Under the Dynamic Development of Park City: Southwest China Case

With rapid urbanization, the types of land in China’s cities are continuously evolving, irreversibly impacting the habitat patches within urban areas. However, the development of park cities has reversed this trend to some extent, particularly in Chengdu, China. To investigate the influence of land use type changes on habitat quality in Chengdu Tianfu New District, the research team selected remote sensing imagery data from the Landsat satellite for three distinct periods: 2014, 2019, and 2024. By employing a comprehensive approach that includes land cover trajectory analysis, land transfer matrices, FRAG-STATS landscape pattern indices, and the habitat quality module within the In-VEST model, this study analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution of land use patterns and the dynamics of habitat quality categories. The findings reveal: (1) the coverage of trees and shrubs in the study area initially declined but later increased, primarily driven by anthropogenic construction activities. Specifically, the land use types in the built-up areas on the northern side of Tianfu New District underwent notable fluctuations, whereas those on the southern side, adjacent to the Longquan Mountain Range, remained relatively stable. (2) From 2014 to 2019, high-quality habitats were predominantly distributed in the southeast of Tianfu New District, characterized by a robust ecological foundation, high landscape integrity, and strong connectivity of ecological land. In contrast, the areas with the poorest habitat quality were situated in the northern built-up areas of Tianfu New District, exhibiting highly fragmented habitat patches, simple edge shapes, and low connectivity. However, between 2019 and 2024, the overall habitat quality within the study area improved, characterized by an increase in the number of high-quality habitats and continuous expansion of habitat areas. The research findings offer valuable insights into future urban planning, ecological restoration, and conservation efforts in Chengdu Tianfu New District, providing critical guidance for the implementation and strategic development of the park city policy.

Will land transfer affect agricultural carbon emission efficiency? An empirical study based on provinces in China.

Studying the carbon emission efficiency of the agricultural sector plays an important role in achieving the goal of global carbon neutrality. As a common economic behavior in agricultural production, it is still unclear about that how land transfer affects agricultural carbon emission efficiency (ACEE). Therefore, according to panel data of 30 provinces (including autonomous regions and municipalities at the same level) from 2005 to 2019 in the Chinese mainland, this work adopts the panel Ordinary Least Square (OLS) to reveal the influential mechanism of land transfer on ACEE. Subsequently, the panel quantile regression and sub-sample regression are applied to divide the provinces into different types of regions, so as to explore what kind of heterogeneity effect would occur, if land transfer acts upon ACEE. Finally, this work discovers the influential mechanism of land transfer to ACEE by agricultural industrial agglomeration and agricultural land management scale. The research results support the view that the land transfer significantly inhibits the improvement of ACEE, and also prove that there is regional heterogeneity in the impact of land transfer on ACEE, and this heterogeneity is mainly reflected in the impact intensity of land transfer on ACEE in different regions. The more important and deeper discovery is that agricultural industrial agglomeration and agricultural land management scale intensify the inhibition of land transfer on ACEE. Considering that both agricultural industrial agglomeration and agricultural land management scale have a regulatory effect on the influence of the land transfer on ACEE, this work suggests that the government improve the land transfer market system, implement differentiated agricultural management measures, and reasonably promote agricultural industrial agglomeration to gradually realize economies of scale.

Chinese migrant workers’ integration into cities and land transfer amid urban–rural population mobility

Following the economic reforms and opening up, the Chinese government has implemented policies aimed at promoting land transfer, yet the rate of rural land transfer continues to be relatively low, resulting in inefficient land use in rural regions. The movement of people from rural to urban areas is a key driver of land transfer, and the level of integration of migrant workers in urban settings is closely tied to their decisions to transfer land. We analyzed survey data from 1,533 migrant worker households using a binary logistic regression model and conducted an endogeneity test with a two-stage least squares model. The findings indicate that economic, social, psychological, and identity integration, as well as overall urban integration, have a significant positive impact on the likelihood of land transfer, the involvement of non-relatives in transfers, and the length of time land is transferred.Economic integration significantly influences the decision of migrant workers to transfer land, social integration plays a substantial role in transfers involving non-relatives, and psychological and identity integration significantly affects the duration of land transfers. In summary, the analysis recommends that policymakers prioritize fostering a more inclusive urban environment for migrant workers, enhance employment opportunities and social security services for this group, and facilitate the participation of migrant workers in the land transfer market to maximize the value of their land assets.

Correction to: how do climate anomalies affect the duration of land transfers? Evidence from China

Correction to: how do climate anomalies affect the duration of land transfers? Evidence from China

Analyzing and Predicting LUCC and Carbon Storage Changes in Xinjiang’s Arid Ecosystems Under the Carbon Neutrality Goal

Land use/cover change (LUCC) significantly alters the carbon storage capacity of ecosystems with a profound impact on global climate change. The influence of land use changes on carbon storage capacity and the projection of future carbon stock changes under different scenarios are essential for achieving carbon peak and neutrality goals. This study applied the PLUS-InVEST model to predict the land use pattern in China’s arid Xinjiang Region in 2020–2050. The model assessed the carbon stock under four scenarios. Analysis of the historical LUCC data showed that the carbon storage in Xinjiang in 2000–2020 in five-year intervals was 85.69 × 108, 85.79 × 108, 85.87 × 108, 86.01 × 108, and 86.71 × 108 t. The rise in carbon sequestration capacity in the study area, attributable to the expansion of cropland, water, and unused land areas, brought a concomitant increment in the regional carbon storage by 1.03 × 108 t. However, prediction results for 2030–2050 showed that carbon storage capacity under the four scenarios would decrease by 0.11 × 108 and increase by 1.2 × 108, 0.98 × 108 t, and 1.28 × 108 t, respectively. The findings indicate that different land transfer modes will significantly affect Xinjiang’s carbon storage quantity, distribution, and trend. This research informs the past, present, and future of carbon storage in arid ecosystems of Xinjiang. It offers a reference for Xinjiang’s development planning and informs the efforts to achieve the carbon peak and neutrality goals.

Willingness for Land Transfer and Coupling Coordination Analysis in Poverty Alleviation Resettlement Areas: A Sustainable Development Perspective

This study focuses on the land transfer intentions of migrants and surrounding villagers in the SZ resettlement area of BS City, Guangxi. It systematically analyzes the coupling coordination relationship between migrants’ land transfer-in intentions and the land transfer-out intentions of surrounding villagers, verifying the practical value of the “Shared Land Resource Model” in the resettlement area and its surroundings. The study yields the following key conclusions: (1) there is a strong coupling between the land demand intentions of migrants and the land supply intentions of surrounding villagers, yet the actual coordination in the transfer process is limited, which constrains resource allocation efficiency and prevents land transfer from fully utilizing shared resources; (2) in the evaluation of migrants’ land transfer-in intentions, external environmental factors have the greatest influence (with a weight coefficient of 0.7877), while individual characteristics (0.0486) and psychological characteristics (0.0593) have relatively low weight coefficients, indicating that migrants primarily rely on government policy support and lack internal motivation; (3) the land transfer-out intentions of surrounding villagers are most affected by farmland resource endowment (weight coefficient of 0.3284), indicating that the quality and quantity of land resources are key factors affecting villagers’ transfer-out willingness, while individual endowment factors have the smallest impact (weight coefficient of 0.1220). Three recommendations are proposed: stimulating migrants’ intrinsic motivation to enhance livelihood autonomy, protecting villagers’ land rights to increase transfer participation, and building a systematic land resource sharing model to promote sustainable resource allocation. This study provides theoretical support for optimizing the land transfer mechanism in resettlement areas, aiming to improve land use efficiency, support the livelihood transition of migrants, and offer practical insights for land management planning in poverty alleviation and resettlement projects in other countries.

Spatiotemporal Pattern of Vegetation Coverage and Its Response to LULC Changes in Coastal Regions in South China from 2000 to 2020

Analyzing vegetation coverage and land-use and land cover (LULC) characteristics helps to understand the interaction between human activities and the natural environment. The coastal regions of the Guangdong Province are economically active areas with frequent human activities, located in the advantageous natural environment of South China. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and LULC from 2000 to 2020, to explore the response of NDVI changes to LULC changes. The results show that (1) the overall NDVI is relatively high, with a proportion of 85.37% to 89.48% of areas with higher coverage and above categories, mainly distributed in the east and west. Vegetation coverage showed an increasing trend. (2) The LULC in this area is mainly composed of forest land (46.5% to 47.5%) and cultivated land (30.7% to 33.4%), with forest land mainly distributed in relatively high-altitude regions and cultivated land mainly distributed in the plains. The changes in LULC from 2015 to 2020 were relatively significant, mainly due to the mutual transfer of cultivated land and forest land. In addition, built-up land continued to expand from 2000 to 2020, mainly in the Pearl River Delta. (3) The NDVI decreases come from the transfer of various types of land to built-up land, mainly in the Pearl River Delta region, while the NDVI increase comes from the stability and mutual transfer of cultivated land. The net contribution rate of forest land change to vegetation cover change is the most significant (−38.903% to 23.144%). This study has reference significance for the spatiotemporal characteristics of vegetation cover changes in coastal areas and their response to land-use changes, as well as coastal management and sustainable development.

An Exploration of the Relationship Between Digital Village Construction and Agroecological Efficiency in China

Whether digital village construction can effectively promote agriculture’s green development is essential for modernizing agriculture and rural areas. Using panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2011 and 2022, this study empirically examines the relationship between digital village construction and agroecological efficiency and explores its mechanism of action and threshold effect, contributing to the exploration of agricultural digitization and sustainable development. This study shows that (1) AEE is positively associated with digital village construction; (2) the positive association size varies in regions and construction levels; (3) agricultural land transfer and technological innovation play a mediating role in the positive effect; and (4) there is a single threshold value for the positive effect of digital village construction, and after crossing the threshold value, its marginal effect shows a positive and increasing nonlinear characteristic. This study enhances our comprehension of digital village development to advance agroecological efficiency and offers theoretical insights and policy recommendations for optimizing the rural digital infrastructure and fostering sustainable agricultural growth.

Historical and legal aspects of compensation for losses of agricultural production

The relevance of the topic is stipulated by the need to study the historical and legal aspects of the institute of compensation for losses of agricultural production which was proposed in Soviet times and concerned agricultural land. The introduction of this institute was aimed at increasing agricultural production by involving as much of the State’s land fund as possible. This approach necessitated the inclusion in Soviet legislation of a certain range of provisions that, on the one hand, ensured the preferential allocation of land plots for agricultural use, and, on the other hand, established legal restrictions and obstacles to reducing the area of agricultural land used for non-agricultural purposes. This approach was implemented at the subordinate level by adopting a number of union and republican resolutions. Subsequently, Article 46 of the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR (1970) enshrined the relevant legislative provisions, which not only regulated relations on compensation for losses, but also laid the foundation for the priority of agricultural land, which allowed for the preservation of agricultural land. The next stage in the regulation of relations regarding compensation for losses of agricultural production is associated with the adoption of the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1990, which, along with compensation for losses of agricultural production, additionally regulated compensation for losses of forestry production, expanded the list of grounds for compensation for losses, and also provided that the funds received as compensation for losses shall be used exclusively for the development of new lands, improvement of soil fertility and productivity of forest lands, and improvement of the forestry fund. It is emphasized that the current Land Code of Ukraine (2001) has regulated in detail and systematically the relations arising from the compensation of losses of agricultural production. The procedure for compensation for such losses provides for compensation to society for the negative socio-economic and environmental consequences arising from the transfer of agricultural land to other categories. However, recent legislative activity in this area has demonstrated a gradual depreciation of agricultural land as an object of special protection. In particular, the provision on compensation for losses of agricultural production was removed from Chapter 36 of the Land Code of Ukraine, which means that the change of the designated purpose of agricultural land is carried out without compensation for losses of agricultural production, etc. This indicates, at least, that the institution of compensation for losses of agricultural production has achieved the goal set when it was introduced, and that it has expanded opportunities for attracting investments with a view to rapidly rebuilding Ukraine.

Family science, land‐grant universities, and the daunting legacy of the land‐grab institution

AbstractThis paper wrestles with the nexus of settler colonialism, the expropriation of Indigenous lands to establish the United States land‐grant system, and the field of Family Science. Family Science programs are embedded within the power structures of the universities to which they belong; certain characteristics of these academic units—especially their emphasis on engagement and professional credentialing—theoretically could produce an idiosyncratic and nuanced context in which academy members operate. First, we grapple with the history of US settler colonialism and the land‐grab concept, focusing attention on the enormous transfer of Native American lands into universities through the Morrill Act. Second, we examine the convergence between the applied activities of family scientists and the tripartite land‐grant mission of teaching, research, and engagement. Consequently, our final aim is to investigate the impact of being a family scientist within a land‐grant university grappling with the historical injustices surrounding its foundation.

Agricultural Water Conservation Methods: Application, Difficulties, and Innovation

The largest growth in water usage among water-using industries has been in agriculture due to the growing need for agricultural goods to feed the world's expanding population. Presently, agricultural water conservation encompasses a range of technologies that are mostly grounded in human understanding, but also include a number of complex strategies that significantly rely on cutting-edge mechanical and electrical techniques. Modern agronomic practices like precision agriculture may conserve water. Precision agriculture is a modern agronomic strategy that may preserve water.Modern agricultural investments, land transfers, and urbanisation have left these irregular and traditionally built villages with an ambiguous and ever-changing land use pattern. This may hinder water-saving adoption. In addition to taking into account the growth of the agricultural sector, the agricultural water management policy prioritises the long-term ecological economy and the sustainability of the water resource supply network. Water needs are predicted to rise significantly by the end of the twenty-first century, particularly for irrigation. Reducing the amount of water used in agriculture is crucial. With temperatures rising and droughts occurring more frequently in many nations, water is a vital component of agricultural output. Certain technology-based practices coupled with efficient farmers and humans management of water resources will be the key features for improving water conservation.

Agricultural land transfer and wage inequality in the presence of modern agriculture

ABSTRACT By constructing a three-sector general equilibrium model encompassing modern agriculture, this study shows that how agricultural land transfer impacts wage inequality. In the short run, it narrows the urban skilled-unskilled wage inequality but widens the urban-rural unskilled wage inequality and the average skilled-unskilled wage inequality. In the long run, it widens (narrows) the urban skilled-unskilled wage inequality if the skilled labor employment effect is large (small) enough, but narrows (widens) the urban-rural unskilled wage inequality and the average skilled-unskilled wage inequality if the unskilled labor employment effect is large (small) enough.

Analysis of spatio-temporal evolution and influencing factors of land dividends in China.

This paper explores the classification, formation, measurement, evolution, and influencing factors of land dividends in China.It analyzes the nature of land value dividends and efficiency dividends, examines their spatio-temporal evolution, and investigates influencing factors via a regression model, providing insights for future development. The paper posits that changes in land use patterns primarily contribute to land value dividends, while efficiency dividends stem from improving land use efficiency within existing patterns. Presently, China is transitioning from a phase dominated by land value dividends to one marked by efficiency dividends. In terms of spatio-temporal dynamics, efficiency dividends display a fluctuating upward trajectory, whereas land value dividends and the overall quantity of land dividends demonstrate an initial ascent followed by a gradual decline, with the central region exhibiting the most pronounced changes. The analysis of influencing factors reveals a significant positive correlation between value dividends, the overall quantity of land dividends, and factors such as land transfer and capital investment, while efficiency dividends exhibit a significant positive correlation with urbanization. Consequently, the government should implement measures to sensibly regulate land quantity and layout, promote intensive and efficient land use, activate dormant land resources, and propel the optimization and high-quality development of land dividends.

Study on the Evolution of Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Carbon Emissions from Land Use in a River Basin

Land-use change significantly contributes to carbon emission. Analyzing this relationship fosters exploration of low-carbon, efficient land-use patterns at regional levels. Using ArcGIS 10.5 and the PLUS model, this study investigated land transfer trends across six counties and one district in the Malian River Basin between 2000 and 2020. It quantified carbon emissions from land use and performed spatial distribution analysis using land-use and socio-economic data. The study demonstrates the following: (1) Between 2010 and 2020, significant land-use changes occurred in the Malian River Basin with 72,919.49 km2 of land undergoing transformation. Notably, the farmland-to-forest and grassland conversion project in Qingyang City was a major factor contributing to the shift from arable land to forest and grassland. (2) Natural factors influencing land conversion in the Loess Plateau region primarily include precipitation and elevation. Conversely, social factors such as population density, road networks, and local government establishments in districts and counties are pivotal in driving land-use changes within the Malian River Basin. (3) Carbon emissions vary significantly among different land-use types, with building land, cropland, unutilized land, watershed, grassland, and forest land showing descending emissions. The rapid expansion of building land notably increases carbon emissions in the study region, while forest land, a significant carbon sink, absorbs approximately 88% of total carbon emissions. (4) Districts and counties in the study area exhibit varying levels of carbon emissions, with Ning County, Xifeng District, Huan County, Qingcheng County, Zhengning County, Heshui County, and Huachi County listed in descending order. Regions with higher carbon emissions typically host abundant energy resources and significant energy production and consumption activities. Variations in carbon emission levels are largely influenced by resource availability and development priorities. Variations in resource levels and developmental focus are pivotal in explaining differences in carbon emission levels. Thus, it is crucial to explore the dynamic interplay between land-use carbon emission efficiency and land evolution in the Malian River Basin. This research will support ecological management and sustainable economic development in the Yellow River Basin, while also contributing to the achievement of the “double carbon” goals.

The Prohibition of Forestation on Cultivated Land in China: A Difference-in-Differences Model Analysis of the Effects of Cutting Down Trees on Farmland Transfer

The implementation of China’s stringent farmland protection policy has resulted in the compulsory removal of trees from farmland, which has significantly impacted farmers’ willingness to transfer their land. To explain the impact of cutting trees on farmers’ land transfer, this study conducted a two-way fixed-effect difference-in-differences (DID) model based on a survey of 163 households in Daxiapo Village in China during 2020–2023. The results show that cutting trees significantly promotes farmland transfer among farmers. Moreover, the promotion effect of cutting trees is more pronounced when transferring land in than it is when transferring land out. For land plots with poor accessibility and fertility, the effects of transferring land out are more significant than for plots that are fertile and conveniently located. As a result, the prohibition of forestation on farmland has increased the contiguity of some land plots and improved the spatial configuration of farmland, but land fragmentation is still prominent on land owned by large-scale farmers. Therefore, this paper proposes two optimization scenarios to address the issue of farmland fragmentation and compares the feasibility of these plans in the short and long term. This paper suggests that short-term policies prohibiting forestation can trigger abrupt changes in farmland transfer patterns and drive further changes in the spatial configuration of farmland. Though some large-scale farming households were established through land transfer, the problem of plot fragmentation must be solved. This article presents several possible scenarios to aid in the design of more systematic policy systems to balance the protection of cultivated land, farmers’ willingness, and the spatial contiguity of cultivated land.

Analysis of Farmers’ Willingness to Land Transfer in Collective Land Construction Rental Housing Projects

The policy of using collective land to build rental housing was first implemented in 2017 in the context of the Chinese government’s proposal of “housing for living, not speculation”. However, due to the constraints of laws and regulations, the attitudes of local governments and social capital, and the attitudes of collective economic organizations, the progress of pilot projects varies from city to city. This paper selects the Nanjing Zhetang project and analyzes the factors affecting the willingness of rural households in the collective economic organizations to which the pilot project belongs to the land transfer through the framework of Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD). Finally, it is concluded that the strength of the collective economic organization of the pilot project, the traditional concept of land acquisition of farmers, and the concern of farmers about the unfair distribution of expected benefits jointly affect the attitude of farmers towards land transfer in the market. Finally, relevant suggestions are given to provide reference for other pilot projects in China.

Impact of land-use change on coupling coordination degree of regional water–food–carbon system

IntroductionThe objective of this study is to investigate the impact of land use changes on the coupling coordination of the regional water-food-carbon system in Hebei Province. Moreover, the findings aim to offer insights for achieving comprehensive and coordinated development of regional resources.MethodsBy constructing an evaluation index system of the coupled coordinated development of the water-food-carbon system, using the coupled coordination model to study the coupled coordination of the water-food-carbon (WFC) system in Hebei Province from 2010 to 2020, and applying the Pearson correlation coefficient and ArcGIS to analyze the impacts of land-use changes on the degree of coupled coordination.ResultsThe results show that: (1) The most notable characteristics of land type changes include a decrease in cropland and an increase in construction land, primarily driven by the conversion of cropland to construction sites. The total area converted amounts to 8207.20 km2. (2) The degree of coupled coordination of the water-food-carbon system in the study area as a whole shows an upward and then downward trend, and shows a spatial distribution pattern of “high in the north-east and low in the south-west”; (3) In Hebei Province, the degree of coupling coordination within the water-food-carbon system exhibits a stable positive correlation with forest land, grassland, and water area. Additionally, the transfer of forest land and grassland are significant factors influencing the delineation of cold and hot spots within the region.DiscussionTherefore, in addressing the coordinated development of the water-food-carbon system, it is essential to consider the influence of land. Resources should be allocated judiciously based on regional advantages to promote sustainable development effectively.