Land Spreading Research Articles

Use of ITK in Animal Management by Maldharis in Banni Area of Kachchh

The present investigation was conducted in the Banni area of Kachchh during 2008 to 2012, which is a vast grazing land spread on the 3847 sq km area. The main source of livelihood in the region is rearing of livestock, handicraft and contract based animal grazing system. While the education level of Maldharis is 26.50% and lower than national average, their use of ITK in restraining of animals and conservation of natural resources is unique. Various restraining tools used by them are Dan and Nunjan, Vano / Bagari, Pavro, Kutopado, Ango Mochi and Bundho. They also use “kudo” in goat and “Dan” to restrain the movement of camel for grazing and “Bagari” to protect the camel from suckling by the calf. The use of psychological tools like voice produced by different size of bells (mutter or matri) and keeping all the animals in the herd intact during grazing either during day or night hours without any human assistance is the best example of management of animals on the scientific principles. Similarly, harvesting and conservation of rain water in the “Khuriya” is also a unique example of conservation of natural resources. They allow their buffaloes in the dry pond which prevent heat stress and also protection from mosquitoes. They use Khurjadi for transportation of small ruminants, “Dambh” for identification of animals and for housing the calves under the tree shade by making the enclosure called as “Vado.” These techniques are based on scientific principles and have very good impact on animal management.

Land spreading of olive mill wastewater (OMW): Biodegradation of organic matter and polyphenols in soil and effect on the activity of the total soil microflora

Abstract Agricultural spreading of olive mill wastewater (OMW) can represent a promising alternative solution, provided that the operation is controlled and the doses applied are respected. However, a reserve toward OMW spreading remains, for fears of possible microbiological negative incidences on the soil. To contribute to assessing this area, we have tried to study their microbiological impact and the fate of OMW polyphenols in soil in a greenhouse. In comparison with untreated soil with OMW (control), the application of 50, 100, and 200 m3/ha was studied for two months. The results obtained revealed that phenolic extracts from raw OMW showed five major peaks by HPLC at 280 nm, which were present only in trace amounts after 2 weeks of treatment at neutral pH. The phenols and organic matter (OM) from OMW were biodegraded or reorganized, and the bacterial population of soil treated with 50 and 100 m3/ha OMW was significantly higher compared to the soil that received water. However, a dose of 200 m3/ha did not affect soil microflora. Consequently, using OMW by direct spreading can be recommended at doses of 50 and 100 m3/ha. Doses higher than those studied, which are considered excessive and not recommended, could have undesirable repercussions.

Effects of food to inoculum ratio and ultrasound pre-treatment on biogas production from dissolved air flotation waste from dairy industry

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) waste, a byproduct with high lipid content separated from dairy wastewater, is disposed of by land spreading and causing environmental pollution. To develop a sustainable treatment for DAF waste, this study investigated the effects of food to inoculum (F/I) ratio and ultrasound pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestion of DAF waste. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of tested DAF waste ranged from 436–566 mL CH4/g VSfed. Increasing the F/I ratio (>1.0) inhibited methane production due to long chain fatty acids (LCFA) accumulation, which high concentrations of oleate inhibited methanogenesis and delayed palmitate degradation. Ultrasound pre-treatment with 30 min pulse (10 s on/ 10 s off) and 15 min continuous operations increased soluble chemical oxygen demand in DAF waste by 82% and 52%, respectively. Moreover, continuous sonication removed 38% of LCFA due to the implosion of cavitation bubbles. The BMP of DAF waste increased by 36% after sonication with F/I ratio 3.0. However, the lag time of methane production was prolonged after sonication due to the fast release of LCFA to the bulk solution. By implementing ultrasound pre-treatment and optimizing the F/I ratio, the energy potential of DAF waste can be harnessed, leading to more sustainable practices in dairy production.

Twelve years of the ‘Arabian Seashores’ project: How the extensive investigation of coastal Oman changed the paradigm of the Arabian Neolithic

AbstractFor over a decade, the French mission ‘Archaeology of the Arabian Seashores’ has been exploring the evolution of the Omani coastline, from hunter–gatherers to the rise of complex societies during the crucial passages from the culmination of the Pleistocene to the Early Bronze Age, passing through the Neolithic. The team extensively surveyed the land spreading from the eastern head of Arabia, Ra's al‐Hadd and Ra's al‐Jinz, to the last villages of Dhofar, including Masirah Island and the Hallaniyyat archipelago, covering 1000 km. Most Final Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age sites were tested or excavated. A multidisciplinary approach that involves the joint work of archaeologists and geologists was chosen to include the contribution of environmental factors to modifying the equilibriums between the natural environment and human communities through the study of climatic and eustatic fluctuations. The project provided a substantive perspective on the evolution of maritime communities between 10,000 and 2000 bce. Moreover, an interdisciplinary and multiscalar approach for describing and analysing the change in the material culture of this region made it possible to transcend the traditional typology and examine the role of human communities’ interaction.

Optimising mechanical separation of anaerobic digestate for total solids and nutrient removal

Mechanical separation of anaerobic digestate has been identified as a method to reduce pollution risk to waterways by partitioning phosphorus in the solid fraction and reducing its application to land. Separators have adjustable parameters which affect separation efficiency, and hence the degree of phosphorous partitioning, but information on how these parameters affect separation performance is limited in the literature. Two well known technologies were investigated, decanter centrifuge and screw press, to determine the most efficient method of separation. Counterweight load and the use of an oscillator were adjusted for the screw press, while bowl speed, auger differential speed, feed rate and polymer addition were modified for the decanter centrifuge. Separation efficiency was determined for total solids, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and carbon, and the total solids content of resulting fractions was measured. The decanter centrifuge had higher separation efficiency for phosphorus in all cases, ranging from 51% to 71.5%, while the screw press had a phosphorus separation efficiency ranging from 8.5% to 10.9% for digestate of ∼5% solids (slurry/grass silage mix). Separation by decanter centrifuge partitioned up to 56% of nitrogen in the solid fraction leaving a reduced nitrogen content in the liquid fraction available for land spreading; this nitrogen would most likely need to be replaced by chemical fertiliser which would add to the cost of the system. The decanter centrifuge is better suited to cases where phosphorus recovery is the most important factor, while the screw press could be advantageous in cases where cost is a limiting factor.

Process simulation and techno-economic analysis of olive oil mill wastewater steam reforming

Olive oil production contributes to environmental deterioration, mainly due to the land spreading of the pollutant effluents. One solution to treat these liquid effluents (olive mill wastewater - OMWW) is the steam reforming (OMWWSR) reaction.In this work, the effects of the main parameters that affect the OMWWSR process were studied: composition of the effluent, total pressure, and temperature of the reformer; furthermore, several reactor configurations were simulated: traditional reactor (TR), autothermal reactor (ATR), sorption-enhanced reactor (SER), and sorption-enhanced autothermal reactor (SEATR). All reactor configurations treated an effluent flow rate of approximately 12 tons/h, which equals the quantity of OMWW produced by a big Portuguese olive oil producer company. In addition, energy integration and techno-economic analyses were elaborated to reveal which reactor configuration(s) presented the most attractive results. It was verified that the ATR and SER presented higher performances in terms of H2 production per kmol of OMWW fed and energy consumption per kmol of H2 produced. Finally, it was observed that the ATR achieved a net present value (NPV) that ranged from 7.2 to 9.2 M€ and payback times (PB) which ranged from 3 to 2 years. Regarding the SER configuration, the NPV and PB ranged from 4.7 to 12.2 M€ and 5-2 years, respectively.

Differential impact of swine, bovine and poultry manure on the microbiome and resistome of agricultural grassland

Land spreading of animal manure is an essential process in agriculture. Despite the importance of grassland in global food security the potential of the grass phyllosphere as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is unknown. Additionally, the comparative risk associated with different manure sources is unclear. Due to the One Health nature of AMR there is an urgent need to fully understand the risk associated with AMR at the agriculture - environmental nexus.We performed a grassland field study to assess and compare the relative and temporal impact of bovine, swine and poultry manure application on the grass phyllosphere and soil microbiome and resistome over a period of four months, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR). The soil and grass phyllosphere contained a diverse range of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Manure treatment was found to introduce ARGs belonging to clinically important antimicrobial classes, such as aminoglycoside and sulphonamide into grass and soil. Temporal analysis of ARGs and MGEs associated with manure treatment indicated ARGs patterns were similar across the different manure types in the manure treated soil and grass phyllosphere. Manure treatment resulted in the enrichment in members of the indigenous microbiota and the introduction of manure associated bacteria, with this impact extending past the recommended six-week exclusion period. However, these bacteria were in low relative abundance and manure treatment was not found to significantly impact the overall composition of the microbiome or resistome. This provides evidence that the current guidelines facilitate reduction of biological risk to livestock. Additionally, in soil and grass samples MGEs correlated with ARGs from clinically important antimicrobial classes, indicating the key role MGEs play in horizontal gene transfer in agricultural grassland. These results demonstrate the role of the grass phyllosphere as an under-studied sink of AMR.

Multiscenario Simulation of Land-Use Change in Hubei Province, China Based on the Markov-FLUS Model

A goal of land change modelers should be to communicate scenarios of future change that show the variety of possible future landscapes based on the consequences of management decisions. This study employs the Markov-FLUS model to simulate land-use changes in Hubei Province in multiple scenarios that consider social, economic, and ecological policies using 18 driving factors, including point-of-interest data. First, the Markov-FLUS model was developed and validated with historical data from 2000 to 2020. The model was then used to simulate land-use changes from 2020 to 2035 in four scenarios: natural development, economic priority, ecological protection, and cultivated land protection. The results show that the Markov-FLUS model effectively simulates the land-use change pattern in Hubei Province, with an overall accuracy of 0.93 for land use simulation in 2020. The Kappa coefficient and FOM index also achieved 0.86 and 0.139, respectively. In all four scenarios, cultivated land remained the primary land use type in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2035, while construction land showed an increasing trend. However, there were large differences in the simulated land use patterns in different scenarios. Construction land expanded most rapidly in the economic priority scenario, while it expanded more slowly in the cultivated land protection scenario. We designed the protection scenario to restrict the rapid expansion of construction land. In the natural development and economic priority scenarios, construction land expanded and encroached on cultivated land and forests. In contrast, in the ecological protection scenario, forests and water areas were well-preserved, and the decrease in cultivated land and the increase in construction land were effectively suppressed, resulting in a large improvement in land use sustainability. Finally, in the cultivated land protection scenario, the cultivated land showed an increasing trend. The spread and expansion of construction land were effectively curbed. In conclusion, the Markov-FLUS model applied in this study to simulate land use in multiple scenarios has substantial implications for the effective utilization of land resources and the protection of the ecological environment in Hubei Province.

Развитие молочного скотоводства в Арктической зоне республик Карелия и Коми, Архангельской области: возможности и формы поддержки

The Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation is a region with special business support conditions. In 2020, it included the municipal districts of the republics of Karelia, Komi and the Arkhangelsk region, where dairy farming was a traditional activity. Since early 1990s, agriculture in these areas has been in a deep crisis and unable to overcome it. The analysis revealed a close relationship between the reduction in the number of cows and the decrease in the area of cultivated arable land in municipal districts. The number of cows decreased by 25 times in 3 regions, by 15 times in 5 regions, the areas under crops in all categories of farms — by 36 and 15 times, respectively. The shallow contour of the fields, the spread of agricultural land across the territory, the lack of a developed transport infrastructure in the Arctic zone do not allow realizing economies of scale and reducing costs through large investment projects, such as mega-complexes with a conveyor type of production being built in the central and Southern regions of Russia. Automation of production processes, digitalization of management increase productivity and quality, reduce resource intensity and operating costs. Mastering digital technologies for monitoring, modeling and control in operational management and planning increase the efficiency of using agro-climatic and natural potential, reduce production and investment risks. The regional specifics of fodder and milk production in the Northern regions determines the expediency of preferential support for the innovative development of dairy farming in small and medium-sized enterprises, family farms, which makes it necessary to improve the forms of state support for investments.

Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Monitoring Land Use Land Cover Change

This examination by utilizing GIS and Remote Sensing procedures to planning highlights of Al-Kutcity, Iraq from 2004 to 2014, in order to classify developments that has occurred between these periods. The using of satellite image (Quick bird satellite) with depending on remote detecting and GIS to identify Land Use/Land Cover change which is definedas the amount of the distinct information and current change data that can incite continuously touchable bits of information into basic strategies, including land spread and land use changes. The process of defining the Changes related to LULC properties called change detection and it’s referenced to Geo-registered high resolution. It is useful in many applications such as identification of land use changes, the amount of deforestation, urban extension, and other cumulative changes through spatial and historical analysis techniques. The dependable method briefly by data acquisition (satellite image with resolution 0.60 m) and geo-referenced with GCPs to produce a thematic map of feature classified and making the statistical analyzing.ARC map software help us to make this easy by depending on entering two types of data, first one is satellite image and second one is ground control points. This study shows a development in built-up land and expansion from 2004 to 2014, however in the city, land decreasing, which is due to the development and growth in it. Finally, the result shows the decreasing in waterbodies and waste land area with noticed increasing of using land. These progressions are mainly happening with uncontrolled urban growth.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA AS A FACTOR IN THE ECOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE DEGREE OF THE SOIL COVER OF THE REGION

The article dwells upon the economic development of the territory of the Northern Black Sea Coast, which in various ways affected the state and transformation of its soil cover. An overview of historical sources, which outlines the forms of public order, which determined the possibilities and necessity of using land resources. The relevance of the purposeful analysis of archaeological and historical periodization in the economic development of the studied territory was substantiated, comments on the actual material on the probability of certain impacts on the quality of soil cover were presented, the stages during which the state of the soil was influenced by certain factors of natural and anthropogenic origin, the author's assessment of the existing at that time, problems regarding changes in the extent of spread of cultivated land and changes in their quality.
 The conclusions determine the need to focus the concentration of research efforts on the establishment of correlations and the emergence of patterns of soil formation in the geomorphological environment, its transformation as a result of population growth, the diversity of economic use, and powerful melioration measures. The variety of tectonic patterns in the orographic and river network, the variability of stratigraphic and lithological complexes of soil forming species, significant differences in the geomorphological structure, complex combinations of significant areas of distribution of "background" genetic types of soils and local areas of the spread of colorful soil cover, as well as historically determined sequences of settlement of the region make up the range of analysis of the history of land use.
 The given historical excursion points to the need to focus research efforts on establishing relationships and deriving regularities of soil cover formation in the geomorphological environment, its transformation as a result of population growth, a variety of economic uses, and powerful reclamation measures. This region of modern Ukraine, in our opinion, can be interpreted as a key one for the entire Black Sea region, as it encompasses the set of tectonic, lithological and geomorphological features of the environment, other components of the environment, characteristic of the entire region, including the variety of tectonic regularities in the orography and river network, reliable and probable tectonic disturbances and areas of ascending and descending tectonic movements of weak activity, variegation of stratigraphic and lithological complexes with increased and decreased foundation of the inclined undulating and horizontal flat plain on Neogene deposits, significant differences in the geomorphological structure of individual territories of the Black Sea region, due to the presence of various morphological features, genetic types of relief, the time of formation of various geomorphological taxa and the intensity of modern geomorphological processes, significant areas of distribution of "background" genetic types of soils (mainly at the interfluves), and local areas of the distribution of variegated soil cover due to the significant role of the relief of the earth's surface, the historically determined sequence of settlement of the region and, accordingly, a different degree of economic activity, caused by a change in the nature of economic activity - from local around settlements and in the coastal zone, to regional, associated with the expansion of agricultural production and the development of irrigated agriculture.

Strategi Rintisan Pariwisata Terintegrasi dan Berkelanjutan di Kota Semarang

Gunungpati District has an ex-JSDF land area of 73.2 ha consisting of 67 parcels of land spread across 12 Sub-Districts. The ex-JSDF land area was originally a poverty alleviation program and critical land conservation in the City of Semarang in collaboration with the JSDF (Japanese Social Development Fund), Worldbank and the City Government of Semarang. The development of several ex-JSDF land locations has developed into agro-tourism areas such as those managed by the Agriculture Service in Cepoko Village. However, several other locations managed by farmer groups were abandoned and then experienced land conversion. So that the potential of the ex-JSDF in the region was identified to obtain a pilot strategy for sustainable tourism in the city of Semarang. The research was carried out by identifying tourist attractions and tourism development factors so that directions for developing integrated and sustainable tourism areas in Gunungpati District could be obtained. the results of the analysis of the suitability of cultivated land in the former JSDF land locations spread across 12 sub-districts, 11 of which have an S1 suitability class, namely its use is very suitable for cultivating fruit crops. Meanwhile, one other location, namely Sumurrejo Village, has a Masters degree of suitability (quite appropriate). In general, the limiting factors in the heavy research sites were soil texture and fertility which were in class S3. Another mild limiting factor is temperature and groundwater productivity which are in class S2. Sustainability analysis found that the level of sustainability of fruit cultivation on ex-JSDF land in the Gunungpati District area was in a less sustainable status, the resulting index value only reached 58.94. Integrated tourism development area in Kec. Gunungpati with the main tourism zones covering, 1) Agroeduwisata Kandri Tourism Village, 2) Kreo Cave & Jatibarang Reservoir, 3) Kandri Boat Tourism, 4) Ngrembel Asri, and 5) Firdaus Fatimah Zahra.

Multi-Scenario Simulation of Land Use and Landscape Ecological Risk Response Based on Planning Control.

This study applied territorial spatial planning control to a land use multi-scenario simulation in Changde, China, and measured the landscape ecological risk response. It embedded five planning control schemes, respectively, involving inertial development, urban expansion size quantity control, ecological spatial structure control, land use zoning control, and comprehensive control. Findings show that: (1) Woodland and arable land in Changde occupy 31.10% and 43.35% of land use, respectively, and constitute the main functional space of the research area. The scale of construction land in Changde has enlarged continuously, with ecological space represented by woodland and water constantly squeezed and occupied. (2) Comprehensive control has the most remarkable restraining effect on the disordered spread of construction land, while ecological space structure control is the most effective way to control ecological land shrinkage. (3) The overall landscape ecological risk index expanded over 2009-2018, presenting an S-type time evolution curve of "sharp increase-mitigation". Landscape ecological risk presents a single-core, double-layer circle structure with the north and east regions as the core, attenuating to the periphery. (4) Landscape ecological risk under land use zoning control increased significantly more than in other scenarios. Comprehensive control best prevented landscape ecological risk and restrained the disorderly expansion of construction land.

How olive mill wastewater could turn into valuable bionanoparticles in improving germination and soil bacteria

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a hazardous effluent due to large quantities of pollutant compounds, such as polyphenols. Land spreading of untreated OMW comes with severe toxicity on agricultural lands. Cleaning up OMW via the extraction of polyphenols was employed as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents to biosynthesize magnesium sulfide nanoparticles (MgS NPs). Detailed characterization spectroscopy analysis revealed the appearance of peaks at 439, 593, and 667 cm−1 confirming the synthesis of MgS NPs. In addition, XRD showed the characteristic peaks of MgS NPs with an average crystalline size of 86.3 nm. TEM and EDX confirmed the high purity of nanoparticles with irregular spherical shapes. For the first time, the biogenic MgS NPs were investigated in the germination of old pea (Pisum sativum L. var.) and soil bacteria. Results demonstrated positive efficacy in the germination growth promotion of seeds and bacterial growth. Machine learning classifiers suitable for our study were mentioned, and SVC performs showed the best with accuracy and an F1 score of 86 %. Further investigations are required to determine the efficacy of these nanoparticles in agriculture.

The Demarcation of Urban Development Boundary Based on the Maxent-CA Model: A Case Study of Wuxi in China

With the rapid development of urbanization, the demarcation of the urban development boundary (UDB) is of great practical significance to curb the disorderly spread of urban land, avoid losing control of urban development space, and build a barrier to green development space. In this paper, we propose a method to support the demarcation of the UDB by combining the Maxent model and the cellular automata (CA) model. This approach comprehensively considers the relationship between urban construction suitability, neighborhood effect, spatial constraint, and random interference based on a spatio-temporal dynamic simulation. This contributes to the analysis of the driving mechanism and distribution pattern of urban expansion. According to the principle of scale expansion and centralization, the simulation result is modified to demarcate the UDB. The following conclusions are drawn: the Maxent-CA model can intuitively reflect the driving mechanism and accurately simulate urban expansion in specific cities, which contributes to demarcating the UDB. Considering that this method fully embodies the principle of combining top-down and bottom-up approaches in the demarcation of UDB, we argue that the Maxent-CA model is of vital importance for the sustainable development of the living environment and is of great reference value for territorial spatial planning.

Evaluating land application of pulp and paper mill sludge: A review.

It is estimated that >400Mt of board and paper are produced globally per year, and that 4.3-40kg (dw) of sludge like material, pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS), is generated for every tonne of product. PPMS are now more widely reused in agriculture as a soil amendment due to their high organic content of 40-50% by weight, perceived low toxicity and possible liming capabilities. Within this review article historic and recent literature on PPMS land spreading are combined with knowledge of European and UK regulation to explore the benefits, potential impacts and viability of land spreading PPMS. The review reveals that risks relating to potential N immobilisation in soils post-application can be readily mitigated, if desired, by coapplication of an N source, or even pre-treatment of sludge via composting. The benefits to crops have been demonstrated emphatically, while negative ecological impacts under typical field application rates have not been observed to date. The case is therefore strong for continued land application of the material as an environmentally responsible and sustainable use option. However, there are currently gaps in the literature regarding longer-term implications of PPMS applications in agriculture and in regards to the possible presence of emerging contaminants in some PPMS materials, both of which have been identified as areas that merit further research.

A Laboratory evaluation of Paper mill waste in manufacturing of Clay Bricks

India has one of the world's fastest expanding pulp and paper markets. With a growth rate of more than 10% per year in terms of per-capita growth, The pulp and paper industry requires a lot of capital investment, energy, and water. A paper mill produces 40 to 50 kg of dry sludge (70 percent primary sludge and 30 percent secondary sludge) when 1 tonne of paper is produced. Most of this sludge is now disposed of by land spreading and filling, both of which involve high disposal costs. Pulp and paper industry is one of the most polluted industries in the world in general and India in particular. India produces 10.11 million tons paper per annum which is 2.6% of world’s overall production quantity of paper. This study present using paper mill waste as a component in the manufacture of burnt bricks as a possible route to environmentally friendly construction. This research report details the findings of an experimental investigation into the production of eco-friendly, bricks using soil and paper mills. This research exhibits some increased compressive strength in mix of papermill waste.

Fate of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in wastewater treatment sludge during storage and thermophilic anaerobic digestion

Since the COVID-19 outbreak has started in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been widely detected in human stools and in urban wastewater. No infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles have been detected in raw wastewater until now, but it has been reported occasionally in human stools. This has raised questions on the fate of SARS-CoV-2 during wastewater treatment and notably in its end-product, wastewater treatment sludge, which is classically valorized by land spreading for agricultural amendment. In the present work, we focused on SARS-CoV-2 stability in wastewater treatment sludge, either during storage (4 °C, room temperature) or thermophilic anaerobic digestion (50 °C). Anaerobic digestion is one of the possible processes for sludge valorization. Experiments were conducted in laboratory pilots; SARS-CoV-2 detection was based on RT-quantitative PCR or RT-digital droplet PCR. In addition to SARS-CoV-2, Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) particles were used as surrogate virus. The RNA from SARS-CoV-2 particles, inactivated or not, was close to the detection limit but stable in wastewater treatment sludge, over the whole duration of the assays at 4 °C (55 days) and at ambient temperature (∼20 °C, 25 days). By contrast, the RNA levels of BCoV and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 particles decreased rapidly during the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of wastewater treatment sludge lasting for 5 days, with final levels that were close to the detection limit. Although the particles’ infectivity was not assessed, these results suggest that thermophilic anaerobic digestion is a suitable process for sludge sanitation, consistent with previous knowledge on other coronaviruses.

Waqf Optimization in Aceh Province

Aceh is noted to have extensive waqf land spread over 16,560 districts and cities with an area of ​​8,902.33 ha. Unfortunately, Aceh's waqf resources are relatively passive and have not been utilized optimally. Aceh even ranks as the poorest province in Sumatra, according to a release issued by BPS in 2020. Various waqf problems make the existing potential not adequately managed, even though if optimized, the benefits will be huge for the people of Aceh. For this reason, this study aims to investigate further waqf in Aceh Province so that it can be more optimal in its management and help improve the economy of the Acehnese people. This study uses a qualitative method where the data comes from a literature study obtained from good books, journals, articles, and websites. The results of this study indicate that the optimization of waqf in Aceh can work if stakeholders can improve overall community literacy, certify waqf land, provide guidance to waqf nadzir and make institutional improvements. With the advancement of these four things, it is believed that the potential of waqf in Aceh can be optimized and more productive to bring economic change to the people of Aceh.

Anaerobic co-digestion of dissolved air floatation slurry and selenium rich wastewater for simultaneous methane production and selenium bioremediation

The energy potential of dissolved air floatation (DAF) slurry, a lipid-rich waste, is largely disregarded with the common practice of land spreading or landfilling. On the other hand, selenium (Se) contaminated wastewaters are perceived as unsuitable feedstocks because of their toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the anaerobic co-digestion performance of a DAF slurry with Se rich wastewater using anaerobic granular sludge and waste activated sludge as the inocula. Anaerobic batch assays of DAF slurry supplemented with 0.05, 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mM selenate (SeO42−) and selenite (SeO32−), along with a control (without Se) were performed at 30 °C. Methanogenesis of the DAF slurry using anaerobic granular sludge was realised during co-digestion up to 0.50 mM SeO42−, whereas SeO32− was already toxic from 0.05 mM onwards. Co-digestion of the DAF slurry with 0.05 and 0.10 mM Se oxyanions (both selenate and selenite) containing wastewater using waste activated sludge achieved a similar cumulative methane yield of about 180 mL/g COD as that of mono-digestion (Se free DAF slurry) after 65 days of incubation. Simultaneously, more than 90% removal of Se was accomplished. The lag phase duration was, however, extended by 50 and 90% in the presence of 0.05 and 0.10 mM Se, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for methane production using waste activated sludge was 0.08 mM for SeO42− and 0.07 mM for SeO32−. The IC50 amounted to 2.10 mM for SeO42− and 0.08 mM for SeO32− with anaerobic granular sludge. SeO42− and SeO32− were reduced to elemental Se nanoparticles, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. This study indicates the feasibility of methane production from a DAF slurry, codigested with wastewaters containing up to 0.10 mM SeO42− or SeO32−.