Types Of Landowners Research Articles

Smallholders' perspectives, motivations, and incentives for restoring the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Ecosystem restoration, recognized as a critical strategy for climate change adaptation and mitigation, faces significant challenges in achieving widespread implementation. A particular facet of this challenge lies in the active involvement of rural landowners. Our study aimed to understand rural landowners' perspectives, motivations, and characteristics that influence their participation in restoration projects in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Qualitative content analysis was conducted on 68 semi‐structured interviews with two groups of landowners: 36 who received support and 32 who did not receive project support from a local non‐governmental organization to restore native forests on their landholdings. Approximately three‐quarters of the sample are classified as smallholders (<80 ha). The main difference between the two groups is the dependence on agricultural production as the main source of income, with 22% of farmers in the supported group and 72% in the unsupported group. This socio‐economic characteristic appeared to influence the decision to restore native forest. Farmers' focus tends to be linked to rural production, and the main obstacle to restoration was the loss of productive land. They usually allow natural forest regeneration to establish on slopes. The other type of landowner (lifestylers) mainly restored land through planting of seedlings, with the main barrier being the cost of restoration. Both groups had water conservation as their main motivation for restoration. Our study shows that understanding the perspectives and motivations of the diversity of rural landowners is crucial to effectively engage them and address the socio‐economic feasibility of different restoration approaches.

Who rents out the land? Agrarian capital accumulation and lessor landowners in South America: The case of Uruguay

AbstractThis article studies the connections between lessor landowners, land grabbing and land financialization in contemporary capital accumulation. Drawing upon extensive empirical research conducted in Uruguay, which combined database analysis and in‐depth interviews, the paper provides key insights to understand why land leasing has become a central strategy of ground rent appropriation among different types of landowners at the beginning of the 21st century. Our main results show that the leasing strategy is a combination of tenant‐capitalists' expansion, social differentiation and demographic processes of the small landowning capitals displaced from production that rent out their lands, the process of land financialization through large institutional investors, which deploy a land banking strategy, and the optimization of land exploitation among landowner‐capitalists. Moreover, our results highlight the importance of prioritising the study of landowners as a class in itself and the different forms of ground rent appropriation.

Impacts on Rural Community Development and Governance by Different Land Ownership: A Comparative Study Based on Two Villages in China

AbstractThe capability of rural community governance is significantly impacted by the different types of land ownership when capital investment in rural tourism to achieve rural revitalisation. The outcomes of which profoundly affect sustainable rural development. This study, by utilising a theoretical framework using double movement theory, aims to assess the impacts on rural community governance by two different land ownership models, the Enterprise-based Model (EBM) and the Community-based Model (CBM), in the process of capital flow to the countryside (CFC). Case studies of the two villages were adopted to examine and explore the logic of interaction between stakeholders and reveal the internal mechanism of rural community governance. The results of this research indicate that the CBM has considerable advantages over the EBM. In the CBM, the village collective retains land ownership without fully marketising, which allows villagers to maintain their bargaining power with investors whilst increasing their local awareness. In the EBM, however, the local government promotes the conversion of land ownership. The villagers benefit more from one-time acquisition but lose sustainable benefits created by local development. Stakeholders call for the need to create a development model beyond the market economy by maintaining China's rural land system in the process of CFC. In this regard, this paper provides an original contribution.

Water resource management and land tenure on allotted and tribal lands

Historical land tenure policies often prevent tribal members from accessing and managing resources on lands to which they hold allotment titles. Tribal trust landowners continue to experience challenges in applying long-contested water resource rights for beneficial use on their land. This study examines the relationship between land tenure and water resource management in tribal lands. Conflicts arising from diverse land ownership types and the implications of water rights management of tribal trust and non-tribal assets are analyzed. Watershed analyses of landownership types are performed to provide a comprehensive picture of the extent of tribal control and management of water resources. These analyses provide an estimate of land within the reservation boundary not controlled by the tribe, thus highlighting the restrictions that such land presents for tribal resource management. To further detail the potential impact of these restrictions, the land tenure of the tribal land base is outlined, including the percentage of tribal trust, fee, or non-trust land types, with the goal of specifically addressing the potential limitations on water resource usage for allottee landowners on Crow tribal lands. Using highly fractionated lands as a proxy for idle lands, 33% of tribal trust lands were estimated to be precluded from water resource management. The convergence of large-fee land and fractionated idle land is identified as alienated land. The primary waterway basins consist of over 60% fee and idle land as alienated land. Fee and non-trust lands are subject to state control over water rights, and the reserved rights associated with idle allotted land are inaccessible to the tribal management authority. This leaves allottee landowners unable to use and manage their land and related water resources. The key to effectively managing tribal water resources is to ensure that all landowners have the means to participate in resource management.

Technical and scale efficiencies of the salinity-induced rice production system in the western coastal region of the Mekong delta, Vietnam

Salinity events make Mekong delta’s rice production change significantly. In the salinity-impacted regions, shrimp-rice production is a possibility besides the traditional rice models. This paper aims to assess the economic efficiency of rice-based farms in the Mekong delta in the context of salinity-induced hazards. The random sample is collected from 254 rice-based farms in 28 villages in 24 districts in the western coastal region in the Mekong delta. The method of Data Envelopment Analysis and OLS and Tobit regression estimations are used to measure the economic efficiency and identify the determinants of the technical and scale efficiencies respectively. The findings show that the average overall efficiencies for the technical efficiency and the scale efficiency are 0.642 and 0.848 respectively, implying that substantial inefficiencies occur in farming practices in the Mekong delta. It indicates that there is still potential for improving the economic efficiency of rice-based system. The findings also show that, statistically significantly, the land ownership and the area are the determinants of the economic profit; the irrigation system, saltwater drains, salinity impact, are the determinants of the economic irrigated water use; the land ownership status, the area, and type of seed are the determinants of the technical efficiency; and the gender, age, education level, irrigation system, saltwater drains, area, type of seed, and numbers of fertilizing and weeding are the determinants of the scale efficiency

Various types of land ownership used by organizations and citizens for agricultural production

This article considers some negative aspects in the field of agricultural land use and land relations, requiring the targeted measures to correct these trends and eliminate possible negative impact.

Assessing species at risk legislation across Canadian provinces and territories

Canada’s provinces and territories govern species at risk across most of Canada, with the federal Species at Risk Act generally covering only aquatic species, migratory birds, and species living on federal land. More than a decade after a 2012 report by the environmental law charity Ecojustice on species at risk protection in Canada, we use the same criteria to evaluate the current state of provincial and territorial species at risk legislation, and we provide updates on changes in each jurisdiction since 2012. These criteria are as follows: whether at-risk species are being identified, whether these species are being protected, whether their habitat is being protected, and whether species recovery plans are being created and implemented. We find that there is considerable variation across jurisdictions, with shortcomings that result in inadequate protections for at-risk species, as well as strong components that should be adopted by all jurisdictions. We recommend seven key areas for improvement: dedicated and harmonized legislation, limited discretionary power, increased embrace of scientific and Indigenous knowledge, appropriate timelines for actions, reasonable exemptions to protections, habitat protection across land ownership types, and transparency throughout the process. We urge policymakers to address current shortcomings as they work toward meeting Canada’s biodiversity conservation commitments.

Factors influencing the creation of high-impact oil and gas geophysical seismic cutlines in an ecologically-sensitive landscape in northeastern British Columbia, Canada

Oil and gas (OG) resource extraction has adverse impacts on landscapes despite the socio-economic benefits that trickle down to society. Whereas many recent studies have focused on direct landscape change from OG activities, this study focuses on factors associated with the creation of high-impact OG seismic cutlines, geophysical survey paths that have widths of more than 5.5 m. Using geographic information systems and a spatially-explicit logistic regression framework, we model the relationship between high-impact seismic cutlines and associated explanatory variables (e.g., seismic cutline type, land ownership type, etc.) by drawing on political ecology perspectives. The study finds that mechanically-cut seismic cutlines are 514.34 times significantly more likely to be high-impact seismic cutlines as compared to hand-cut seismic cutlines. We find that seismic cutlines found on private land are 0.05 times significantly less likely to be high-impact type as compared to those found on crown (public) land. These findings suggest that societal land use decisions and preferences are likely to influence the creation of spaces for different levels of OG land user–environment interactions. Thus, land use managers are presented with unique land use challenges that require environmental management strategies for dealing with the impacts of OG activities on the environment.

The Status and Stock of Soil Nutrients under Different Land Ownership Management of Rice Fields in Kuranji District Padang West Sumatra

This study aims to determine the status and stock of soil nutrients in three types of land ownership management. This research was conducted on smallholder farmers (SF), tenant farmers (TF), and owner farmers (OF) in Kuranji District, Padang, West Sumatra, and at the Soil Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University from March to September 2022. The range of nutrient status in the three types of land ownership is 0.06-0.35% C-organic and 0.06-0.13% N. The concentration ranges of Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, and Si, respectively, were 0.52-0.79; 0.58-1.34; 0.07-0.12; 0.03-0.09 cmol.kg-1and 2.52-12.7; 31.73- 49.33 ppm. The results showed that each management type’s status of organic carbon in soil was deficient. This result was presumably due to miss management of straws. The highest concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, and Na were found in smallholder farmers’ fields (SF), while the lowest concentrations were found in tenant farmers’ fields (TF). The stock of soil nutrients shows a similar trend to the nutrient status of the soil. The dose of fertilizer by SF and TF was 129.5 kg/ha N; 37.5 kg/ha P2O5; 37.7 kg/ha K2O, while OF is 176 kg/ha N, 65 kg/ha P2O5, 45 kg/ha K2O. The soil nutrient status among the farmer groups is not significantly related to the amount of fertilizer application. It is recommended to give a dose of fertilizer following the recommendations that have been set and balanced with the proper management of remaining straw after harvest for sustainable soil fertility and agriculture production.

Can colonial institutions explain differences in labour returns? Evidence from rural colonial India

AbstractThis paper studies the relationship between land revenue systems and returns to agricultural labour in colonial India. I provide the first district‐level comparative estimates of agricultural labour returns relative to average income, on the basis of wage/income ratios for 1916. I then use those estimates to analyse the impact of the land revenue systems established by the British colonial authorities. Results show that districts with a larger proportion of non‐landlord land revenue systems presented higher relative wages, closer to the average income. This effect was mainly driven by differences in land concentration connected to the type of landownership introduced by land revenue systems.

Urbanization, Land Scarcity and Urban Farmers’ Mobility: Evidence from Ghana

This study assessed how urban farmers survive land scarcity challenges in the midst of rapid urbanization in a developing country such as Ghana. As land scarcity becomes more pronounced in urban areas, farmers struggle to find a place to farm within the urban space but the numerous opportunities that come with farming within the city still inspires them to find spare lands and open spaces in the city to farm. Therefore, the study examined the factors that influence urban farmers’ mobility with respect to farmland in the midst of intense land scarcity. Reponses from 251 farmers were analyzed with both Tobit and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Land situation factors such as land ownership type, land scarcity challenges, and size of land were found to be associated with farmers’ mobility. Farm characteristics such as level of market benefits, intensity of vegetable production, and level of technology were also associated with farmers’ mobility within the city. Personal characteristics such as age, level of education, level of farmer engagement, and marital status also played a role. This implies urban farming sustainability requires conscious government efforts to include urban agriculture in its spatial planning decisions since there are numerous opportunities for farming within the city.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Berdasarkan Status Penguasaan Lahan di Kecamatan Grabag Kabupaten Purworejo

Rice production in Grabag District has relatively increased even though the harvested area has decreased. High production does not guarantee that the income received by farmers is also high. Rice productivity in Grabag District has not yet reached optimal productivity. Meanwhile, based on land tenure status, rice farmers affect the level of income. The purpose of this study was to analyze how much the income of rice farmers in the District of Grabag based on land tenure status. The analytical method used in this research is descriptive analysis, analysis of farm income and R/C ratio, and ANOVA difference test. The results of the analysis show that rice farming in the Grabag District is financially and economically profitable based on the type of land ownership. The largest income is received by farmers with their own land ownership status. One of the biggest cost component factors is the use of labor (TKLK) so that reducing the number of workers needs to be considered in rice farming in Grabag District.

Factors influencing cassava farmers’ choice of climate change adaption practices and its effect on cassava productivity in Nigeria

This study examined the socio-economic factors influencing choice of climate change adaptation practices and the effects of these practices on cassava productivity in Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, structured questionnaire was used to survey 100 cassava farmers. The result was analyzed with a multivariate probit and generalized linear regression models. The result showed male dominance (78%) in cassava farming and the mean age of the cassava farmers was 45.46 ± 9.36 years. About 66% of the farmers belonged to cooperative associations and 67% had access to credit facilities. The multivariate model revealed that age of farmers, gender, education qualification, primary occupation, total income, membership of cooperative associations, farming objectives, farming experience, access to extension visit, access to credit, type of land ownership, farm size and climatic conditions significantly influenced choice of climate change adaptation practices among cassava farmers. The generalized linear model identified farming system, multiple crop types/improved crop varieties used, crop diversification, organic manuring, multiple planting dates, use of alternate fallowing, education and credit access to significantly affect cassava productivity. The study concluded that, eco-friendly methods for adapting to climate change increase cassava productivity. Thus, cassava farmers should be trained on the use of best climate change adaptation practices that can boost cassava productivity. In order to practice climate smart farming, it is important to stress the usage of organic manure and alternate fallowing.

Timber harvest and wildfires drive long-term habitat dynamics for an arboreal rodent

Animals dependent on old, closed-canopy forests may be particularly sensitive to forest disturbances, such as timber harvest and high-severity fires, that may take centuries to recover from. Tracking habitat trends can provide broader context to conservation decisions, including the role of forest disturbance type. We assessed habitat dynamics across the range of the red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus), a canopy-obligate rodent with low-mobility that typically occurs in old forests. We developed and applied a red tree vole habitat model to imagery data each year across 37 years (1986–2022). We quantified changes in habitat across four regions that differed by land ownership and dominant disturbance type. Overall, habitat declined 18 % since implementation of a major conservation initiative (1994–2022). Habitat change was highest in the northern coast (65 %) where timber harvest was the most common disturbance. Within interior regions, several large wildfires in the previous two decades correlated with a 15 % decline of habitat on federal lands, particularly at the northern range periphery where tree voles were already scarce due to historic disturbances. Recruitment of old forest and subsequent recolonization by red tree voles and other low mobility species after high-severity disturbance can take centuries whereas old forest loss can happen rapidly. Given their strong association with old forest, scarcity within historic disturbance footprints, and relatively limited geographic range, we anticipate red tree voles will remain a species of conservation concern.

Influencing Factors for Involvement of Rural Women in Agriculture and Allied Sectors- Micro Study in Bihar

More than 60% of the population works in agriculture, which is the economic backbone of India. About half of the population is women, and in developing nations like India, their contributions are vital. Prior to improving the status of women, a nation cannot prosper. The majority of households in rural areas of the nation have no other source of income; 70% of these households are dependent on agriculture and sectors that are related to it. In rural India, women play a crucial role. Their effects can be seen throughout the entire agricultural sector, including crop growing, the production of fruits and vegetables, and other associated operations. Caste, education, annual income, housing type, type of land ownership, and interactions with extension workers were shown to be positively significant at the 1% level of agriculture involvement, whereas age was found to be adversely significant at the 5% level. The data showed that the top three restrictions on the farm women's experimentation were found to be a lack of money, a lack of land ownership, and a lack of education.

Terminology of Land Ownership and Types of Settlements in the Oikonymy of Belozerye

This article discusses the names of settlements in Belozerye, including designations of settlement types (выселок, городок, двор, мыза, погост, починок, слобода, усадьба, хутор), several terms with the suffix -ище (дворище, городище, погостище, селище, усадище, etc.), denoting places of former settlements, and some definitions characterising the ownership status of lands (казённый, монастырский, барский, боярский, княжий). In addition, the author examines the issue of the use of terms under consideration naming the types of settlements as a designation of the type of object in the official lists of settlements and in the speech of residents. The study refers to data from the lists of settlements of Olonets (1905) and Novgorod (1911–1912) provinces, and for the later period, to data from field collections of the Toponymic Expedition of the Ural University of the 1960s–2010s. The difference in the toponymic use of certain terms of land ownership is mainly explained by the peculiarities of the settlement of the territory and the existing types of land ownership (this is especially typical of the characterising names: казенный, монастырский, княжий, etc.). The designations of settlement types turn out to be less dependent on the established land tenure practices and more susceptible to subsequent administrative regulation, although certain historical patterns can be traced here: the terms городок and городище mark the sites of archaeologically confirmed and documented medieval fortified settlements; the Novgorod toponymic models Большой Двор and Великий Двор make it possible to clarify the zone of Novgorod development of the territory and delimit it from the more eastern Rostov-Suzdal. The term погост is most widely represented on the territory of the former Novgorod pyatinas which inherited the Old Russian system of pogosts; the appearance of the term хутор in Belozerye is clearly connected with the Stolypin reform, although it was known in other Great Russian territories before that time.

Topsoil Carbon Stocks in Urban Greenspaces of The Hague, the Netherlands

Urbanization influences soil carbon (C) stocks and flows, which, in turn, affect soil-derived ecosystem services. This paper explores soil C storage in urban greenspaces in the Dutch city of The Hague along a transect from the suburban seaside towards the city centre, reflecting a toposequence from dune to peaty inland soils. C storage and C mineralisation potential were evaluated in relation to soil type and greenspace categories. Several soil-quality characteristics were measured, including dissolved organic C, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium carbonate, and the water-holding capacity of the soil to evaluate what drives soil C storage in the urban context. The total SOC storage of the upper 30 cm of the greenspaces in The Hague (20.8 km2 with 37% greenspace) was estimated at 78.4 kt, which was significantly higher than assumed given their soil types. Degradability of soil organic matter in laboratory batch tests varied between 0.2 and 3 mg C gSOC−1 day−1. Degradability was highest in the seaside dune soils; however, extrapolated to the topsoil using the bulk density, topsoil C mineralization was higher in the urban forest. Soils beneath shrubs appeared to be hotspots for C storage, accounting for only 13% of the aerial cover but reflecting 24% of the total C storage. Land ownership, land use, greenspaces size, litter management and soil type did not result in significantly different C stocks, suggesting that processes driving urban soil C storage are controlled by different factors, namely land cover and the urbanization extent.

Adult white‐tailed deer survival in hunted populations on public and private lands

AbstractEstimates of sex‐ and age‐specific survival are important for guiding population management decisions for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). However, differences in deer survival between public and private lands can exist and, if unaccounted for, may affect wildlife agencies' ability to effectively manage statewide and local deer populations. From 2014 to 2016, we radiocollared and monitored survival of 79 adult white‐tailed deer (141 deer‐years; 62 male, 79 female) on 2 public and 2 private properties in Alabama, USA. We assessed the effects of sex, age, and landownership type (i.e., public or private) on adult white‐tailed deer harvest and survival patterns using an information‐theoretic approach. Hunter harvest accounted for 77% of observed mortalities (n = 23/30), but harvest and survival rates varied by sex and age. Harvest and survival were similar between public and private property despite more restrictive hunting regulations for antlered deer on public areas. Similar harvest rates were likely due to self‐imposed, quality deer management (QDM) harvest strategies on private land that emulated the effects of a state‐mandated antler point restriction (APR) on public land. Our findings indicate survival rates of adult white‐tailed deer may be applicable across landownership types where state‐mandated harvest regulations with respect to males are more restrictive on public than private property, due to the popularity of QDM by private‐land deer hunters. However, where regulations are similar across landownership types (e.g., no state‐mandated APR), differences in harvest and survival rates may exist.

Land tenure system and harvesting time’s influence on the marketing behaviour of cashew farmers in the Bono Region of Ghana

This study investigated the land tenure system, harvesting time and marketing behaviour of cashew farmers in Ghana. Primary data was compiled from 120 cashew farmers, and the multinomial probit was used to assess the determinants of cashew marketing outlets. Types of land ownership (tenure system) for cashew production in Ghana were leasehold, stool, family, state and customary lands. The sales of cashew nuts to buying companies and/or exporters is positively influenced by the land tenure system, good road network, weekly harvest, contract agreements and grading of cashew nuts. Conversely, the experience of farmers coupled with less than one week of harvesting influences the choice of brokers' outlet. The result implies that, cashew cultivation on stool land, likewise harvesting time increases the probability of selling to buying companies and exporters who offered higher margins compared with brokers. Consequently, generic land reform for the whole country to enhance agribusinesses may be important but unnecessary. It is also suggested that the customary land arrangement provided the opportunity to sell to a profitable marketing outlet, it is suggested that Government and NGOs should rather be interested in strengthening the current customary land regime and consultatively recommend for review where necessary in the study areas.

The interaction between administrative jurisdiction and disturbance on public lands: Emerging socioecological feedbacks and dynamics.

Disturbance is one of the fundamental shapers of ecological communities, redistributing resources and resetting successional pathways. Human activities including resources management can influence disturbance regimes and trajectories by actively imposing or suppressing disturbance events or shaping ecosystem recovery via disturbance response. Furthermore, different management objectives may drive different disturbance responses. This suggests that the management jurisdiction to which a land parcel is assigned is likely to influence disturbance management and therefore ecological conditions within that parcel. Here, we combined two exploratory approaches to investigate this linkage. First, we used a systematic literature review to develop a typology of reported disturbance response types and strategies by federal land management agencies in the US. Second, we used Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plot data in five multi-jurisdictional ecosystems containing national parks to investigate the relationship between land ownership and large disturbance occurrence and between disturbance and tree growth rate. We found that agencies vary in the diversity of disturbance response tactics they are reported to employ, and disturbance types vary in the diversity of responses reported in the literature. Disturbance occurrence varied by land ownership type across the FIA dataset, and the direction of tree growth rate was influenced by the interaction between ownership type and disturbance occurrence in two of five examined ecosystems. Although our mixed methods approach was purely exploratory and not mechanistic, our findings suggest that disturbance response is one possible route by which management regimes may influence ecological conditions. Efforts to understand and predict ecological heterogeneity across large landscapes must consider variation in the social system as a potential contributor to such patterns.