Land Ownership Reform Research Articles

Политико-правовое обоснование введения ограничений права собственности на земельные участки в различных сферах деятельности

In the context of land ownership reform, the formation of different ownership, individual approaches to the use of natural resources and the property complex has become a priority. At the same time, in all cases, the function of determining ownership is of particular importance and it plays an important role in the formation of effective land and property relations in the urban economy and in other areas of activity. This article discusses the political and legal justification for the introduction of restrictions on the right of land ownership, including the establishment of easements, public easements, zones with special conditions for the seizure of territories, the seizure of lands for state and municipal needs.

THE ROLE OF LEASING IN THE SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF RURAL AREAS

The article highlights the problem of the development and territorial organization of rural areas and the optimization of their population, which has become relevant after the reform of land ownership, the introduction of private ownership of land and free enterprise in rural economic space. The issues of complex development of rural territories are considered, features and character of new forms of business activities, in particular leasing, in this process are determined. The role and significance of leasing activities in ensuring the efficiency of agro-industrial production, development of rural areas, creation of normal living conditions for the rural population are revealed. It is noted that leasing has become possible because the current tax system allows to manipulate the tax conditions of doing business. During leasing, the contractual relationship of purchase and sale on credit is replaced by a lease agreement and thus the tax essence of the transaction is realized.Today, leasing of agricultural machinery as a basis for the operation of highly efficient farms is a simple and effective financial scheme that combines the owner of financial capital with the manufacturer, where rural machinery is provided on credit with relatively soft payment terms. Economic advantages of leasing are the following: the availability of the purchase of any equipment of domestic and foreign production of a certain value without down payment; high flexibility, which allows to quickly respond to changes in market infrastructure when purchasing equipment; a wide range of services after the purchase of equipment; financial lease payments that help to stabilize financial plans, etc. It is necessary to form a mechanism to support agro-leasing, where the main functions should be entrusted to state and local authorities and include: determining the real support of farmers and investment in production; implementation of a stable mechanism of resource support for leasing of agricultural equipment; providing legal conditions to support agro-leasing regional markets. All this, along with the creation of the Leasing Fund, will help to increase the efficiency of agro-industrial production of rural areas, economic prosperity and ultimately – improve the quality of life of rural residents, increase their welfare.It is noted that the formation of leasing relations in agro-industrial production will allow to solve the problems of further intensification of the investment process, renewal of production capital, production of competitive products, replenishment of the budget and further stabilization of the economy.

Land Ownership Reform in Islam

This article shows that Islam has laid the foundations of agrarian law reform or land reform, from the oppressive and exploitative pre-Islamic system of land ownership towards the fair, equitable and humanist-religious-based distribution of land ownership. The purpose of agrarian reform cannot be separated from the objectives of the law in general, that is to create justice, expediency and law certainty which describe the legal values either juridical, sociological or philosophical. To explain the idea of agrarian reform in Islamic law, there are some discussions proving the existence of the notion of land ownership reform in terms of the process of land right ownership and patterns of land distribution by the State based on the historical data, especially early history of Islam. Shifting paradigm from the feudalist pre-Islamic ownership system to the communalist-religious Islamic ownership system under the single authority of the head of state on the basis of the principle of fairness rests on the spirit to realize the ideals of public benefit.

Justification of the essence of forest ecosystems as natural objects of property rights of the Ukrainian people

This article considers the challenges of using and protecting forest ecosystems as natural objects of Ukrainian property rights. It has been proved that as a result of unsystematic nature use and neglect of constitutional requirements, in Ukraine there is a significant decrease in the level not only of forest productivity, but also deterioration of the environment. The directions of the land ownership reform and its natural resources and management approaches in forest ecosystems through the prism of the national interests of Ukraine have been proposed.

Fruit-Growing in Latvia – Industry and Science

Abstract In all times, fruit trees for family use have been grown at Latvian farms. Yet these fruits obtained market value only after the land ownership reform in 19th century. This facilitated rapid area increase of different fruit crops, allowing supply with fruits not only the local market, but also for export to the largest cities of Russia. Especially fast development of fruit-growing was observed during the first independent republic (1919–1940). The demand for planting material increased, and plants were imported from Western Europe. Choice of unsuitable cultivars and rootstocks was the main reason of the massive orchard area loss during the following severe winters. After the Second World War, the Soviet powers supported only the establishment of large orchards for processing needs, 200-300 ha, which were unsuitable for the Latvian climate and terrain. At the same time, numbers of allotment gardens rapidly increased and part of their produce was sold also on the market. After regaining of independence and private property, interest in fresh fruit and berry production for market, as well as processing, renewed. It was hindered by lack of continuity in experience and knowledge. Diversity of terrain, soils and climate all demand considerate choice of suitable orchard location and cultivars. Direct use of foreign experience often led to failure. At present, development of the fruit industry is most of all hindered by lack of qualified specialists of different levels, which does not allow to establish an appropriate consulting system. Cooperation of growers for easier marketing also is developing too slowly. Insufficient economic and market research does not allow to balance the demand with increase of plantation area, especially for large-scale processing and export, so strategic guidance of the fruit industry is not possible. Development of fruit-growing is hindered also by a lack of continuous long-term support to horticultural science. As a result of research by the Institute of Horticulture: 1) new local breeding fruit crop cultivars were obtained and recommended for commercial orchards; variety testing including growing technologies was initiated in different regions of Latvia; 2) monitoring of harmful and favourable organisms was conducted in plantations, with development of a system for prognosis and control; and 3) research results were transferred to growers through practical recommendations, publications, seminars and demonstrations.

"The Agricultural Cooperation Role Within The Relation Between Producer And Consumer Of Information "

The collapse of the communist regime in Romania, in December 1989,determined, at a very short time, the disappearance of the co-operative sector, once Law 18(Land Law) was enforced in February 1991, which initiated the land ownership reform. Inthis context, the re-activation or more concretely, the reconfiguration of a new co-operativesector in full process of recognition and reconstitution of the private land ownership seemedimpossible to achieve.

Rural land ownership reform in China’s property law

With regard to rural land ownership, there exist many problems, such as absence of the subject of right, ambiguity of the definition of right quality, and imperfection of the taking system. To perfect the rural land ownership system in China, we should continuously take villagers’ groups and villages as the subject of collective ownership and affirm the right of the members of collective organizations. In order to promote the development of the rural economy and realize the value of land, the contractual management right should be deemed as a property right and allowed to be transferred. The transferability of collective land ownership should be gradually established and the process of taking should be further normalized. Meanwhile, the farmers must receive sufficient compensation. The house site usage right is a special form of right of usufruct. To follow the principle that property should be made best use of, the house site usage right should also be transferable.

China's New Forest Policy

China's New Forest Policy

Henry George and Europe

Abstract. Michael Flürscheim, an industrialist, sought in 1885 to organize in Germany a society of land reformers. Only 20 responded to his call. Soon afterwards two journalists, did respond and organized a group called the Land League. It disbanded in 1887. A. T. Stamm, who had previously tried to start an organization he called “The Society for Humanism,” then sought to form a society, “The All‐Weal Union.” These efforts came to naught until Flürscheim launched in Frankfort the “German Union for Land Ownership Reform.” It gained 600 members. It was called by a government official, Wilhelm Schrameier, himself a land reformer, “a small sect.” But these educational efforts convinced officials of the imperial government and navy of the usefulness of the land value tax for ending land speculation and provided for 16 years a practical demonstration of that in a large colonial territory, Kiaochow, China.

Agrarian world market and Finnish farm economy

Abstract The development of agriculture in Finland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries — i.e. towards the end of the period of Autonomy, when Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire — has been the subject of a great deal of attention in economic and social history studies. This transition period has, however, been mainly treated from the point of view of politics and legislation: whether the land ownership reform was necessary, how it was carried out and whether it was successful or not. Thus the social crisis in rural Finland at the turn of the century has been perceived as a result of an unequal distribution of land ownership, as a battle between two rural population groups: those who owned land and those who did not. The students of the era have been especially interested in one layer of the rural population strata, the crofters. These were small leaseholders, tenant farmers who paid their rent mainly in labour.