Land Infrastructure Research Articles

Typology Model Based Building and Land Infrastructure Structure Organization and Duties Bali Area Police

Polsek was a police station in the district that provides police services to the community. There are four types of Polsek, namely A, B, C, and D. Polsek in the Bali Area are 58 with types B and C. Polsek is expected to have adequate supporting infrastructure such as Integrated Police Service Center rooms, facilities for the disabled, children's playgrounds, breastfeeding rooms, detention cells, and parking, open spaces. However, the land area is only sometimes adequate. The analysis used interview methods, observation, literature studies, and SWOT analysis. The results show that Polsek's need for land Type B is 631.54 m2, and Type C is 377.14 m2. The SWOT analysis was in the strength and threat quadrant, so a policy is needed to evenly distribute the development of each Polsek type B and C, starting from land acquisition by the main tasks and functions of the police in serving the community.

Comparative Performance Analysis of Türkiye's Land Management System Using SWOT Analysis Method

With sustainability and digitalization, countries are urgently conducting technical studies as well as legal and economicstudies in land management. In this study, land management models developed by 12 countries with different landmanagement systems were analyzed according to the qualitative research method. The data obtained by the selectedcountries have been examined under these headings: land management, registered data, legal side, technicalinstitutions, digitalization studies and technical models. Comparison tables of the countries were created under thedetermined headings. In addition, a comparison table was created by examining the land management data modelsdeveloped by the countries. The performance analysis of the land management studies in Türkiye (In terms of Planning,Cadastre, Land Infrastructure, Real Estate Valuation) has been made by using the SWOT Analysis method of evaluationof these countries. The strengths and weaknesses of Türkiye's land management system were evaluated as a result ofthe analysis.

Tuna: Investigations of value addition and potential EU investments in tuna fisheries in Africa

This research studies investment opportunities within the tuna fish pole and line fishery by the coast of the African Atlantic Façade (mainly SW–Senegal), and the associated value chains. Also, a section is dedicated to investigating the specific case of investment of French capital in tuna fisheries in Seychelles in the Indian Ocean. The investigation was conducted under the FarFish project, which overarching objective is to provide knowledge, tools and methods to support responsible, sustainable and profitable EU fisheries outside European waters, both within the jurisdiction (EEZ) of non-EU coastal states as well as in international waters/high seas. In order to achieve this, the aim of this research is to identify, study and potentially recommend investment opportunities for EU operators within some of the project’s case study countries. The investigations done into tuna fisheries were based on interviews with relevant stakeholders, including shipowners and key personnel from public bodies and institutions both in West Africa and Europe (see Appendix A for the list of stakeholders consulted). In addition, most of the data presented in this section was acquired from DG-Mare in a non-public dataset compiling every fishing lot from EU vessels operating within SFPAs in Senegal. A second case study in tuna fisheries in this case in the Indian Ocean, investigates the investment from the French company SAPMER to improve the land infrastructure in the Port of Victoria (Seychelles), as this would be the only notable investment by European interests in recent years for tuna fishing in Africa. These sections conclude that the fishing area where EU pole-and-line vessels are active is becoming less productive, decreasing the profitability of European flagged vessels, as well as of Senegalese flagged vessels that maintain close partnerships with Europe. As a response, they have attempted to extend their fishing grounds. Additional fishing opportunities are opening in The Gambia (whose EEZ is restricted) and other countries are expected to follow. Contrastingly, the EU sustainable partnership fisheries agreement with Senegal or Mauritania could include fewer fishing opportunities in terms of tonnage, as well as increasingly restrictive conditions for access and landings. European operators have reacted so far by considering the switch to private regime, instead of operating under SFPA, as a preferred strategy.

QuakeSet: A Dataset and Low-Resource Models to Monitor Earthquakes through Sentinel-1

Earthquake monitoring is necessary to promptly identify the affected areas, the severity of the events, and, finally, to estimate damages and plan the actions needed for the restoration process. The use of seismic stations to monitor the strength and origin of earthquakes is limited when dealing with remote areas (we cannot have global capillary coverage). Identification and analysis of all affected areas is mandatory to support areas not monitored by traditional stations. Using social media images in crisis management has proven effective in various situations. However, they are still limited by the possibility of using communication infrastructures in case of an earthquake and by the presence of people in the area. Moreover, social media images and messages cannot be used to estimate the actual severity of earthquakes and their characteristics effectively. The employment of satellites to monitor changes around the globe grants the possibility of exploiting instrumentation that is not limited by the visible spectrum, the presence of land infrastructures, and people in the affected areas. In this work, we propose a new dataset composed of images taken from Sentinel-1 and a new series of tasks to help monitor earthquakes from a new detailed view. Coupled with the data, we provide a series of traditional machine learning and deep learning models as baselines to assess the effectiveness of ML-based models in earthquake analysis.

The Utilization of Coconut Shell Ash Waste as Filler in Pavement Mixture towards Green Infrastructure

Road is one of the most important land infrastructure in supporting community activities and regional development. The problem with current road construction is the increasingly limited availability of natural materials, so it necessary to innovate materials made from waste. This research utilizes waste material in the form of coconut shell ash as a filler towards the realization of green infrastructure. The purpose of this research was to obtain the characteristics of filler, aggregate, asphalt and their effect on road pavement mixtures. The research method is research in the laboratory. The results obtained are that the physical properties of aggregate, asphalt and coconut shell ash meet the requirements of The General Highway Specification. Utilization of coconut shell ash filler of 3.5% obtained Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) of 5.5%, 4% obtained OAC of 5.8%. Based on results of the Marshall parameters for the two mixtures meet all the standards of The General Highways Specification. The use of coconut shell ash as filler in a mixture of road pavements can increase the strength and durability of road pavements, as well as support the realization of green infrastructure. It can have an impact on improving environmental quality through the use of waste for road pavement towards the development of environmentally green infrastructure.

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO TRÁFEGO AQUAVIÁRIO NO NORTE DO BRASIL

Water transport plays an essential role in economic progress and regional cohesion, especially in the vast Northern region of Brazil, characterized by extensive territorial extensions and the presence of imposing rivers, such as the Amazon. This form of transport is a strategic route for the movement of goods and passengers, connecting remote regions and contributing to logistical efficiency. Due to the lack of land infrastructure in certain areas, rivers become crucial routes for commerce, facilitating access to isolated communities and stimulating economic exchanges. To this end, the present study aims to analyze strategies to optimize waterway traffic management in the North of Brazil, aiming to reconcile economic development with environmental preservation and the well-being of riverside communities. The justification for this research lies in the strategic importance of waterway traffic in this region, marked by a vast territorial extension and imposing rivers such as the Amazon. The complexity of the Amazonian scenario, combined with the scarcity of in-depth studies on the topic, highlights the need for a balanced approach that promotes economic development without compromising river ecosystems and the quality of life of local populations. The methodology adopted combines extensive bibliographical research and qualitative data analysis, exploring academic sources and conducting interviews with relevant stakeholders. This study seeks to fill gaps in existing knowledge, contributing to support public policies and sustainable practices in the management of waterway traffic in the Northern region of Brazil.

The multiple effects of farmland infrastructure investment on agrifood systems in China—an interdisciplinary model analysis

PurposeAs one of its major strategies, China has made a new plan to further expand High Standard Farmland (HSF) to all permanent basic farmland (80% of total farmland) for grain security over the next decade. Yet, what will be the impact of farmland infrastructure investment on agrifood systems? The paper aims to systematically evaluate the multiple effects (food security, economy, nutrition and environment) of expanding HSF construction under the context of the “Big Food vision” using an interdisciplinary model.Design/methodology/approachAn interdisciplinary model – AgriFood Systems Model, which links the China CGE model to diet and carbon emission modules, is applied to assess the multiple effects of HSF construction on agrifood systems, such as food security and economic development, residents’ diet quality and carbon emissions. Several policy scenarios are designed to capture these effects of the past HSF investment based on counterfactual analysis and compare the effects of HSF future investment at the national level under the conditions of different land use policies – restricting to grain crops or allowing diversification (like vegetables, and fruit).FindingsThe investments in HSF offer a promising solution for addressing the challenges of food and nutrition security, economic development and environmental sustainability. Without HSF construction, grain production and self-sufficiency would decline significantly, while the agricultural and agrifood systems’ GDP would decrease. The future investment in the HSF construction will further increase both grain production and GDP, improve dietary quality and reduce carbon emissions. Compared with the policy of limiting HSF to planting grains, diversified planting can provide a more profitable economic return, improve dietary quality and reduce carbon emissions.Originality/valueThis study contributes to better informing the impact of land infrastructure expanding investment on the agrifood systems from multiple dimensions based on an interdisciplinary model. We suggest that the government consider applying diversified planting in the future HSF investment to meet nutritional and health demands, increase household income and reduce carbon emissions.

UNCERTAINTY IN THE RICE SUPPLY CHAIN DURING PRE AND POST PANDEMIC - A CROSS CASE OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN INDONESIA

Even though the social order is starting to recover from the risk of Covid-19 transmission, but the performance of food security is still constrained in some countries, including Indonesia, where the majority of the population consumes rice. If the infection rate spikes again, it can hamper the supply chain for food commodities such as rice. From this paper, the research target focuses on the structure of the supply chain in rice under government supervision operated by a national company. In distribution capacity, domestic rice is a local type of superior quality to every interisland agricultural cooperative in Indonesia. Overall, this scientific paper calculates the multidimensional disruption in the rice supply chain from across the major islands in Indonesia During a normal situation and after a pandemic. A series of annual report data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) are tabulated using parametric regression. The research sample is framed in a combination of agricultural cooperatives in 6 objects in Indonesia based on 12 key variables. The time panel is divided into two compositions: 2017–2019 (pre–Covid) and 2020–2022 (post–Covid). The output of the study clarifies that there is a significant relationship between pre–Covid and post–Covid to the manufacturing industry, quality control, logistics, land infrastructure, and sales significantly. Then, there was a significant link between pre–Covid and post–Covid from paddy production to the manufacturing industry mediated by supply, logistics to agricultural cooperatives mediated by land and marine infrastructure, then agricultural cooperatives to consumers mediated by sales. In relation to this research, the participation of stakeholders is suggested to adopt schemes and controls that are integrated with the transition of the rice supply chain.

Land development and frictions to housing supply over the business cycle

Using a novel data set of U.S. residential land developments, we document that the average time to develop residential properties—which includes both the time spent preparing land infrastructures and construction—is about three years, consistent with sizable lags in housing investment projects. We show that the time to develop is highly dispersed across locations, a finding that helps quantify the housing supply elasticity that is relevant for assessing local housing variations over the business cycle. We also show that incorporating long and dispersed time to develop into an otherwise standard housing investment model helps rationalize some empirical facts on the housing market. Our model implies that policies to boost housing supply are less effective in immediately stabilizing house prices for regions where land development takes a long time.

IDENTIFYING THE CURRENT STATUS OF LAND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN VIETNAM TO SUPPORT CROSS-BORDER FLOWS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (PHASE 1 CONCLUSIONS)

This article presents selected aspects of the existing land infrastructure system in Vietnam that are important for cross-border transport. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the first phase of the study, which includes the analysis of the condition of the logistics infrastructure that supports the processes of international trade in goods. This phase includes the identification and initial assessment of the usefulness of the components of the logistics system in terms of its functionality and economic efficiency. The results define the scope of work necessary for the proper preparation of the logistics system in Vietnam for the needs related to ensuring the desirable efficiency of logistics corridors connecting Vietnam with China and neighboring regional markets of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Unveiling LoRa's Oceanic Reach: Assessing the Coverage of the Azores LoRaWAN Network from an Island.

In maritime settings, effective communication between vessels and land infrastructure is crucial, but existing technologies often prove impractical for energy-sensitive IoT applications, like deploying sensors at sea. In this study, we explore the viability of a low-power, cost-effective wireless communication solution for maritime sensing data. Specifically, we conduct an experimental assessment of the Azorean Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) coverage. Our tests involve positioning the gateway at the island's highest point and installing end nodes on medium-sized fishing vessels. Through measurements of received signal strength indicator (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and lines of sight (LOS), we showcase the potential of LoRaWAN transmissions to achieve communication distances exceeding 130 km in a LOS-free scenario over the ocean. These findings highlight the promising capabilities of LoRaWAN for reliable and long-range maritime communication of sensing data.

Implementation of the National Land Information Management System (SIMTANAS) at the Kupang City Land Agency

In an effort to change the pattern of serving the public, the National Land Agency, especially in the Kupang City Land Agency, has been providing computer-based services since 1997. Land Office Computerization (KKP) or Land Office Computerization (LOC) creates orderly land administration, improving the quality of land information. Case studies in the field, the informants in this study are employees who work in the Head of General Affairs and Personnel Affairs, Head of Land Measurement and Mapping Sub-section, Plan and Budget Compilation Officer, and Land Infrastructure Officer. Next, the researcher will carry out the stages of data collection according to Creswell as qualitative observation, qualitative interviews, qualitative documents search and qualitative audio and visual material and visual materials). The implementation model that researchers will use is the George Edward model to analyze the process of implementing the National Land Information and Management System (SIMTANAS) policy at the Kupang City Land Agency. On the side, the disposition found that SIMTANAS has only been running in its implementation in the survey, measurement and mapping sections. From the side of human resources, the budget has been fulfilled.

People, Property and Territory: Valuation Perspectives and Economic Prospects for the Trazzera Regional Property Reuse in Sicily

As in many parts of Italy and Europe, the Sicilian Trazzera regional property has been for a long time the main land infrastructure supporting the agro-pastoral economy. Throughout its slow evolution, this land heritage has been affected by transport transformations and illegal appropriations by neighboring landowners, which have reduced its potential public function in the current renewed prospects of sustainability and a new balance between territories concerning the issue of the inland areas. A further issue concerns the management of the relationship between private interest and prospects for public reuse in progressively urbanized territorial contexts where this infrastructure takes on considerable economic and real estate interest. The current regional legislation suggests some measures for inter-municipal planning that also include the legitimization of illegal appropriations. From this twofold prospect, according to the wide-spread information and communication technologies (ICTs), and also including the geographic information systems (GIS), this work provides the application of two assessment tools based on a GeoDatabase of the current heard roads in the two areas of quantitative–monetary and aesthetic–qualitative assessment. The first shows the extent to which the fair compensation to be charged for legitimizing land parcels is underestimated today, to the detriment of urban social fixed capital development. The second demonstrates the way that common awareness of landscape value can be nurtured for the benefit of land and ecological–environmental rebalancing.

АНАЛІЗ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ У СФЕРІ РОЗВИТКУ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЛОГІСТИЧНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the potential and modern conditions of the functioning of the transport and logistics infrastructure of Ukraine. The state and trends of investment activity in the field of development of the transport and logistics infrastructure of Ukraine have been described in terms of its components – land (vehicle) infrastructure, railway infrastructure, water, and aviation infrastructure. An analysis and assessment of the transport and logistics potential of countries have been carried out based on the ranking of the World Bank's International Logistics Efficiency Index. Aspects of the manifestation of the Corona crisis and military aggression of the Russian Federation in the transport and logistics sphere have been studied. An assessment of the subjective and objective factors of the low development of the transport and logistics infrastructure and the attraction of investments has been carried out. The consequences of the military aggression of the Russian Federation on the studied sector of the economy have been outlined and substantiated. The state and potential opportunities of the transport and logistics sphere in Ukraine in the conditions of the war economy and the possibility of attracting investments have been characterized. The directions of state programs in the field of development of transport and logistics infrastructure, sources, and amounts of funding have been substantiated. The implementation of measures related to the implementation of the program "On the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine" during 2019–2022 has been summarized. The systemic problems of low investment activity in the transport and logistics sphere have been analyzed. The main approaches of state policy to stimulating the processes of investment attraction in the industry have been noted based on the creation of a favorable investment climate for private investors were noted; formation of legislative prerequisites for the implementation of concession agreements; promotion of projects of common interest for the EU and Ukraine based on financial instruments (Neighborhood Investment Facility –- NIF, Connecting Europe Facilities (CEF)), which can be adaptive for economic recovery in the post-war period; to contribute to the introduction of a transport safety management system in accordance with European CADaS standards, etc.

Container shipping: a systematic literature review of themes and factors that influence the establishment of direct connections between countries

The establishment of direct connections between countries in container shipping is largely driven by the underlying trade dynamics. It is also the joint result of various other contributing factors, ranging from land infrastructure to carrier strategies. The literature to date has only partially focused on some of the factors that in theory may affect the establishment of direct connections but has mainly focused on the positive impact that a direct connection between two countries may have on bilateral trade development. However, there has been only limited research on the systematic identification of the factors that should be in place, to promote or prevent the establishment of a direct link between countries in container shipping. This paper attempts to fill this gap by undertaking a Systematic Literature Review that examines the issue from various perspectives and classifies the previous research under five themes: (1) Shipping Network, (2) Connectivity, (3) Port Selection Criteria, (4) Trade and (5) Alternative Transport Modes. A framework is subsequently developed which identifies the set of factors that determine the establishment of direct container shipping connections between trading countries and the expected impact (positive, negative or ambiguous) of each factor. The insights from our research and the framework developed can be of use to interested stakeholders across the research and policy domains who have an interest in both the establishment and continuation of direct container shipping connections between trading countries.

Dolphin communication during widespread systematic noise reduction-a natural experiment amid COVID-19 lockdowns

Underwater noise from human activities is recognized as a world-wide problem, with important repercussions on the acoustic communication of aquatic mammals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Panama went into a nationwide lockdown to limit the spread of the virus. This lockdown resulted in the closing of tourism infrastructure and limited mobility in both land and coastal areas. We used this “natural experiment” as an opportunity to study the impact of tour-boat activities on dolphin communication by using passive acoustic monitoring data collected before and during the lockdown at Dolphin Bay, Bocas del Toro, Panama. During the lockdown, tour-boat activity was absent, but boats transporting people and supplies were allowed to circulate. The shift in type of boat activity within the lockdown resulted in lower ambient noise levels and more frequent detections of dolphin sounds. We also detected a more diverse whistle repertoire during the lockdown than in the pre-lockdown period, even when accounting for variation in sample coverage. A Random Forest Analysis classified whistles between the two periods with high accuracy (92.4% accuracy, κ = 0.85) based primarily on whistle modulation and duration. During the lockdown, whistles were longer in duration and less modulated than pre-lockdown. Our study shows that a shift in boat traffic activity can generate significant changes in dolphin habitat, and in their communicative signals, an important consideration given ongoing unregulated ecotourism in the region.

PS-InSAR Based Monitoring of Land Subsidence by Groundwater Extraction for Lahore Metropolitan City, Pakistan

Groundwater dynamics caused by extraction and recharge are one of the primary causes of subsidence in the urban environment. Lahore is the second largest metropolitan city in Pakistan. The rapid expansion of this urban area due to high population density has increased the demand for groundwater to meet commercial and household needs. Land subsidence due to inadequate groundwater extraction has long been a concern in Lahore. This paper aims to present the persistent scatterer interferometry synthetic aperture radar (PS-InSAR) technique for monitoring the recent land subsidence in Lahore, based on the Sentinel-1 data obtained from January 2020 to December 2021. PS-InSAR techniques are very efficient and cost-effective, determining land subsidence and providing useful results. Areas of high groundwater discharge are prone to high subsidence of −110 mm, while the surroundings show an uplifting of +21 mm during the study period. The PS-InSAR study exposes the subsidence area in detail, particularly when the subsoil is characterized by alluvial and clay deposits and large building structures. This type of observation is quite satisfactory and similar to ground-based surface deformation pertinent to a high subsidence rate. Results will enable more effective urban planning, land infrastructure building, and risk assessment related to subsidence.

For sustainable social impact at Mangalajodi: change processes enabled by NatWest Bank India

Learning outcomes At the macro level, the case study enables the students to appreciate the complexity emerging market economies face in achieving economic development and environmental sustainability without comprising each other. The students understand the importance of behavioural change and empowerment of communities in projects dealing with transformational social changes. Theoretically, the students learn about the change mechanisms and organisational practices market-based organisations install to drive their positive social change (PSC) projects. At the micro level, students learn about the process of setting up Mangalajodi Ecotourism Trust (MET) – that not only enthused the local community economically but also instilled it with awareness and motivation towards sustaining its ecosystem. Analytically, at macro level, it assists the students to have a lens of PSC framework to examine corporate social responsibility, social entrepreneurship and BoP strategies of market-based organisations to affect social change. Application/problem solving: The case study explains to the students how the PSC levers of motivation, capability and opportunity structures were applied by NatWest Bank during different phases of project execution. As management grapples with new problems, the students are encouraged to use the levers to recommend an action plan. It allows students to apply SWOT and think of competitive strategies for MET. It allows students to think of strategies that may apply for a better management of Ecotourism at Mangalajodi. Case overview/synopsis As part of its broader commitment to sustainable development and climate change action, the NatWest Group (formerly Royal Bank of Scotland Group) launched its Supporting Enterprise Programme in India in the year 2007. The project aimed at creating income-generating opportunities for indigenous and economically vulnerable sections of society living in critical natural ecosystems. The project was under the leadership of N. Sunil Kumar, a zealous nature lover, with over two decades of experience in business strategy and public affairs and a specialty in environmental sustainability. He headed Sustainable Banking at NatWest and was head of NatWest Foundation-India. The Mangalajodi project shared the problems many of NatWest’s other projects in India presented. Poor communities that relied solely on natural resources for their sustenance slid deeper into poverty as ecosystems degraded. Lacking alternative sources of livelihood and facing scantier resources, the communities helplessly caused additional damage to weak ecosystems when they drew on the resources even more vigorously. Poaching of migratory birds for supplemental income was a huge problem at Mangalajodi; it was not only rapidly altering the ecosystem to sustain the birds but also deteriorating and weakening its ecology as a whole. Measures to eliminate poaching were failing in the absence of alternate means of livelihoods and a strong incentive to protect the birds. MET was established under the project in 2009. A decade later, it had become a resounding success. A community-owned and run enterprise, MET was providing direct employment to over 100 poorest families at the tiny village and creating income-generating opportunities and entrepreneurial ventures for many others. Poaching was practically negligible at Mangalajodi, and the community was drawing huge admiration for its role in conserving the ecosystem. However, the progress of Mangalajodi Ecotourism was paradoxical, on the one hand; its popularity was rising but, on the other hand, it was becoming overcrowded and looked ill managed. Its rising commercial value was bringing in more land developers, builders and investors, but permanent concrete structures were also coming up quite unscrupulously. There were many challenges – how should growth of ecotourism at Mangalajodi be managed? What mechanisms and practices ensured that the community was empowered enough to participate in decisions of land use, infrastructure, energy and waste management at Mangalajodi? How should MET become more competitive and innovative to grow despite future challenges? Complexity academic level The case study is useful for students of Management at Under Graduate and Post Graduate Levels for understanding the following: the sustainability of fragile ecosystems; the community at the intersection of sustainable development and natural resources conservation and protection of biodiversity; knowing in detail about the planning, implementation and management of ecotourism projects; and decisions regarding community-based ecotourism projects. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 7: Management Science

Data-driven approach for 2D shoreline, and 3D volumetric change detection analysis: a case study for Jupiter inlet lighthouse outstanding natural area

Coastal areas are constantly changing and are influenced by a variety of variables, including environmental, ecological, geological, and anthropological factors. The plethora of coastal change has created substantial challenges for coastal land infrastructures, animal habitat, vegetation conservation, and monitoring. It is important to track these changes, monitor, predict, and preserve the future of coastal areas. Shoreline mapping has mostly concentrated on two-dimensional (2D) distance changes along the coast due to the lack of coastal elevational data and the precise information required to construct the three-dimensional (3D) surface. Modern technology has covered the gaps by developing a range of sensors and algorithms for data analysis on 3D coastal erosion and accretion changes throughout the beach topography, which has become crucial. The ultimate goal is to develop a cost-effective mapping procedure for an area that includes a high-resolution mapping system that abstracts evidence of coastal areas for long-term 2D change rates from 1953 to 2020 and short-term 3D volumetric changes of sand erosion and accretion rates from 2018 to 2020. This would be accomplished through Unmanned Aircraft Systems Mapping, which employs digital photogrammetry principles including comprehensive geospatial information systems spatial data and linear regression analysis to investigate massive quantities of data. The feasibility of this methodology was applied to the Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse Outstanding Natural Area in Jupiter, Florida, a study coastal area that had receded almost 27 m in the last 67 years. The outcomes of a short-term coastal analysis quantify the amount of soil erosion and accretion that occurred along the shore over two years as a result of rising sea levels. The long-term change analysis indicates how much sand was eroded each year as a result of several variables affecting shoreline changes, which will help the land management team in developing new sustainable policies for future coastal environmental conservation.

Development of a Conceptual Data Model for 3D Geospatial Road Management Based on LandInfra Standard: A Case Study of Korea

In practice, road management data are typically managed in two-dimensional (2D) geospatial forms. However, 2D geographic information system (GIS)-based road infrastructure management data have limitations in their representation of complex roads, such as interchanges, bridges, and tunnels. As such, complex and large road network management data cannot be adequately managed in a 2D GIS-based form. This study discusses the use of the LandInfra standard for road infrastructure management in Korea, considering its focus on land and civil engineering infrastructure facilities. To facilitate the transition from 2D to 3D GIS, we analyzed existing road management models of road pavement and road register information and created Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams depicting these models. Then, existing road management classes and LandInfra classes were mapped. Based on the results, we propose a road management model based on the Facility, Alignment, and Road parts of LandInfra. For its implementation, several classes of the proposed data model were encoded into InfraGML using real-world data input. Taken together, this study shows how the LandInfra standard can be extended and applied to the field of road infrastructure management in Korea, supporting the transition from a 2D to a 3D GIS-based model.