Land In Korea Research Articles

Where and Why Travelers Visit? Classifying Coastal Tourism Activities Using Geotagged Image Content from Social Media Data

Accurate information regarding the size, activity, and distribution of coastal tourists is essential for the effective management and planning of coastal tourism. In this study, geotagged photos uploaded to social network services were classified to identify coastal tourism activities. These activities were linked with spatial-scale data on tourist numbers estimated from social media data. To classify the activities, which included recreation, appreciation, education, and other activities, an image-supervised classification model was trained using 12,229 images, and the test accuracy was found to be 0.7244. On the Flickr platform, 43% of the image data located in the coastal land of South Korea are other activities, 39% are appreciation activities, and 18% are recreation and education activities. Other activities are mainly located in urban areas with a high population density and are spatially concentrated, while appreciation activities are mainly located in the natural environment and tend to be spatially spread out. Data on tourist activity categorization through content classification, combined with traditional tourist volume estimates, can help us understand previously overlooked information and context about a space.

The characteristic large-scale annual analysis by gender and age in heart failure patients: cohort for 10 years in Korea.

The prevalence and incidence rate of heart failure (HF) continues to increase along with the aging of the population and the increase of ischaemic heart disease. The morbidity and mortality of HF are also on the rise in the industrialized countries; it can be a great public health problem. A detailed and accurate analysis of the demographical incidence and prevalence of HF is an important first step in predicting the occurrence of the disease in the future and proper preparing for prevention. Here, we aimed to analyse the annual prevalence and incidence of HF by gender and age using long-term national health insurance service data in the Republic of Korea. A total of 47243 patients newly diagnosed with HF between 2006 and 2015 among nationally representative random subjects of 1000000 were included. The data of age and gender were analysed by year, and the total population information of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of Korea was referred to compare the data of HF patients with the total population (2008-15). Over the decade from 2006 to 2015, the prevalence of HF patients showed tendency of increase (P<0.001). The overall incidence rate was also gradually increasing (P<0.001), but in women, it tended to decrease gradually. Women significantly accounted higher than the male group in incidence of HF over the period (54.6% vs. 45.4%, P<0.001). The mean age at the time of diagnosis gradually increased (P=0.002 for total, P=0.001 for each gender). Total incidence was highest in 70s (27.22%), but males were the most in their 60s and females were in their 70s. Analysis of annual trend by age and gender distribution of HF incidence in men presented highest in the 50s-70s with a similar pattern annually, and the incidence is increasing more recently. Different from that of men, in the case of women, the incidence gradually increased with age in a similar annual pattern, peaking in their 70s and gradually decreasing in recent years. The prevalence and incidence of HF are gradually increasing. It increased rapidly in their 50s and older. It showed an increased incidence of HF especially in men between their 50s and 70s, and more observation and caution for the management of the risk factors may be needed to prevent HF in the male group.

Comparison among Soil Taxonomy (2014), WRB (2014), and WRB (2022) Systems on Anthropogenic Soils in Korea

The remodeling agricultural land in South Korea is an anthropogenic soils created by reclaimed dredging generated from the Four Major River Restoration Project. The area of ​​the remodeled agricultural land is 7,727 ha, and many of the area are located near the Four Major Rivers. Soils made artificially by human activities differ from natural soil in terms of development as well as soil properties. Thus, this study attempted to classify the soil of the remodeled agricultural land using 3 soil classification system 1) Soil Taxonomy, 2) WRB (2014), 3) WRB (2022). Inchang series, a remodeled agricultural land, is fine, mesic family of Anthroportic Udorthents for Soil Taxonomy. WRB (2014) is recognized as Spolic Urbic Technosols (Siltic, Anthraquic, Gleyic, Transportic) and WRB (2022) is classified as Stagnic Gleyic Spolic Urbic Technosols (Siltic, Anthraquic, Transportic). Soil Taxonomy is limited in understanding soil properties because it categorizes anthropogenic soils into subgroups. On the other hand, WRB classifies anthropogenic soils into Anthrosols and Technosols into RSG, and continuously revises the classification system for accurate classification of anthropogenic soils. Therefore, it is necessary to revise classification of Korean soils according to the revised classification system for accurate soil classification. Furthermore, for soil classification suitable for Korean soil, it is necessary to create a soil classification system by referring to the WRB as well as Soil Taxonomy.Results of classification of Inchang series using Soil Taxonomy (2014), WRB (2014) and WRB (2022) are fine, mesic family of Anthroportic Udorthent, Spolic Urbic Technosols (Siltic, Anthraquic, Gleyic, Transportic) and Stagnic Gleyic Spolic Urbic Technosols (Siltic, Anthraquic, Transportic).

Assessing the impact of food trade centric on land, water, and food security in South Korea

The observed and predicted changes in climate, as well as the growth in urban population, are creating severe stress on existing water resources in South Korea. By the importation of agricultural products from more water-rich countries through the virtual water concept, a country could save local water resources for other important uses. However, these imports from other countries could lead to certain vulnerabilities in the importing country derived from climate change. Therefore, through the application of the virtual water concept and the climate vulnerability index ((CVI) - measure of a country's vulnerability to indirect climate impacts), this study assessed the implication of virtual water imports and climate change through food trade, on the water, land and food security status of South Korea over the period of 2000–2017. The results showed that significant amounts of national water and land was saved through the importation of major upland crops. Virtual water imports increased significantly over time, rising from 16.2 Bm3 in 2000 to 16.5, 17.4, and 20.7 Bm3 in 2005, 2011, and 2017 respectively, with the USA, China, Australia, Brazil and Canada being the major exporters to South Korea. The study also revealed high CVI values for the oils and grains category of imported food, implying the high vulnerability of South Korea to climate change effects resulting from the import of these crops. The quantitative impacts and structural changes in virtual water trade, as well as the link between climate change, food security, international trade, and domestic water consumption could be evaluated for the sustainable management and allocation of resources. This study successfully identified and quantified the status of food trade and its environmental implications in the study area, providing insight into a better allocation of locally available resources.

Growth and Forage Value of Two Forage Rice Cultivars According to Harvest Time in Reclaimed Land of South Korea

This study compares the growth of two forage rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.), Mogwoo and Mogyang, in Midwest reclaimed land (Seongmun Tide Embankment, Korea) for two years to find the most adaptable cultivars and the appropriate harvest time. In the case of high salinity soil, it was confirmed that the influence of precipitation was relatively high on soil condition and crop growth. In Mogyang, plant height and culm length tended to decrease slightly as the precipitation increased. As for the tiller number, Mogyang was higher than Mogwoo, but the leaf area was about 1.5 to 2 times higher in Mogwoo than in Mogyang. In addition, in both cultivars, dry weight increased rapidly during the dough stage, and Mogyang was 1538 and 1815 g/m2, respectively, while Mogwoo was 2090 and 2752 g/m2, which was significantly higher. Mogyang had a CP of 4.8%, a TDN and RFV of 59.4%, 94.0, respectively, and Mogwoo had a CP of 9.7%, a TDN and RFV of 60.1%, 103.8, respectively, resulting in Mogwoo having higher values, and in particular Mogwoo was found to have better forage quality in the milk stage than in the dough stage. In addition, in terms of soil and climate conditions in Midwest reclaimed land, it was confirmed that the Mogwoo variety was the most suitable compared to Mogyang, and dry weight was higher in the dough stage than in the milk stage, but it was concluded that high forage quality could be obtained by harvesting during the milk stage.

American Imperial Sovereignty and Militarised Land Dispossession During the Korean War

ABSTRACT During the Korean War (1950-53), the American-led United Nations Command requisitioned vast areas of land and property in Korea for the purpose of constructing military infrastructures. Requisitions occurred not only in the war’s combat zone, but also in parts of the country understood by the United States to be under the sovereign control of the Republic of Korea. Many of these requisitions formed the basis of a permanent US military base network in Korea. This article responds to conventional scholarship on militarization and military bases and engages critical conceptions of territory and sovereignty to examine the constellation of forces that made American militarized dispossessions possible during the Korean War. It draws on archival evidence to show that the United States and Korea never reached a bilateral agreement on land or property requisitioning during the war, but that the US military nonetheless wove its own system of requisitioning through a certain conception of Korean sovereignty even in the face of contestation from the Korean government. The US military mobilized Korean forces under its operational control through the UN Command to carry out civilian land expropriations while contending that the Korean soldiers under its control were agents of their own state acting in accordance with domestic law. It then portrayed militarized dispossessions as Korean domestic problems and domestic liabilities. Evidence from the Korean War opens broad questions about the nature of American imperial sovereignty and territory both through and beyond the spatial unit of the military base.

Estimation of nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields using the DNDC model: a case study of South Korea.

The Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC)-Rice is a mechanistic model which is widely used for the simulation and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions [nitrous oxide (N2O)] from soils under rice cultivation. N2O emissions from paddy fields in South Korea are of high importance for their cumulative effect on climate. The objective of this study was to estimate the N2O emissions and biogeochemical factors involved in N2O emissions such as ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) using the DNDC model in the rice-growing regions of South Korea. N2O emission was observed at every application of fertilizer and during end-season drainage at different rice-growing regions in South Korea. Maximum NH4+ and NO3- were observed at 0-10 cm depth of soil. NH4+ increased at each fertilizer application and no change in NO3- was observed during flooding. NH4+ decreased and NO3- increased simultaneously at end-season drainage. Minimum and maximum cumulative N2O emissions were observed at Chungcheongbuk-do and Jeju-do regions of South Korea, respectively. The simulated average cumulative N2O emission in rice paddies of South Korea was 1.37 kg N2O-N ha-1 season-1. This study will help in calculating the total nitrogen emissions from agriculture land of South Korea and the World.

An Empirical Analysis on the Effect of the Abandoned Building Maintenance Project on the Price of Neighboring Apartments

This paper empirically analyzes the changes in the price of apartments which are adjacent to an abandoned building before and after the selection of the building as a target of a maintenance project by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in Korea. The analytic model to capture a public value from the project is a difference-in-differences framework, and the data used for the analysis correspond to the actual transaction prices. According to the empirical results, after the selection of the abandoned building by the maintenance project, the prices of the neighboring apartments increased by approximately 82.6 dollars per one square meter of the apartments compared to those of apartments which are across a river. The existence of such positive external effects would support the public intervention in managing the abandoned buildings.

The Role of Lysobacter antibioticus HS124 on the Control of Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) and Growth Promotion of Canadian Poplar (Populus canadensis Moench) at Saemangeum Reclaimed Land in Korea.

Populus canadensis Moench forests established in Saemangeum-reclaimed land have been invaded by Hyphantria cunea Drury, causing defoliation and stunted growth. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of cuticle degrading chitinase and protease secreted by Lysobacter antibioticus HS124 against H. cunea larvae. In addition, L. antibioticus HS124 was examined for indole-3-acetic acid phytohormone production for plant growth promotion. To determine the larvicidal activity in the laboratory experiments, crude enzymes, bacteria culture, CY medium, and water (control) were sprayed on the larvae reared on natural diet in insect rearing dishes. Treatment with crude enzymes and bacteria culture caused 76.7% and 66.7% larvae mortality, respectively. The larvae cuticle, mainly composed of chitin and proteins, was degraded by cuticle-degrading enzymes, chitinase, and protease in both the bacteria culture and crude enzyme treatments, causing swelling and disintegration of the cuticle. Field application of the bacteria culture was achieved by vehicle-mounted sprayer. Bacterial treatment caused morphological damage on the larvae cuticles and subsequent mortality. Foliar application of the bacteria culture reduced tree defoliation by H. cunea and enhanced growth compared to the control. Especially, L. antibioticus HS124 produced auxins, and increased growth of poplar trees.

Geostatistical Properties of Liquefaction Vulnerability Index for Reclaimed Land in South Korea

Various liquefaction vulnerability indices (LVIs) have been proposed to quantify the severity of liquefaction, and used to create the liquefaction hazard map. In producing the liquefaction hazard map, the spatial variability of LVI is important because the number of available in-situ data is typically limited, and the values at the unmeasured locations are predicted using kriging operations that consider the spatial correlation of observed values. In addition, the liquefaction hazard map may vary significantly depending on how LVI was spatially interpolated. This study aims to evaluate the spatial variability of soil properties based on cone penetration test (CPT) data, and to investigate the changes in geostatistical properties of LVIs depending on shaking intensity. A simplified CPT-based procedure was used to calculate the factor of safety against liquefaction, and the geostatistical properties of LVI according to shaking intensity were evaluated using the parameters of semivariogram. In addition, the LVIs at unmeasured locations were predicted using two geostatistical modeling approaches, and their results were compared to investigate the accuracy of geostatistical approaches in predicting LVIs according to the peak ground acceleration (PGA).

Mass Appraisal for Urban Land in Korea: A Hybrid Hedonic Pricing Approach

Mass Appraisal for Urban Land in Korea: A Hybrid Hedonic Pricing Approach

Development of Railway Infrastructure BIM Prototype Libraries

Building Information Modeling (BIM) can act as a solution to improve various difficulties faced in the construction industry. BIM is expanding into infrastructure facilities for integrated information management, productivity improvement, and risk management. There are many cases where BIM is applied to buildings with horizontal and linear characteristics, but the infrastructure is different from the method of applying BIM to buildings with vertical characteristics. Using premanufactured libraries in BIM-based design can shorten the design time and simplify the design method, thus increasing the 3D design productivity. This paper develops BIM prototype libraries based on the standards from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MOLIT) of South Korea for railway infrastructure. BIM tools such as Civil 3D, Revit, and AECOsim were used by reflecting the characteristics of each facility, and the libraries, with a total of 762 types in 363 files, were constructed. The specifications were created by linking the common and facility-specific attribute items to the libraries. The result of the test modeling using the developed library showed significant productivity improvement, such as an average difference of 38.2% was observed for roadbed modeling and a mean difference of 50.2% for bridge modeling.

DEVELOPMENT OF K-BIM E-SUBMISSION PROTOTYPICAL SYSTEM FOR THE OPENBIM-BASED BUILDING PERMIT FRAMEWORK

With the popularization of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology, increasing numbers of countries are attempting to introduce BIM into their national building permitting processes. There are also many BIM-related research initiatives worldwide. Likewise, the Korean government has joined this trend by improving its existing e-Submission system, SEUMTER, to provide for BIM-based e-submission and automated code compliance checking. Further, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport in Korea has funded the Korea BIM (KBIM) building e-Submission system project. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data model is an openBIM approach that has been designated as an international standard through the International Organization for Standardization. It is not dependent on specific design tools and is suitable for public works applications. Hence, this study performed a comprehensive analysis of and developed a framework for a prototypical system for an e-Submission process based on the IFC data model. Four main modules were developed to perform code checking, submission, pre-checking, and automated rule-making. A real-world project was used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed framework. This study could increase the adoption of BIMbased building e-Submission systems by sharing effective and successful processes.

저소음 운항절차 개선을 위한 항공기 소음 측정지점 선정기준에 대한 연구

The Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korea has been executing aircraft noise abatement and compensation schemes since 1993; however, there are constant complaints regarding aircraft noise. To establish effective aircraft noise reduction policy, accurate understanding and analysis of aircraft operating noise must be prioritized. This study reviewed the current system and measurement method of aircraft noise and analyzed the measured statistic data of aircraft noise. Three improvement plans were proposed for selecting aircraft noise monitoring spots to manage noise levels in the aircraft noise control areas and to improve noise abatement procedures.

Remote Sensing-based Agricultural Drought Monitoring using Hydrometeorological Variables

A new drought index, the agricultural dry condition index (ADCI), was developed to combine various hydrometeorological variables associated with agricultural droughts. It was calculated by applying weights to the soil moisture, vegetation activity, and land surface temperature data, which are used to monitor agricultural droughts. The vegetation health index (VHI) and microwave integrated drought index (MIDI) are also used to monitor agricultural droughts; these were calculated using satellite image data collected between 2001 and 2015 in South Korea and their spatiotemporal variations were analyzed. In order to compare the ADCI with actual agricultural drought conditions, land in South Korea was divided into two classes (rice paddies and croplands) and the ADCI values were compared to the corresponding crop yields (rice from rice paddies, potatoes and soybeans from croplands). There was no significant correlation between the ADCI and crop yield for the rice paddies because the water supply is controlled by irrigation. However, in the croplands there was a high degree of correlation with correlation coefficients of 0.83 and 0.80 for potatoes and soybeans, respectively. In order to confirm agreement with the actual affected areas, a receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted for 2001 and 2015 when there was severe drought. This analysis found that the ADCI peaked at 0.68 in 2001 (June) 0.64 in 2015 (June). The ADCI was found to be highly applicable to the assessment of agricultural drought conditions. The VHI responded positively to land surface temperature while the MIDI responded to rainfall. However, the ADCI showed the best results because it is a weighted index of the input data, such as the land surface temperature, soil moisture, and vegetation activity, and their combination. The results confirmed that soil moisture, vegetation activity, and land surface temperature are the most important variables associated with droughts and that the ADCI can be effectively used to monitor agricultural droughts.

An Analysis of Habitual Mode Use in the Years of Rising Oil Prices

The existence of state dependence derived from panel data has played a very important role in studying employment and labor policies. This study is about state dependence of the transportation sector using retrospective panel survey data. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korea has conducted the survey to monitor changes in vehicle ownership and usage nationwide and to prepare measures when oil prices tend to rise sharply. From this data, we identify the existence of state dependence on passenger cars, public transportation, and nonmotorized modes. To do this, we estimate and analyze the dynamic random effects probit model that explains the selection of each transportation mode after controlling for the unobserved individual heterogeneity. Our results indicate that despite the rise of oil prices, behavior of habitual use (i.e., state dependence) of transportation modes is found in all three modes. The amount of state dependence of nonmotorized modes was the largest, followed by passenger cars and public transportation. From the estimated models, important policy implications can be drawn from the fact that the presence of state dependence and the importance of early habit formation are important not only in nonmotorized modes but also in public transportation. In other words, if policy makers want to encourage people to use public transportation in a new city, it suggests that a sufficient and convenient public transportation network should be built before people move to the city. Once cities are built without sufficient public transportation networks and people have become accustomed to using private cars, then it will be more difficult to change their transportation modes, requiring much more social efforts and costs.

The Effect of Bacillus licheniformis MH48 on Control of Foliar Fungal Diseases and Growth Promotion of Camellia oleifera Seedlings in the Coastal Reclaimed Land of Korea.

This study investigated the control of foliar fungal diseases and growth promotion of Camellia oleifera seedlings in coastal reclaimed land through the use of Bacillus licheniformis MH48. B. licheniformis MH48 can produce lytic enzymes chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase that can inhibit foliar pathogens by 37.4 to 50.5%. Nevertheless, foliar diseases appeared in the seedlings with bacterial inoculation, and their survival rate decreased because they were unable to withstand salt stress. However, B. licheniformis MH48 significantly increased the total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the soils through fixing atmospheric nitrogen and solubilizing phosphorus. The growth of seedlings with bacterial inoculation increased, particularly in root dry weight, by 7.42 g plant−1, which was 1.7-fold greater than that of the control. B. licheniformis MH48 produces the phytohormone auxin, which potentially stimulates seedling root growth. C. oleifera seedlings significantly increased in total nitrogen content to 317.57 mg plant−1 and total phosphorus content to 46.86 mg plant−1. Our results revealed the effectiveness of B. licheniformis MH48 not only in the control of foliar fungal diseases but also in the growth promotion of C. oleifera seedlings in coastal lands.

A Study on Outlier Detection and Its Effects: Using the South Korean Residential Condition Survey

This study analyzed outliers which give a significant impact on reliability in the current Big Data era. We used the Housing Condition Survey (HCS) by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in Korea as a main dataset. We focused on the residential satisfaction of the respondents, detected the outliers, and performed an empirical analysis for impact factors. Although we used the Mahalanobis distance method, which is a common method for outlier detection, we found that this outlier detection method was unreliable. Alternatively, the Naive Bayes Classification method was utilized to detect the outliers and to verify the impact factors. This choice of method was based on the fact that the high correlation among the demographic characteristics and residential satisfaction of respondents are critical elements in the Naive Bayes Classification. The findings include that firstly, about 2,400 samples (12% of total) of the ‘2014 Housing Condition Survey’ were detected as outliers. Secondly, it was observed that the tendency of positive over-estimation about questions from the residential satisfaction of respondents in HCS is common. Thirdly, in order to reduce the occurrence of outliers in HCS, it is necessary to lessen the stress of respondents by avoiding long questions in table form.

Reclamation Projects and Development of Agricultural Land in Colonial Korea

Reclamation Projects and Development of Agricultural Land in Colonial Korea

Voices of refugee children in Korea

Little is known about refugee children in Korea, making it challenging to work with this population for social work and human service agencies. Employing thematic analysis method for individual in-depth and focus group interviews, this study examined difficulties of refugee children's past in their mother land, refugee camps (pre-displacement) and current experiences in Korea (post-migration) to draw implications for social work policy and practices. Five children for individual in-depth interviews and 10 children (five each from two separate ethnic groups) for focus group interviews were recruited. Their ages were between 9 and 18 years. Five main themes emerged: chaos, daily hassles, changed life, helping hands, and dreams along with their displacement process. This study addresses partnership between the Korean government and private agencies to meet basic and psychosocial needs of refugee children based on United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.