Land For Rice Cultivation Research Articles

Rice yield penalty and quality deterioration is associated with failure of nitrogen uptake from regreening to panicle initiation stage under salinity.

In recent years, the development and utilization of saline land for rice cultivation have effectively expanded grain productivity. Rice is a salt-sensitive crop, and the increasing salinity problem threatens rice yield and quality. Therefore, we conducted open field experiments to study the effect of salinity on different growth stages of rice. Irrigating saline treatment was conducted at three different growth stages: irrigating saline from the regreening stage to the panicle initiation stage (S1), irrigating saline from the panicle initiation stage to the flowering stage (S2), and irrigating saline from the flowering stage to the maturity stage (S3). Each treatment period lasted for about 30 days. At the same time, irrigating saline water from the regreening stage to the maturity stage (S4) treatment was added in 2022 to explore the performance of salt stress during the whole growth period of rice. Based on the treatment of these different saline irrigation growth periods, three saline concentrations were incorporated, including salinity 0‰ (T1), 3‰ (T2), and 6‰ (T3) concentrations. No irrigating saline during the whole growth period was also used as a control (CK). The results indicated that rice grain yield and quality were most sensitive to saline treatment during S1 among the three stress periods. At the S1 stage, salinity mainly reduced the nitrogen uptake, resulting in stunted plant growth, reducing tillering, yield, and yield components, and deteriorating the rice quality. Compared to the control, IEN (grain yield over the total amount of N uptake in plants at maturity) was more sensitive at the S1 stage than S2 and S3 stages under salinity. Furthermore, the findings of our study suggest that under salinity, rice growth is not only directly affected by the higher sodium (Na+) content in plants, but the higher concentration of Na+ reduced the ability of plants to uptake nitrogen. Thus, more attention should be paid to the field management of the S1 stage, the most sensitive stage during rice cultivation in salinized areas. It is necessary to avoid salt damage to rice during this period and ensure irrigation with precious freshwater resources.

A Systemic Review of System of Rice Intensification Journey and System of Crop Intensification Development in the Rice Sector of Viet Nam

Started in Viet Nam in 2003 and was piloted in small areas via the demonstration fields in four provinces in northern Viet Nam, Systematic Rice Intensification (SRI) has proven its agronomic, economic, and environmental benefits and thus has been promoted widely in Viet Nam for almost two decades to almost 50 rice production landscapes that helped to improve livelihood for more than one million of smallholder farmers; reduced water irrigation by 40%; production cost of 32% and increased yield by 13-29% as compared to the conventional practices during the period of 2010- 2015. Viet Nam has been recognized as the world’s third largest rice exporter (Department Crop Production of Vietnam, 2021), given almost 80% of agricultural land for rice cultivation (IRRI Online) and mobilization of advanced farming practices among other efforts. Overtime, key principles of SRI have been further developed and refined to be ecological-based suitable and enhance multi-dimensions efficacy. Mobilizing the combination of both literature review and primary data, this paper reviews the key milestones and results of SRI over the past two decades in VN; and makes a systematic review of the transition from SRI to System Crop Intensification (SCI) that are more relevant and pragmatic to the rice farming practices in different eco-systems and market needs in Viet Nam. A case study of the AgResults Vietnam Emissions Reduction Challenges Project (AVERP) showcases the sophisticated and innovative development of key principles of SRI to ecological and market-based SCI for sustainable and low carbon rice cultivation as well as the readiness of the roles of private sector in technology transferring and scaling those SCI to almost 48,000 smallholder rice farmers of 89 Co-ops over four (04) cropping season in Thai Binh province of Viet Nam.

Impact of Saline-Alkali Land Greening on the Local Surface Temperature—A Multiscale Assessment Based on Remote Sensing

In recent years, the conversion of saline-alkali land to rice fields has become the most dominant land use change feature in western Jilin, leading to significant surface greening. Saline–alkali land and paddy fields have distinct surface biophysical properties; however, there is a lack of systematic assessment of the moderating effect of planting rice on saline–alkali land on regional climate by changing surface properties. In this paper, multiscale data on the surface temperature of saline–alkali land and paddy fields were obtained using 1 km MODIS product, 30 m Landsat 8 satellite imagery and centimeter-scale UAV imagery in Da’an City, western Jilin as the study area, and the various characteristics of the surface temperature of saline-alkali land and paddy fields in different months of the year and at different times of the day were analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of rice cultivation in saline–alkali land on the local surface temperature was assessed using a space-for-time approach. The results based on satellite observations including both MODIS and Landsat showed that the surface temperature of saline–alkali land was significantly higher than that of paddy fields during the crop growing season, especially in July and August. The high temporal resolution MODIS LST data also indicated the paddy fields cool the daytime surface temperature, while warming the nighttime surface temperature, which was in contrast for saline–alkali land during the growing season. High-resolution UAV observations in July confirmed that the cooling effect of paddy fields was most significant at the middle of day. From the biophysical perspective, the reclamation of saline–alkali land into paddy fields leads to an increase in leaf area index, followed by a significant increase in evapotranspiration. Meanwhile, rice cultivation in saline–alkali land reduces surface albedo and increases surface net radiation. The trade-off relationship between the two determines the seasonal difference in the surface temperature response of saline–alkali land for rice cultivation. At the same time, the daily cycle of crop evapotranspiration and the thermal insulation effect of paddy fields at night are the main reasons for the intraday difference in surface temperature between saline–alkali land and paddy field. Based on the multiscale assessment of the impact of rice cultivation in saline-alkali land on surface temperature, this study provides a scientific basis for predicting future regional climate change and comprehensively understanding the ecological and environmental benefits of saline–alkali land development.

The politics of rice production in Nigeria: The Abakaliki example, 1942-2020

Rice is one of the important food items consumed in Nigeria. Nigeria also has abundant land for rice cultivation. Despite this, rice production was at a very low under both the military and civilia...

Comparative study on agrochemical residue on rice cultivation in Tasikmalaya, Indonesia: organic versus conventional

This study was designed to examine the agrochemical residue and farmer characteristic strategy in two methods of rice cultivation, organic and conventional. Two groups of farmers were examined, each group (n = 18) with five hectares of land for rice cultivation. This study conducted rapid rural appraisal (RRA) and focus group discussion (FGD), and determined agrochemical residue in water, soil and paddy. The results show that organic rice cultivation has a higher margin of profit at 0.32 USD/kg as compared to conventional rice cultivation, which is about 0.12 USD/kg. In organic rice cultivation, farmers have to spend more time in the cultivation process as opposed to the conventional forms of cultivation. This is mainly due to the time-consuming manure preparation process as well as plant protection. Agrochemical residues are detected only in conventional rice cultivation. Diazinon, Aldrin, Heptachlor, and Dieldrin were detected as the major chemicals present. Diazinon was detected in the water, soil and plants with a frequency of occurrence at 60%, 80% and 40%, respectively. Aldrin, Heptachlor and Dieldrin were detected in plants with the frequency of occurrence at 40%, 60% and 60%, respectively. Furthermore, heavy metals such as Hg and As were also detected in the water with a frequency of occurrence at 10% and 40%.

The utilization of flour made of the non-milled rice as analog rice ingredients

The continual increment of a population requires sufficient food, while agricultural land for rice cultivation keeps on declining. Therefore, the habit of consuming rice needs to be reduced. This study was aimed to get the best quality analog rice from non-milled rice based on the proportion of raw materials, time, and sensory. This study used the ingredients of cassava flour, sorghum, sweet potatoes, corn + lablab bean, and soybeans. Cooking oil, salt, glycerol monostearate, Na-alginate, and sodium three polyphosphates were used as additional ingredients and mixed in various formulation/ratios. These formula ingredients were extruded using KL Protecal Twin-screw to produce analog rice grains. A randomized block design was used in this study. The randomized block design was repeated three times. In order to determine the best treatment, this study employed the 5% LSD test. The results of this study showed that flour from cassava, sweet potato, sorghum, corn + lablab bean, and soybeans can be formulated as an analog rice ingredient. Cassava flour, sweet potato, sorghum, corn + lablab bean were used as the source of carbohydrates, and the soy flour was used as a source of protein. This study found that the best ratio would be 4.5: 4.5: 1 for cassava flour: 50% corn + 50% lablab bean flour: soy flour. The cooking process required 1.5 mL to 2 mL of water per gram of analog rice, and the cooking time would be 10-15 mins. The sensory values of color, taste, aroma, and texture were on the scale of average like to very like.

Claiming and re-claiming the Ayeyarwady Delta, time and again: the case of Nyaungdone Island, Myanmar

Since 2011 and the transition to civilian government, Myanmar and the Ayeyarwady Delta in particular are witnessing swift and dramatic changes in the modalities of access and use of natural resources. Drawing from political ecology, and on the basis of ethnographic work conducted in Yeinek village tract in the Nyaungdone Township of the Ayeyarwady Delta, this article places recent resources dynamics in a historical perspective. Rather than seeing natural resources as a 'given', we see them as resulting from socially embedded strategies of resource-making. These strategies contribute to a constant redefinition of the resource-frontier the delta has historically been for multiple actors. Notably, we show how land for rice cultivation, and water for capture fisheries and aquaculture, have been made into key resources over time, often in an exclusionary way. Post-2011 land and fishery reforms are the most recent examples of resource-making dynamics; they have certainly triggered significant resource re-allocation, but existing cross-scale patronage networks still largely shape how this takes place in practice. Finally, in this deltaic environment where resources are part water, part land, part rice, part fish, and the legitimacy of one's claims often hinges on proving prior use of a specific resource, it is the nature of the resource to be reallocated that is contested. In the newly politicized context of Myanmar, resources and institutional fluidity is in itself a frontier to navigate. Keywords : Ayeyarwady Delta; Myanmar; fisheries; land; resource making; frontier; exclusion

Suitable Land Assessment for Rice Crop in Burkina Faso Using GIS, Remote Sensing and Multi Criteria Analysis

In Burkina Faso, rice consumption is currently common and increasing in both, rural and urban areas. Although several efforts have been made by the state to develop land for rice cultivation, the population’s demand is still greater than the supply. Nevertheless, the country has great potential for rice cultivation. This study aims to analyze the suitability of land for rice cropping in the province of Nahouri. Field and satellite data were collected to map the rice crops developed areas. Furthermore, morphopedological, topographic, land use/cover, and accessibility to land data were collected and integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) based on simple Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). Land suitability for rice crop was performed. The results show that the total suitable area for rice cultivation in the province is 106,373 ha (28% of the province) where the most suitable areas cover 32,614 ha and the suitable areas cover 73,759 ha. Already 3144 ha of the province area had been developed for rice cultivation with 815 ha and 845 ha of most suitable and suitable areas respectively whereas more than 45% of the developed lands were not fit for the rice crop suitable land.

ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSIVENESS OF RICE HECTARAGE TO COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE LOAN IN NIGERIA FROM 1966 - 2015

This study examined the responsiveness of rice hectarage to commercial agriculture loan in Nigeria from 1966 to 2015 using time series data. The Augmented-Dickey Fuller test was used to test the stationarity of the individual series. The bounds testing were used as a precursor to the application of Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) to estimate the short-run and long-run elasticities of rice hectarage response to commercial agriculture loan. The empirical results revealed that effect of commercial agriculture loan on rice hectarage was insignificant and inelastic both in the short run (-0.11) and long run (-0.10), an evidence that rice hectarage was not responsive to commercial agriculture loan both in the short-run and long-run. The study concludes that commercial agriculture loan did not make impact on rice hectarage both in the long run and short run. Therefore, the study recommends that government should review its Land Use Act of 1978 to enable producers have more access to land for rice cultivation. Also, the government should increase the amount of loanable funds to ease the ability of farmers to procure all the necessary inputs and make the fund readily and promptly available.

Determinants of sustainable efficiency of rice farming in peri-urban area, evidence from Ladkrabang district, Bangkok, Thailand

Growing urbanisation, dwindling land for rice cultivation, and declining numbers of rice farmers have been major concerns. Yet, many local people living in peri-urban areas still produce rice for their livelihood. This study aimed to estimate the sustainable efficiency (SE) of the rice farmers in the peri-urban areas and investigate the determinants of SE by employing a multiple linear regression methods. Based on data collected from 230 rice farmers in the Ladkrabang district, the peri-urban area located to the East of Bangkok, Thailand, this study revealed that, on average, the SE of sample rice farmers was 0.84. The large-sized farmer had a higher average SE than small-sized and medium-sized ones. The results of regression analysis indicated having heirs working in farm was the most effective variable on the SE of rice farming, followed by participation in agricultural training programs, formal years of schooling, the number of family labour, and subsidies.

Delineation of Potential Sites for Rice Cultivation Through Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Punjab, Pakistan is famous for rice production in all over the world, but economic indicators are low toward rice contribution in the regional economy. Climatic and physical factors are responsible for rice yield degradation. Suitable land for rice cultivation can be mapped keeping in view these climatic and physical factors. In this research, rice cultivation season was calculated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) time series datasets for the complete year 2014. Landsat 8 thermal datasets were obtained for the rice cultivation season and temperature based growth variability maps were generated. The total area under investigation was 13,657 km2 out of which 931.61 km2 (6.8%) was found to be least suitable, 3316.69 km2 (24.2%) was moderately suitable, 6019.63 km2 (44%) was highly suitable and 3395.28 km2 (24.85%) was not suitable for rice crop cultivation. Results showed that highly suitable area was characterized by a temperature range between 21 and 32 °C, soil pH level between 5.5 and 7.2, soil type was < 78% clay and the soil was imperfectly drained. We compared land suitability map covering the complete land use with rice cultivated area only and found the results as follows: 592 km2 (5.9%) rice cultivation was in least suitable, 4385 km2 (44%) cultivation was in highly suitable, 2210 km2 (23.2%) cultivation was in moderately suitable and 1674 km2 (16.8%) cultivation was in not suitable regions. The techniques applied in this research may be used by local farmers to select cropping patterns and land suitability for rice crop.

Energy crops, livelihoods, and legal deforestation: A case study at Phu Wiang National Park, Thailand

ABSTRACTThailand aims to increase the use of renewable and alternative energy by 25% of total consumption under the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP 2012–2021) by 2021, which include outputs from energy crops. This initiative is likely to put pressure on land resources, especially near parks and protected areas. Our study examined energy crop plantations, farmer responses to the AEDP, and community roles in forest protection in four villages adjacent to Phu Wiang National Park, Thailand in 2014. The majority of respondents (80%, n = 50) used their land for rice cultivation, but many villagers increased plantings of sugarcane (54%) and cassava (20%) because of high market demand for energy crops. Only a few examples of agricultural expansion into the national park were observed. Nevertheless, encroachment is likely to occur at this and other national parks as a result of government incentives to plant energy crops and the limited availability of agricultural land. Reliance on community-based management strategies may not be powerful enough for villagers to withstand the pressures of modernization, materialism, and other socioeconomic influences, possibly negating the effect of sustainability. Striking an equitable balance between government policies, community development, and forest protection will be a challenge for resource managers.

Comparison of the suitability of a 200 ha land for rice cultivation by three ‘native’ techniques in Southern Nigeria.

Comparison of the suitability of a 200 ha land for rice cultivation by three ‘native’ techniques in Southern Nigeria.

Changes in Diversity and Functional Gene Abundances of Microbial Communities Involved in Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrification, and Denitrification in a Tidal Wetland versus Paddy Soils Cultivated for Different Time Periods

In many areas of China, tidal wetlands have been converted into agricultural land for rice cultivation. However, the consequences of land use changes for soil microbial communities are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated bacterial and archaeal communities involved in inorganic nitrogen turnover (nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification) based on abundances and relative species richness of the corresponding functional genes along a soil chronosequence ranging between 50 and 2,000 years of paddy soil management compared to findings for a tidal wetland. Changes in abundance and diversity of the functional groups could be observed, reflecting the different chemical and physical properties of the soils, which changed in terms of soil development. The tidal wetland was characterized by a low microbial biomass and relatively high abundances of ammonia-oxidizing microbes. Conversion of the tidal wetlands into paddy soils was followed by a significant increase in microbial biomass. Fifty years of paddy management resulted in a higher abundance of nitrogen-fixing microbes than was found in the tidal wetland, whereas dominant genes of nitrification and denitrification in the paddy soils showed no differences. With ongoing rice cultivation, copy numbers of archaeal ammonia oxidizers did not change, while that of their bacterial counterparts declined. The nirK gene, coding for nitrite reductase, increased with rice cultivation time and dominated its functionally redundant counterpart, nirS, at all sites under investigation. Relative species richness showed significant differences between all soils with the exception of the archaeal ammonia oxidizers in the paddy soils cultivated for 100 and 300 years. In general, changes in diversity patterns were more pronounced than those in functional gene abundances.

Impacts of climate changes on the temperature of paddy waters and suitable land for rice cultivation in Japan

A model for the energy balance of rice fields was improved by using meteorological and geographical data to simulate the changes in the water temperature resulting from plant growth. The average climate of Japan during the period 1971–2000 was used as a baseline. The improved model was used to assess the possible effects of the future climate (2081–2100) on agricultural practices at a spatial resolution of approximately 1 km 2. The most notable result from the simulations is that the water temperature during the growing season for the future climate increased by approximately 1.6–2.0 °C throughout the country. This increase can lead to a remarkable northward shift of the isochrones of safe transplanting dates for rice seedlings. This means that the rice cultivation period will be prolonged by approximately 25–30 days. Such an increase in the thermal resources allows greater flexibility of variation in the cropping season as compared with that at present; thus, resulting in a reduction in the frequency of cool summer damage in the northern districts. The area of safe cultivation expands to the northernmost region, if all the forests in the climatically suitable areas can be converted into rice fields. Conversely, climate warming will also induce high-temperature stress in rice plants in one-fifth of the current total cultivation area. The current agricultural practices and rice cultivars used in these areas will inevitably require altering to prevent the projected heat stress during summer.

Adoption of selected innovations in rice production and their effect on farmers living standard in Bauchi local government area, Bauchi state, Nigeria

This study focused on the adoption of five selected agricultural innovations in rice production and their effect on farmers' income and standard of living in Bauchi Local Government Area (LGA) of Bauchi State. The innovations are fertilizer, agrochemicals, improved seeds, machinery and sprayers. The farmers categorized into three groups; adopters, partial adopters and non – adopters were selected from five villages using systematic sampling technique. Simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of 82 rice growers from these villages. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study revealed that 38% of the respondents had no formal education and 90% had less than 2.5 hectares of land for rice cultivation. Average income per hectare of adopter war N22, 745.2 from rice products for that season, while that of partial adopters and non-adopters were N18, 931.8 and N 20, 885.7. Also 10% of adopters, 60% of partial adopters fell under high standard of living, 55% of adopters and 35% of partial adopters fell under middle standard of living, while 35% adopters, 59% partial adopters and 100% of non-adopters fell within low standard of living. This indicates that the more adoption of relevant agricultural innovations in rice production, the more increase in yield and income. There is the need for effective and direct distribution of farm inputs to the rural farmers at the on set of farming season and at subsidized rate. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 2 (4) 2006: pp. 317-320

Simulated rice yields as affected by interannual climate variability and possible climate change in Java

About 60% of the rice produced in Indonesia is grown in the fertile soils of the island of Java. Introduction of the high-yielding rice varieties and improvement of cultural technique have increased rice production, and self-sufficiency was attained in 1984. However, increasing population and decreasing land for rice cultivation could threaten the food supply in the country. Rice production is also threatened by interannual climate variability and possible climate change. To provide policy- makers and planners with information to formulate a strategy to cope with interannual climate vari- ability and the possible climate change, rice yields of 2 production areas on Java were simulated using the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) rice growth simulation model. The crop model predicted lower rice yields for different management options, compared with experiment plots, but predicted yields similar to or slightly higher than the farmers' yield. In general, the predic- tions relate quite well. The GISS, GFDL, and UKMO climate models predicted higher rainfall, solar radiation, and temperature in both locations. In the higher rainfall and lower temperature of the West Java site, the climate change scenarios reduced rice grain yield in both the first and second crops. Dur- ing normal years in the relatively warmer and dryer climate of the East Java site, there was no signifi- cant yield reduction due to climate change, except under the UKMO scenario in the second crop. Because high temperature and CO2 concentration favor rice growth, development of more heat-toler- ant varieties probably can compensate for the yield losses due to climate change in the future. Except for the GISS and GFDL climate scenarios in the first crop and the baseline climate scenario in the sec- ond crop in the West Java site, higher yield losses were predicted because of interannual climate vari- ability. Since the dry spell threat is more imminent and frequent, to improve preparedness a short-term climate prediction for the tropical region is urgently needed.

Upland and swamp rice farming systems in Sierra Leone: the social context of technological change

IntroductionIt is thought that African rice (Oryza glaberrima), domesticated from the annual wild rice Oryza barthii, a plant of savanna river valleys and water holes, may have been first cultivated along the valley of the upper and middle Niger (Portères, 1970; Harlan, 1975). Cultivation under high rainfall conditions in the forest zone followed the development of ‘upland’ cultivars. Today, farmers in the drier savannas continue to depend on the seasonal rise and fall of flood water in valley bottom land for rice cultivation, and on occasion, this has developed into fully-fledged ‘irrigation’ agriculture (Linares de Sapir, 1970; Loquay, 1980), but elsewhere in the West African rice zone rain-fed ‘upland’ cultivation techniques now predominate. Where rainfall is more reliable ‘upland’ cultivation tends to be preferred because of its greater efficiency of labour use, but, as in ancient times, the occasional supplementary use of swamp to cope with bad years is not uncommon. This paper focuses attention on rice farming systems in Sierra Leone. Rice cultivation probably reached this area several thousand years ago (Atherton, 1979). Although in a few instances regular use of swamp land dates back to the later part of the nineteenth century (e.g. in the Bumban valley and the tidal swamps of the Scarcies estuary: Fyle, 1979, Carpenter, 1978) ‘upland’ cultivation still retains its former importance over large parts of the country.