Land Annexation Research Articles

Practicing wujud: A Constellation of sumud in the Fragmented Palestinian Present

The Zionist conception of history and its material project of expansion and land annexation produce a temporality of catastrophe (Nakba) that constantly reiterates violence, dispossession, and displacement in Palestinian lives and experiences. The linear temporality of the colonial process, including the neo-liberal framework of one of its crucial phases—the Oslo Accords (1993), has fragmented Palestinian existence throughout the past decades on multiple levels—economic, political, social, and geographic. Reflecting on Palestinian sumud as a constellation—within an epistemological and methodological relational perspective that aims to counter colonial linear epistemologies and temporalities, this article looks at how three significant Palestinian embodied, material and symbolic practices of wujud (presence) function within collective sumud. On the one hand, such experiences resist colonial annihilation by re-integrating the physical and cultural Palestinian presence in the face of catastrophe. On the other, they embody the diversity of Palestinian ontologies and the multi-vocality of Palestinian epistemologies. Practicing and asserting wujud and reclaiming relationships with the land are refractory Palestinian spaces, in the here and now of a fragmented present, to the Zionist colonial temporality, material and epistemic order. They enable the existence and resistance of the Palestinian people and alternative understandings and imaginations of time, meaning, and presence.

The rights way forward: reconciling the right to food with biodiversity conservation

AbstractThe current paradigm of biodiversity conservation, with its continued focus on the notion of pristine nature, has resulted in the separation of humans and nature at the expense of both biological and cultural–linguistic diversity. The continued annexation of land for the cause of conservation has resulted in the curtailment of both rights and access to local and diverse food sources for many rural communities. Indigenous Peoples and local communities are fundamental to conserving biodiversity through sustainable use of nature despite repeated attempts to dispossess them from their lands, cultures and knowledge. It has been this traditional and land-based knowledge that has contributed to the conservation of biodiversity whilst also supporting healthy, diverse and nutritious diets. If we are to achieve a more just and sustainable future, we need to continue to centre conservation initiatives around rights, access and equity whilst respecting a plurality of perspectives, worldviews and knowledge systems. Here we review alternative approaches that help reconcile the right to food with biodiversity conservation, such as biocultural rights, rights-based approaches and integrated land management schemes, with the aim of identifying optimal ways forward for conservation that break away from the dichotomous view that pits people against nature and instead embrace the importance of this symbiotic relationship.

Analysis of the changes of the military system in the late Roman Republic and the reasons behind them

The military is essential for Rome to develop from a small city-state in central Italy into a vast empire spanning three continents in history. However, due to the defeat of the war, social contradictions, the shortage of troops, and the expansion of the Empire’s territory, the old military system that the Romans were proud of was questioned. The Romans urgently needed military reform to meet the growing country. Compared with the old civil military service system, the reformed conscription system has more sources of soldiers, more powerful fighting capacity, longer service time, more Roman troops, and more systematic militarization management. The military reform of Marius was a change that Rome had to make. At that time, the Roman Republic was unstable, and the severe land annexation in Rome led to middle- and lower-class civilians having to rely on the nobles to survive. As more and more civilians attached to nobles, fewer and fewer wealthy civilians could meet the conditions for joining the army. At the same time, the territory of the Roman Republic is not limited to the Italian peninsula. Once invincible on the Italian peninsula, the military system and tactics are no longer advanced enough. Roma needs to change their tactics and system to defeat those strong opponents.

The Role of the Elite in City Expansion: Nablus City in the Palestinian Central Mountains as a Case Study

The growth of cities has been facilitated by a variety of factors. One of these is the land annexation by municipality with the assistance of elite individuals. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the elite influenced Nablus—in central Palestine Municipality’s expansion. The study scanned Nablus Municipality Archives, conducted interviews with the annexed villages’ people and used master plans to trace out the city’s expansion across time from 1960 to 2016 (Jordanian rule, Israeli occupation, and Palestinian Authority rule). The ‘elite’ theory has been used to explain how the expansion process succeeded. The analysis found that elite groups proposed and oversaw Nablus Municipality’s expansion boundaries at various times, delayed master plan’s approval and influenced the distribution plots for popular housing projects.

Affectual Erasures: Representations of Indigenous Peoples in Argentine Cinema

Affectual Erasures: Representations of Indigenous Peoples in Argentine Cinema

Perlindungan Hukum Atas Perbuatan Hukum Rekayasa Menganeksasi Tanah Sengketa

Land Registration is an intended activity to provide guarantees of legal certainty of land rights in the form of land rights certificates, but at the process to registrate of land there is some obstacle because there people who do not materially do annexation the land. The purpose of this study is to determine the legal protection for holders of Kohir which yet become certificate of land because of annexation of the land. The form of usurpation of land ownership rights. The approach method used is normative juridical. The result showed the act of annexation of land was an unlawful act against the law, contained in article 1365 code of Civil Law.

Upaya Non Litigasi Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Penyerobotan Tanah

Non litigation efforts in dispute revolution of land invasions (study implementation of article 1 paragraph (10) law no. 30 in 1999 in the manuba village, malusetasi district, district of barru). In this paper, the authors raised the issue of Non-Litigation Efforts In Dispute Resolution of land invasions. The choice of the theme motivated by resolving disputes in court that takes a long time and certainly need much money, as well as the final result determine the losing and the winning side, because the principle of Indonesian society are conference and kinship. According to Article 1, paragraph (10) of Law no. 30 of 1999 on arbitration and alternative dispute resolution, then the public can choose dispute revolution through non-litigation dispute, namely mediation, negotiation, conciliation, consultation, and expert assessment. This thesis uses sociological and juridical approach this type of research is empirical legal research. The primary and secondary law materials that authors obtained will be analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. As a population are people who have experienced got a case of land invasions, the head of village, and advocate. Primary data collection technique is interview, while secondary data use library research. From the results of research by the method above, the authors obtained answers to existing problems that non-litigation efforts in the resolution of disputes in the village Manuba of land invasions in accordance with the wishes of the parties and ended in peace. Mediation in the dispute resolution process of annexation of land succeed in accordance with the wishes of the parties.

Israeli Physical Persecution in Occupied Jerusalem

Israeli authorities have committed a wide range of human rights violations, including direct violence, land annexation and settlement building, home eviction and arbitrary arrest and detention. Such practices have been carried out with political cover from the Israeli government. In addition to the direct confiscation of Palestinian homes and other property, Israeli authorities and organizations such as settlement associations frequently use subterfuge or bribes to transfer ownership to Jewish residents and interests. Through historical review and analysis, this paper documents the most common types of direct and structural violence practiced by Israel, along with their effect on Palestinians, and highlights the roles of the various players in Israeli society.

Forest Conservation, Rights, and Diets: Untangling the Issues

Recent research has highlighted the contributions of forests and tree-based systems to both dietary diversity and nutrition as well as agricultural production in the form of tree-based ecosystem services. Wild foods provide a significant nutritional contribution to the diets of rural dwellers, the majority of whom would be classified as some of the world’s poorest. Yet, despite the important human-forest interactions and relative degrees of forest dependency, access to much of the global forest estate is increasingly regulated under the guise of biodiversity conservation. How this restricted access plays out when the “right to food” is a deeply enshrined human right has been deeply contested, particularly with regard to land annexation. This paper outlines the critical issues related to the dietary diversity and nutrition in the context of the availability of wild foods juxtaposed with the growing call for the annexation of land for conservation. We suggest that a more integrated and equitable approach to land management that embraces both biodiversity conservation and broader food security and nutrition goals can provide multiple benefits, while mitigating local conflicts. As such, a rights-based approach to conservation and an embracing of broader landscape perspectives are possible strategies to achieve these seemingly conflicting agendas.

Planning for growth in depopulating cities: An analysis of population projections and population change in depopulating and populating US cities

One of the most critical tasks in creating community plans and developing local planning policies and priorities is projecting populations, as accurate projections help communities appropriately distribute resources and services. While inaccurate population projections are problematic and have long-term and lasting effects for all cities, they are especially problematic in depopulating cities where the tax burden is shared among fewer residents – a large-scale public works project, a new convention center, more housing, or the annexation of land can further burden residents and strain public resources. This research examines how (and if) cities are using population projection data to guide their plans for the future, and if it varies between cities that are losing residents and cities that are gaining residents. Population projections are examined from 41 depopulating and 41 populating US cities. Levels of accuracy in the population projections are compared, along with other population change sensitive variables such as land use, housing, and vacancy. The findings indicated that population projection errors are present in both depopulating and populating cities. However, most depopulating cities anticipate growth, despite data to the contrary. This research also found that land area expansion in depopulating cities is not sensitive to population loss, and that there is a significant time-lag between population peak and land and housing unit peaks. This suggests that depopulating cities respond slowly to population decline. This research aims to underscore the importance of accurate population projections and their role in informing planning strategies and resource allocation, in depopulating cities specifically.

Penyerobotan Tanah Secara Tidak Sah Dalam Perspektif Pidana

Land of is a very valuable asset, given the price of land is very stable and continue to rise along with the times. Unauthorized land grabbing can harm anyone even more so if the land is used for business purposes. Annexation of land by a person or group of people against another people's land can be interpreted as an act of mastering, occupy or take over someone else's land unlawfully, against the right, or in violation of applicable laws. Therefore, such actions may be sued under civil law or prosecuted under criminal law. Provisions in criminal law contained in Section 363, 365, 167 and 389, 170, 406, 412, 263, 264, 266 as Lex Generalis later in Article 2 of Law No. 51 PRP of 1960 on the Prohibition of Use of Land Without Permission Eligible or the attorney as Lex Specialist.

Temple Mount pilgrimage in the name of human rights: the use of piety practice and liberal discourse to carry out proxy-state conquest

ABSTRACTSince 2010, Jewish pilgrimage to the Temple Mount/Haram ash-Sharif compound has become an increasingly popular practice within Israeli society. On the Temple Mount, pilgrimage guides and their Jewish participants subjectively perform Israeli state sovereignty, carrying out a proxy-state attempt at land annexation through the format of a piety ritual. During pilgrimages, Temple Mount tour guides filter down a new discursive regime to participants, helping them to frame their act of conquest in the language of the liberal state, claiming that Jewish access to the Temple Mount is matter of ‘human rights’ and ‘religious freedom’. Today, Temple Mount pilgrimage is becoming a public ritual of liberal-settler colonial comportment, where Jewish pilgrims act on behalf of the state, laying claim to the Temple Mount by constituting themselves as human rights victims, and strategically inverting the relationship between settler and native. On the Temple Mount, religious piety and liberal ideologies conjoin, supporting forms of settler colonial domination in Israel/Palestine.

Case Study: Historic Alexandria: The Next Fifty Years

The Alexandria, Virginia, historic district has been considered one of the best national examples of the application of historic preservation principles to guide development of a city while preserving historic resources. A superficial examination finds a town rich in historic resources, ranging from the eighteenth century to the twentieth, that has grown and changed while keeping appropriate scale and massing. However, after a critical look at a variety of planning issues, one finds that the legacy of preservation has been mixed. With ever-increasing impact over the last fifty years, development in the core of the city has been managed primarily through preservation controls. One of the results is a cap on the height of buildings and a resulting uniformity of design. These limits may inhibit both future growth and the flexibility to incorporate changes in transportation, parking, and building technology. Looking ahead, these issues will have to be faced as public funding and resources diminish and support for historic preservation research and documentation dwindles.I write this essay as a preservation architect who has worked in Alexandria and scores of other historic districts across the Mid-Atlantic region.1 It is based on my experience and observations since the early 1970s. After providing historical background on the development of Alexandria's historic district, I present an assessment of the long-term impacts of historic district controls-which have, as I will argue, effectively replaced zoning. I examine what this implies for the future of the city, including economic viability/stability, social justice, and sustainability.The Historic Core: Urban Development and PreservationAlexandria is an incorporated city with a population of just over 146,300 and a land area of 15.4 square miles.2 There are about 60,000 households according to the last census. The original town was founded in 1749 on the Potomac River; along with Georgetown to the north, it thrived as a regional port town through the eighteenth century (Fig. 1). Like other cities, particularly on the East Coast, the urban core of Alexandria was shaped by natural and man-made boundaries: the Potomac River, to the south, Hunting Creek, and the west with the railroad (Fig. 2) (This differs markedly from cities in the Midwest and West, where physical boundaries have rarely existed and therefore, physical growth has not been contained.) This original core area of Alexandria is now called Town, and reached an area about one and a half miles long and one mile wide. Since its foundation, Old Town has grown in a westward direction, away from the Potomac. Through the early twentieth century, the growth extended well beyond the original town footprint with the annexation of land from the neighboring two counties, Fairfax and Arlington. By 1935, Alexandria had generally reached its current footprint.3This westward development can also be linked to modes of transportation. For most of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the town was compact and focused on the seaport; walking and horse-drawn vehicles were the forms of transport. With the introduction of the railroad and later the Civil War, a western edge for the city was formed by the railroad right-of-way. The railroad also created incursions directly into the core of the town, to facilitate movement of goods to and from the port. With automobile use in the early twentieth century, major north-south and east-west highways were developed that both expanded the town greatly and caused commercial development to move west from the former seaport. After the introduction of the METRO subway system in 1983, commercial development again moved further west to be adjacent to the two METRO stations.Although there were isolated preservation efforts in the early twentieth century, in 1946 Alexandria City Council established the and Historic Alexandria District (OHAD) to recognize the historic core of the city. …

Rethinking Land Grab Ontology

AbstractThe current bout of land annexation expresses a particular moment in modern history—specifically the condensation of a series of linked crises. Arguably the world is at an ecological tipping point, and how land resources are managed now is of paramount concern. Of course, land management has variable meaning, with quite different ontological consequences. The difference registers in the distinct visions expressed, for example, by the World Bank and the United Nations Human Rights Rapporteur, Olivier de Schutter, regarding the implications of the land grab for global food security. While the bank proposes responsible investments in “land acquisition,” the rapporteur argues that this is a way of “responsibly destroying the world's peasantry.” The former, concerned with governing the rights of capital, expresses a form of neoproductivism, signaled in the concept of “sustainable intensification” increasingly underwritten by agribusiness. The latter, concerned with protecting the material rights of rural inhabitants, expresses an ontology centered on the sustainability of agroecological methods used by farmers who know and value their landscapes. More than simply alternative visions, these represent different responses to the combined food, energy, and climate crises, informing quite distinctive ontologies concerning the relationship between “food security,” environmental crisis, and land management, which I address in this article in terms of the “ecology of food security.”

Collaborative Research and Co-Learning

We discuss linked Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) ecological knowledge and place-based spirituality related to federal lands in the southern Great Basin, USA. Nuwuvi or ‘the people’ are Numic speakers who consider this area to be their ancestral homeland and a close relative since the time when the world was new. The current land holdings of these six federally and one non-federally recognized Native American nations are a fraction of the pre-contact period. The ancestral territory was fragmented and knowledge transmission hindered by gradual encroachment by settlers, reorganization onto reservations, land annexation by federal agencies, relocation to government boarding schools barring indigenous languages, and more. We present two applied interpretive and resource management projects aimed at revitalizing Nuwuvi relationships with their ancestral territory currently governed by several federal agencies. Our framework considers co-learning among indigenous peoples, federal land managers, and the general public to be vital to the revitalization process. Co-learning occurs in these projects by utilizing collaborative ethnographic methods in conducting research, integrating a variety of perspectives, creating opportunities for intergenerational knowledge transmission and interactions with ancestral lands, and enhancing government-to-government consultation and public education.

Balancing urban and peri‐urban exchange: water geography of rural livelihoods in Mexico

The peri-urban area is the region where there is a more dynamic interaction between the urban and rural. The peri-urban area supplies natural resources, such as land for urban expansion and agricultural products to feed the urban population. In arid and semi-arid lands, such as northern Mexico, these areas may also be the source of water for the city's domestic demand. In addition, scholars argue that peri-urban residents may have a more advantageous geographical position for selling their labour and agricultural products in cities and, by doing so, sustaining their livelihoods. A considerable number of studies have examined the peri-urban to urban natural resources transfer in terms of land annexation, housing construction, and infrastructure issues; however, the study of the effects of the reallocation of peri-urban water resources to serve urban needs is critical as well because the livelihoods of peri-urban residents, such as those based on agriculture and livestock, depend on water availability. In the case of Hermosillo there is a tremendous pressure on the water resources of peri-urban small farm communities or ejidos because of urban demand. Based on interviews and structured surveys with producers and water managers, this paper examines how peri-urban livelihoods have been reshaped by the reallocation of the city's natural resources in many cases caused some ejido members or ejidatarios to lose livelihoods.

The Relationship between Tax Increment Finance and Municipal Land Annexation

We use detailed information from Wisconsin municipalities on annexation and tax increment finance (TIF) activity over the period 1990-2003 to determine whether TIF has encouraged annexation. Declaring a recently annexed area a TIF district increases the fiscal benefit of annexation since it allows the municipality to direct the incremental revenue increases from overlying governments to economic development activities within the newly formed TIF district. Our analysis suggests that TIF is responsible for as much as 119 square miles, or 54%, of all the land area annexed over the 1990-2003 period in Wisconsin.

La nacionalización de la frontera pampeana y la formación del Estado argentino

<p>Después de los años setenta del siglo XIX el gobierno argentino se concentró en incorporar al país al circuito económico mundial en la certeza de que ello estimularía la modernización y a su vez facilitaría el desarrollo social. Uno de los objetivos oficiales más importantes apuntaba a maximizar los beneficios de la producción agrícola-ganadera mediante la anexión de las tierras de la frontera interior. De esta forma, el estado argentino dio paso a la intervención coactiva para efectivizar el control real de todo su territorio y su población.</p> <p>El propósito de este texto es desarrollar algunos aspectos constitutivos del proceso de nacionalización de la frontera pampeana. Se examina el conocimiento previo que existía sobre las tierras en el momento de concretar la ocupación del espacio en contraposición con el conocimiento científico y oficial que se fue construyendo a medida que avanzaba la expedición al “desierto”. Conocimiento que influyó en los patrones de distribución, organización y administración de la tierra pública a finales del siglo XIX.</p>

Straight into Compton: American Dreams, Urban Nightmares, and the Metamorphosis of a Black Suburb

This article traces the historic evolution of the California city of Compton, both as a physical place, and as a popular cultural idea. A recipient of the coveted All-American Cities Award in 1952, the almost exclusively white city of Compton quickly integrated after the landmark Supreme Court housing desegregation cases of the early 1950s. By the late 1950s, Compton was a symbol of black middle class achievement, and by the 1970s it would become a vanguard for black political power, with a black mayor and city council. However, by the 1980s, the intense concentration of gang activity in Compton, coupled with the city's proximity to the movie and music-making industries of Hollywood, contributed to the recasting of Compton as a symbol of black crime and poverty throughout urban America. The article explores this transformation of Compton from a place name to a metonym in local and national media reporting, hip-hop music, and the so-called "gangsta" films of the 1980s and 1990s. A quick glance at local business and county land annexation patterns suggests, as well as the battle to rename Compton Boulevard, suggests that by the late 1980s, the idea of Compton became almost as important—and in some cases, far more so—than the actual history of the place. The lesson of the Compton story, the author concludes, is that an engaged citizenry should approach "truths" about physical places with as much skepticism as we do "truths" about races of people.

Home rule in America: a fifty-state handbook

Home rule powers are essential parts of the American governing process, but they vary widely from state to state. This authoritative reference work examines the powers and functions of municipalities and counties that operate under home rule within each state. For example, the ability of a local municipality to raise taxes, annex land, or impose regulations is determined by their home rule powers from the states.''''''This volume provides a reliable reference work for researchers and students - a single source that readers can trust for information about:''The actions that local governments can - and cannot - pursue''States where power is centralized at the capital and where it is not''How home rule varies within each state by governmental function''Trends in important issues such as taxes, land annexation, and citizen access.''''The editors organized the book in three parts: an overview of American home rule, including its history; a state-by-state description of home rule authority; and a comparative appendix that allows readers a quick reference source of powers by state.''''A scholar or governmental expert was selected in each state to prepare the state descriptions. Each chapter follows the same outline of content that allows easy comparison between states.''''In an era of power and responsibilities devolving from the national government to states and localities, the use of home rule powers has become increasingly important to the health of American government and federalism. Researchers and interested citizens will benefit from this comprehensive reference.''''Home Rule in America was directed by Dale Krane of the department of public administration, University of Nebraska, Omaha; Platon N. Rigos, department of government and international affairs, University of South Florida; and Melvin Hill, the Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia.''''