Land Administration Domain Model Research Articles

Deriving requirements for integrated and standardised cadastre profile from the legacy Board of Revenue and the contemporary land administration systems

Modernising the paper-based manual Land Administration System (LAS) benefits society at large. This study examines the integration and standardisation requirements of LASs in Islamabad, Pakistan, using the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The exploratory case study approach assesses land tenure, value, use and development aspects. The existing LASs satisfy LADM requirements for a unified LAS. Systematic transformations are required to upgrade revenue sketch maps and drawings into accurate geospatial data in 2D and above and below-ground infrastructure into 3D. Developing a LADM edition I & II country profile is recommended for land tenure security, socioeconomic development and sustainable urban growth.

3D GIS PARTICIPATORY MAPPING AND CONFLICT LADM: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LAND POLICIES AND SURVEY PROCEDURES APPLIED BY THE IGOROTS, NCIP, AND DENR TO ITOGON ANCESTRAL DOMAIN BOUNDARIES

Abstract. Based on the 2015 census, the Indigenous Peoples (IPs) population in the Philippines is estimated to range from 11.3 to 20.2 million. Spanning diverse regions with unique cultures, these communities face common challenges related to territorial disputes. Itogon, the largest municipality in Benguet, is the ancestral home of the Ibaloi, Kankanaey, and other Igorot tribes. Despite possessing three Ancestral Domains (ADs), Itogon is predominantly classified as timberland, exposing inconsistencies in national laws and jurisdiction. This study examines land policies and surveying procedures employed by the Igorots, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in mapping Itogon's AD Boundaries. It aims to identify conflicts in land boundary delineation, propose surveying guidelines, and advocate for 3D Participatory Mapping as a geomatics solution for updated AD reference maps. Three methodologies were used: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), Comparative Legal Analysis (CLA), and Map Overlay Analysis (MOA). IPA revealed key themes, including AD Definition, AD Overlaps, and Other Conflicts, pertinent to AD mapping. CLA delved into conflicting surveying procedures, such as AD Definitions, Surveying Equipment, Methods, and more. MOA highlighted the land area percentage affected by misaligned surveying procedures. The study presents its findings through a Conflict Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) for AD versus AD and Political Boundaries. These can serve as references for revising survey manuals, updating AD Sustainable Development and Protection Plans, and making amendments to laws, all aimed at promoting indigenous land rights and sustainable development.

Applicability of spatial planning system package for the LADM Turkey country profile

AbstractSpatial planning plays a crucial role in shaping the future of urban development and land administration. While land registration information is necessary for spatial planning processes, it is also probable that changes in land registration data occur in line with spatial plan decisions. Development of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Edition II It also aimed to extend its existing conceptual model with spatial plan data, considering the close connection between the two systems. The study aims to design a conceptual model for Turkey's spatial planning system within the LADM Turkey country profile context. This article researches the capability of the proposed conceptual model for representing spatial planning data with instance‐level diagrams and the implementation opportunities of a technical model. To demonstrate the functionality of the proposed model, the zoning status certificate, which contains spatial plan and land registration data and is provided to inform about the legal conditions before development, is chosen as the mission. The results show that the LADM Turkey country profile extended with spatial planning system data can represent spatial plan data and be implemented in a technical model to support land administration applications.

Bridging Sustainable Development Goals and Land Administration: The Role of the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model in SDG Indicator Formalization

This study illustrates the linkages between the ISO’s Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs), highlighting the role of the LADM in promoting effective land administration suitable for efficient computation of land/water (space)-related SDG indicators. The main contribution of this study is the formalization of SDG indicators by using the ISO standard LADM. This paper proposes several SDG-indicator-related extensions to the multi-part LADM standard that is currently under revision. These extensions encompass the introduction of new procedures for calculating indicators, the integration of blueprints for external classes to fulfil additional information needs and the design of interface classes for presenting indicator values across specific countries and reporting years. In an innovative approach, this paper introduces the Four-Step Method—a powerful framework designed to formalize SDG indicators within the LADM framework. Detailed attention is devoted to specific indicators, including 1.4.2 (secure land rights), 5.a.1 (women’s agricultural land rights), 14.5.1 (protected marine areas) and 11.5.2 (valuation as a basis for direct economic loss). In short, the Four-Step Method is pivotal in eliminating ambiguities, enhancing the efficiency of indicator computation and securing more accurate indicator values that more truly reflect the progress towards SDG realization. This approach is also expected to work with other (ISO) standards for other SDG indicators.

A Land Administration Data Exchange and Interoperability Framework for Kenya and Its Significance to the Sustainable Development Goals

Sharing land data from one department to the other is a continuous process. A solid structure and a set of guidelines on how to share them is to be put in place as a foundation for the development of a land administration data exchange and interoperability framework in support of data acquisition, land transactions and distribution of land data. In this research, the application of the ISO Framework for Enterprise Interoperability (FEI) as a standard is the starting point. Utilising the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) profile for Kenya as a base, an interoperability framework in support of land administration in Kenya is developed that addresses concerns, removes barriers and selects the approach for implementation. Due to the critical nature of land, it fits into the United Nations 2030 sustainability agenda. During the development of the Kenyan profile, four country-specific issues in the context of people-to-land relationships have been identified and modeled. The mapping of those issues relevant to the sustainable development goals supports the achievement of those goals so that all related targets and indicators can be attained. Using GIS tools, the implementing and testing of the new LADM profile for Kenya is not a difficult task. By using existing land data combined with newly collected data in the LADM-compliant database, a complete and accurate workflow is assured. Integration with external databases is useful for improving efficiency and eliminating duplication. Data collection with all stakeholders and validation through public inspection are recommended.

Refining the survey model of the LADM ISO 19152–2: Land registration

Cadastral surveying involves the delineation of property boundaries and the extent and documentation of easements and restrictions (imposed by private or public law), forming the foundation for Land Administration (LA). Survey models and processes constitute vital parts of Cadastres and Land Administration Systems (LASs). However, these models are often inadequately documented and lack standardization in practice. To address the global diversity and complexity of legal and administrative challenges in LA, standardization efforts have yielded the ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the Global Land Tool Network's (GLTN) Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), and the OGC LandInfra/InfraGML standard. The current edition of the LADM focuses on standardised conceptual modelling of LA-related information, including a dedicated sub-package for Spatial and Surveying representation. As part of the ongoing LADM revision, a refined survey model is being developed to support a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches and levels of accuracy. Recognizing that surveying technology is not bound by national practices and regulations, this paper focuses specifically on the surveying aspect of LADM. It illustrates that the proposed refined survey model is applicable not only to conventional real property formation but also to participatory land rights recordation processes. The approach adopted in this research is technology-neutral, accommodating the ongoing evolution of surveying technology. It offers support for a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches, with varying levels of accuracy. As the demand for high-precision positioning has been persistent within the land mapping and surveying community, particularly since the initial adoption of GPS, aiming to achieve centimetre-level accuracies (initially confined to local services), the paper addresses the fundamental principles of the High Accuracy Service (HAS) concept within the proposed model. The main results presented in this paper are the conceptual model of the refined survey model of LADM Edition II (ISO19152–2), as well as an abstract, reference, cadastral surveying workflow following the principles of the proposed model.

BIM-LADM AMALGAMATION — A REVIEW

Abstract. This paper discussed two International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, namely, ISO 19152 – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and ISO 16739 – Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), to identify three-dimensional (3D) multi-floor building rights. These days, it is challenging to characterize all multifunctional structures due to the increase in complex buildings. High-rise building land and property information management is recommended through building information modeling (BIM). Countries like the Netherlands, Australia, and Turkey have considered adopting BIM for their land administration. A land administration standard, such as LADM, offers better legal and physical representation in identifying the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) of the spatial units and stakeholders. However, LADM falls short in representing all building elements, such as semantic information and invisible functional spaces. Hence, this paper reviews incorporating additional information from BIM to create a comprehensive three-dimensional building representation including legal information from LADM. Issues and challenges also being highlighted with some recommendations for possible future works.

DEVELOPING 4D MALAYSIAN MARINE CADASTRE DATA MODEL BASED ON LADM - PRELIMINARY WORKS

Abstract. The complex interactions between terrestrial and aquatic dimensions make effective land management in coastal and marine settings particularly difficult. For thorough spatial data administration, it has been acknowledged that the traditional Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) must incorporate temporal and three-dimensional (3D) elements. The main goal of this work is to develop a 4D Malaysian marine cadastre data model based on LADM that integrates the temporal dimensions (3D + T= 4D) to the current 3D Malaysian marine cadastre data model and to assess how well the extended model handles issues with the representation of 3D marine environment. The depiction and management of temporal data related to shifting coastlines, fluctuating tides, and seasonal fluctuations in the maritime environment are some of the key questions investigated. The findings of this study are expected to provide valuable insights for augmenting land administration methodologies in dynamic marine settings. The outcomes of this research hold significance for sustainable marine development and effective spatial data management in coastal regions.

Land administration domain model profile for Kenya

Developing a Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) profile for a country is an important process. This enables sound management of land and facilitates complete Land Administration covering cadaster, registry, valuation, taxation and land use. By considering the current processes in that country, their legal or customary framework, an ideal model can be developed. Kenya has four requirements that were identified and addressed as key considerations. The ISO LADM packages and sub package were considered necessary, while most classes were adopted with additional attributes, code lists and multiplicities. Expert opinion on the model was solicited to inform and validate the model. The model presents a starting point for modernizing and completing the land administration process in Kenya. The modernization includes data exchange and interoperability, data and system integration, deployment model, workflows, capacity development and change management .

Design of the new structure and capabilities of LADM edition II including 3D aspects

The decision to refine the existing content and to extend the scope of Edition I of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a response to requests from the international Land Administration (LA) community. This response has to be formally organised in accordance with ISO guidelines. This begins with gathering feedback from ISO/TC 211 Member States on the need for updated and enhanced capabilities of the LADM. In addition, several proposals have been made to extend the scope of the LADM Edition I. After analysing the feedback received, it was proposed to develop the LADM Edition II as a multi-part standard: Part 1 — Generic conceptual model, Part 2 — Land registration, Part 3 — Marine georegulation, Part 4 — Valuation information, Part 5 — Spatial plan information and Part 6 — Implementation aspects. In other words, Edition I focuses on land tenure, while the design and development of Edition II is based on the inclusion of rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) concerning marine georegulation, valuation information, spatial plan information as well as LADM implementation. 3D representations are relevant for all parts.This paper focuses on the design of the new structure of the second edition of the LADM and on the (operational) capabilities of this new edition in relation to the LA issues in Parts (standards addressing a specific part of the scope) and Packages (groups of conceptually close classes), with a particular attention to the requirements and design related decisions taken in the revision process. The parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 are the parts in which the authors are currently involved. Part 1 will be a high-level umbrella standard; Part 2 is largely based on LADM Edition I and focuses on land registration, with an enhanced support on the surveying functionality, including new subclasses of spatial unit, and extended 3D spatial profiles. Part 3 harmonises the description of RRRs and aligns land concepts with marine aspects from the marine domain based on the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) S121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries Product Specification. Part 4 deals with valuation information used and produced in the context of land administration, while Part 5 deals with spatial planning information and includes the planned use of the land (zoning), resulting in RRRs. Lastly, Part 6 is planned to be about implementation of the LADM and will be developed in close collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).

Implementation of 3D spatial planning through the integration of the standards

AbstractTo plan future land use, zoning plans (i.e., spatial plans) are prepared to get the most out of land for both the public and the government. These plans manifest which facilities can be built and where they can be built on land based on defined requirements such as building height and road length. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is well‐known and widely used standard for describing Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) with respect to land and buildings. The next version of the standard will contain the Spatial Plan Information (SPI) part to enable better land‐use planning. Three‐dimensional (3D) land‐use planning has gained attention to delineate detailed requirements inclusively and allow different spatial analysis that provides a basis for decisions in the planning. Data standards pertaining to 3D geoinformation are vital to put into practice 3D spatial planning. To this extent, CityJSON is proposed for the effortless and efficient use of 3D city models. This article thus first aims to extend the CityJSON schema based on the proposed SPI part of the LADM such that it allows modeling, storing, visualizing, and utilizing the features and attributes required for the implementation of 3D spatial planning. Then, the usability of the proposed extension schema is demonstrated by the real‐world use cases that benefit from the exemplary CityJSON files that are created based on approved zoning plans in the country. The results of this study show that there is an important opportunity coming from the integration of international standards that enables semantic information along with their spatial counterparts within 3D spatial planning.

Spatial-Land use planning system data model proposal for edition II of LADM

Spatial plan decisions guide both the future use of the lands and many activities from protection to construction and permit. Due to its functions, spatial plan decisions play a key role in land administration. Spatial planning information for integrated land administration systems (LASs) should be associated with land registration systems. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard offers components to enable this structure. Integrating spatial plan data with LASs will provide standardization for plan data and assurance of plan decisions. Although the spatial planning mission differs across various administrative regions, planning activities produce land use decisions, albeit in different ways. The study aims to establish the common points in planning activities and design a joint spatial planning system data model using various countries’ spatial planning systems and international standardization studies. The spatial plans in the model that has been proposed are depicted as a system, not merely by the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) that they establish on the land. The results point out that spatial planning systems have some similarities but also some limitations to support conceptual model design. Based on joint data and relationships, the proposed spatial planning system data model can be adapted for different country practices. The study’s results are expected to support the LADM second version development studies.

Modelling of spatial planning systems with LADM standard: the case in Turkish regulatory planning system

Modelling of spatial planning systems with LADM standard: the case in Turkish regulatory planning system

BIM/IFC-based 3D spatial model for condominium ownership: a case study of China

ABSTRACT As the number of high-density buildings has increased, the management of property with complex condominium ownership has become an ongoing challenge in property registration and management. The three-dimensional (3D) modeling of condominium ownership has emerged as an effective means of meeting this challenge and has attracted great attention from fields such as geographical information science, urban planning and management, and property administration. Much progress has been made in building 3D models of condominium ownership; however, existing studies are all on a case-by-case basis and have left some critical issues unsolved, such as vague ownership boundaries, spatial rights without physical counterparts, and the unfixed spatial extent. The purpose of this study is to construct a 3D building ownership model with multiple levels of detail in the context of Chinese law to overcome the defects of 3D models above. This 3D model is presented in a case study of China by subdividing ownership boundaries based on clarifying the internal structure of condominium ownership, embedding the apportionment mechanism, and integrating the semantics, attributes, and geometry associated with the physical and legal entity of the condominium. The proposed 3D model is implemented by extending Building Information Modeling (BIM) based on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and inheriting legal information from Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). In this study, examples of condominium ownership from three real legal dispute cases in China are analyzed and tested. The study clearly demonstrates that the proposed model can provide a better cognitive understanding of the legal space of property by rendering unambiguous ownership boundaries and presenting the spatial internal structure of ownership, which offers solid technical support for dealing with property registration and many legal dispute cases about condominium ownership.

Visualisation and dissemination of 3D valuation units and groups – An LADM valuation information compliant prototype

The timely and effective dissemination of property values is an essential part of a transparent and efficient property valuation system. Over the last decade, web-based data-sharing systems have been increasingly used for the dissemination of assessed property values. 3D valuation units (e.g., condominium) and groups (aggregation of valuation units, e.g., a building floor in a multi-occupied building, a multi-occupied building, street, district or valuation zone) may be required to better communicate with users and to support a more effective and efficient dissemination. However, none of these systems share valuation information associated with 3D representation of the valuation units and groups. In this paper, a prototype of a web-based system is developed utilising the proposed Valuation Information part of the Edition II of the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model compliant dataset for not only disseminating the spatial, physical, thematic and temporal characteristics of 3D valuation units, but also for sharing the valuation statistics at each designated level and with level-specific attributes. It is expected that the outcomes of this work may contribute to the development of local or national valuation systems and systems for geo-based data visualisation for effective and efficient sharing of valuation information. As such, it is anticipated that the study's outcomes will not only increase the level of communication with the public, but also support politicians and planners in their decision-making processes and help them to better analyse and understand the property market. With the proposed system, confidence in valuation results can be further increased due to the high level of transparency.

An assessment of the Ethiopian national rural land administration information system conceptual model using LADM as a reference

The Land Administration and Use Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture in Ethiopia designed a National Rural Land Administration Information System (NRLAIS). Its purpose was to align with the development of international standards in the land administration domain, specifically the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), and to ensure the security of cadastral data. The findings revealed the necessity of designing the conceptual model and comparing NRLAIS classes with the LADM basic classes accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 19152). Though the comparison showed compatibility between the two, some differences are observed in classes and attributes between the LADM and the NRLAIS. Gaps were identified on recording types of rights, restrictions, responsibilities and land legislation gaps. This study highlights the importance of adopting the LADM to restructure the NRLAIS conceptual model and reconsider the missing components to enhance the conceptual model and management of rights, restrictions, and responsibilities.

Spatiotemporal expression and application of urban residential solar rights based on CityGML-LADM

ABSTRACT Property disputes are frequent occurrences in rapidly urbanizing regions. Among the legal issues concerning building property rights, solar rights disputes are prevalent because text clauses on solar rights rely on diverse measurements or calculations. Moreover, previous studies on measuring solar rights addressed only the sunlight duration and neglected the daylight factor (daylighting coefficient), which is an integral component of solar rights. Therefore, this study proposes a 3D spatiotemporal model for effectively measuring solar rights by taking both the sunlight duration and the daylight factor into consideration. This model would be technologically valuable in avoiding or settling legal disputes. Taking the specifications of the solar rights of building property in China as a case study, the proposed spatiotemporal model clarifies the complete solar rights of residential units and is implemented by integrating a geometric model from CityGML with a property model, namely, the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). Three real typical cases are adopted to show the applicability and benefit of the 3D spatiotemporal model in resolving legal property disputes.

Bibliometrics on Public Utilities Registration Research

Public utilities, such as electricity, water, heat, oil, gas, and electronic communication, are a vital component of every modern society. With rising urbanisation, more complex buildings and infrastructure, underground and overground construction, as well as a limited amount of space in such areas, the proper registration of utilities has become more important than ever. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on the research topic of public utilities’ registration. On publications retrieved from the Scopus database concerned with the topic of public utilities in land administration a bibliometric performance analysis and a scientific mapping analysis were conducted. A total of 241 publications containing the keyword ‘utilities’ or ‘infrastructure’, together with the keyword ‘cadastre’ or ‘land administration’, in their titles, abstracts, or keywords were selected for this research. The outcomes of the performed analysis were also compared with the outcomes of analysis of publications concerned with land administration research in general. Our results revealed that research conducted on the topic of public utilities registration has increased but is still rare compared to the research conducted on land administration in general. Our results also showed the importance of the development of three-dimensional cadastres, as well as standard models, such as the ISO standard Land Administration Domain Model, for including utilities in land administration.

Trends in 3D cadastre – A literature survey

The formation and alteration of real property and rights, restrictions and responsibilities are important parts of land administration. Research on the distribution of publications in the three-dimensional (3D) cadastral domain has been in focus as a specialised part of real property research during the last decades. A number of literature surveys on research trends in the domain show a growing number of publications during the last decades. The number of publications have increased considerably within a range of topics, classified into legal, technical, registration and organisational categories of 3D property. The purpose of the research presented here is to contribute to these analyses of the number and thematic distribution of the 3D cadastral domain literature by analysing three aspects: 1) To add to the recent study by including 3D cadastre publications published during 2021 (Paasch and Paulsson, 2021a, 2021b); 2) To briefly analyse the classification of 3D cadastre research in technical programmes and proceedings of major conferences focussing, in total or in part, on 3D cadastre. 3) The results are used to contribute to the discussion regarding if the 3D cadastral domain is too diverse today to talk about a single 3D cadastral domain. An input to the discussion of what constitutes a domain is provided from an analysis of another land administration research topic that is often addressed in relation to 3D real property research; the international standard for land administration, the Land Administration Domain Model, LADM, ISO 19152.

3D crowdsourced parametric cadastral mapping: Pathways integrating BIM/IFC, crowdsourced data and LADM

This paper is part of a doctoral dissertation (PhD) research aligned with global trends aiming to develop practical technical tools for the collection, management and visualization of three-dimensional (3D) property rights in urban areas. Recently, the Building Information Models (BIMs) claim a prominent position in the field of 3D cadastres and the digital twins of the cities. In addition to all other building information, the BIM can also provide data about the exact boundaries of all kind of legal spaces (e.g., property ownership rights as well as land use restrictions), under the support of Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs). However, the utilization of BIMs for 3D cadastral surveys is still accompanied with two main drawbacks. The first refers to BIMs limited availability, as till now they mainly encounter in new large constructions. The second refers to the complexity in defining the exact geometric location of the legal boundaries regarding the exterior/interior partitions of the construction and of the common spaces. The latter parameter is formed on the basis of the current legal legislation in each country. Through in-depth investigation of the current legal framework of each country it may be possible to visualize the various 3D legal spaces within complex constructions and thus to facilitate the integration of existing BIMs in the development of 3D cadasters that will enable a better understanding and communication of all involved parties in the operation of cross-boundary real estate markets. In parallel, crowdsourcing has already been proved to be a powerful data collection method for the initial participatory implementation of fast, reliable and affordable 3D cadastral surveys, utilizing all capabilities provided by the latest low-cost devices, mobile services (m-services), open-source software (OSS) and the international standard of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM ISO 19152). If no precise 3D building models are already available, the currently available 2D architectural plans combined with the additional geometric and descriptive cadastral information may be utilized for a participatory crowdsourced cadastral survey of the 3D property units. In this paper a ‘two-route’ crowdsourced approach is described. This approach suggests both the use of existing BIMs – those available – to proceed with 3D crowdsourced cadastral surveys of those constructions, as well as the use of 2D georeferenced basemaps (e.g., orthophotos for the compilation of 2D crowdsourced cadastral surveys, and all existing architectural floor plans of the constructions) to proceed with 3D crowdsourced cadastral surveys of all other constructions. A database schema describing the linkage between LADM standard, BIM/IFC and 3D crowdsourced geometric and descriptive cadastral information is developed and presented. A hybrid mobile application enabling the manipulation of BIM/IFC descriptive data – if existing; the collection of 3D crowdsourced geometric and descriptive information by property owners/users/non-professionals; the registration of the cadastral data and their relationships within a LADM-based cadastral geodatabase; the automated generation of 3D property unit models as block models (LoD1), using Model-driven approach; and the objects visualization in real-time, are developed. An investigation regarding the legally correct representation of the location of property unit boundaries, focusing mainly in the Greek territory is conducted. A practical experiment for each one of the cases of the ‘two-route’ crowdsourced approach is implemented, for two multi-storey buildings in the city of Athens, Greece. The potentials of the proposed crowdsourced solution as well as the achieved geometric accuracy – in the absence of BIM – are discussed and assessed. The results show that integrating BIM data with cadastral information derived from crowdsourcing, may significantly contribute to the implementation of 3D Cadastres, providing also a better visual understanding of 3D property rights. Nonetheless, even in the absence of a BIM the achieved accuracy seems to satisfy the cadastral specifications of the Greek cadaster enhancing the potential of exploiting crowdsourced data in the initial phases of the cadastral formal procedures.