Seiches In Lakes Research Articles

Seiches and the slide/seiche dynamics; subcritical and supercritical subaquous mass flows and their deposits. Examples from Swiss Lakes

Four historically documented large and potentially dangerous lacustrine waves in Swiss lakes show that these waves have been seiches (standing waves) triggered by sublacustrine slides; a statement which is in accordance with the experience of seismologists who see earthquakes triggering seiches in lakes. Nevertheless, large historical waves in Switzerland have recently been modeled as progressive shallow water waves (tsunamis), probably because the slide/seiche dynamics are not known, and experiments with subaquatic slides fail to generate seiches in test–flumes. It appears that these tests exhibit a small shear–energy/slide–energy ratio ε, if compared with the situation in lakes. These facts incite a shear–stress lemma that states that ε is the constituent factor for the slide/seiche coupling. The structure of the subaqueous mass flow deposit (MFD) in lakes Lucerne and Geneva suggests the occurrence of subcritical and of supercritical slide flows. The former would generate a contortite, a MFD with contorted bedding, the latter a debrite (mudclast conglomerate). Potential slide energy considerations are used for an estimation of the amplitudes of large seiches produced by subaquatic slides, a proceeding that yields partly similar and partly very different results, as compared with numerical tsunami simulations.

A comparison of the sedimentary records of the 1960 and 2010 great Chilean earthquakes in 17 lakes: Implications for quantitative lacustrine palaeoseismology

AbstractSeismically‐induced event deposits embedded in the sedimentary infill of lacustrine basins are highly useful for palaeoseismic reconstructions. Recent, well‐documented, great megathrust earthquakes provide an ideal opportunity to calibrate seismically‐induced event deposits for lakes with different characteristics and located in different settings. This study used 107 short sediment cores to investigate the sedimentary impact of the 1960 Mw 9·5 Valdivia and the 2010 Mw 8·8 Maule earthquakes in 17 lakes in South‐Central Chile (i.e. lakes Negra, Lo Encañado, Aculeo, Vichuquén, Laja, Villarrica, Calafquén, Pullinque, Pellaifa, Panguipulli, Neltume, Riñihue, Ranco, Maihue, Puyehue, Rupanco and Llanquihue). A combination of image analysis, magnetic susceptibility and grain‐size analysis allows identification of five types of seismically‐induced event deposits: (i) mass‐transport deposits; (ii) in situ deformations; (iii) lacustrine turbidites with a composition similar to the hemipelagic background sediments (lacustrine turbidites type 1); (iv) lacustrine turbidites with a composition different from the background sediments (lacustrine turbidites type 2) and (v) megaturbidites. These seismically‐induced event deposits were compared to local seismic intensities of the causative earthquakes, eyewitness reports, post‐earthquake observations, and vegetation and geomorphology of the catchment and the lake. Megaturbidites occur where lake seiches took place. Lacustrine turbidites type 2 can be the result of: (i) local near‐shore mass wasting; (ii) delta collapse; (iii) onshore landslides; (iv) debris flows or mudflows; or (v) fluvial reworking of landslide debris. On the contrary, lacustrine turbidites type 1 are the result of shallow mass wasting on sublacustrine slopes covered by hemipelagic sediments. Due to their more constrained origin, lacustrine turbidites type 1 are the most reliable type of seismically‐induced event deposits in quantitative palaeoseismology, because they are almost exclusively triggered by earthquake shaking. Moreover, they most sensitively record varying seismic shaking intensities. The number of lacustrine turbidites type 1 linearly increases with increasing seismic intensity, starting with no lacustrine turbidites type 1 at intensities between V½ and VI and reaching 100% when intensities are higher than VII½. Combining different types of seismically‐induced event deposits allows the reconstruction of the complete impact of an earthquake.

Internal seiche modes and bottom boundary‐layer dissipation in a temperate lake from acoustic measurements

Measurements with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) and a thermistor string were used to investigate the seasonal variation of internal seiches in a 5‐km‐long temperate lake and the dissipation induced by the seiches in the bottom boundary layer. Velocity data, from a bottom‐mounted 1.2‐MHz ADCP were analyzed by cross‐spectral analysis to determine the seiche modes. The first vertical mode was generally dominant but the second mode made a significant contribution at times and was present throughout the summer season. The modal periods, which were consistent with normal mode analysis, exhibited a marked seasonal change that correlated closely with the evolution of stratification. Measurements in the bottom boundary layer, by another ADCP, in pulse‐pulse coherent‐mode sampling at 4 Hz, allowed determination of the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation via the Structure Function Method. Episodes of energy dissipation ~ 10‐7 W kg‐1 occurred during peak flow (~ 0.05 m s‐1) in the seiche motion (period ~ 10 h) and coincided with times of significant Reynolds stress. Between these episodes, dissipation fell below the noise level (~ 5 × 10‐9 W kg‐1). The ratio of internal wave energy to the boundary‐layer dissipation rate implies a decay time of ~ 75 h, which is similar to that for energy decay in strong seiches, indicating that boundary‐layer dissipation makes a substantial contribution to energy loss from seiche motions. A major mixing event in August caused by near‐resonant wind forcing brought metalimnion water to the surface and induced substantial mixing.

Sediment Transport and Contaminant Behavior in the Buffalo River, New York: Implications for River Management

Abstract The lower 9 km of the Buffalo River that flows into the eastern end of Lake Erie has been designated by the International Joint Commission as a Great Lakes area of concern (AoC) because of poor water quality, degraded riparian and river habitat, and contaminated sediments—impairments related to a long history of contamination from the industrial legacy of the past century. As a designated AoC, attention is presently focused on sediment remediation, an endeavor requiring an assessment of the relationship between sediment transport processes and sediment contaminant concentrations. In 1990 a pilot sediment trend analysis (STA) revealed an upriver return of sediments from the mouth of the Buffalo River as far as 5 km inland. A complete STA conducted in 2004 confirmed the upriver transport regime. Examination of river discharge and Lake Erie water levels demonstrated that lake seiches occur at far greater frequencies than river discharges of a magnitude capable of transporting sediment. Thus the rive...

The Mw 7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake of 3 November 2002: Felt Reports and Unusual Effects across Western Canada

The 3 November 2002 M w 7.9 Denali fault earthquake was one of the largest North American earthquakes of the past 100 years. This earthquake, located 330 km to the west of the Yukon-Alaska border, generated 260 reports of shaking and other “unusual effects” to distances of 3500 km across western Canada. Felt intensity for this earthquake ranged from V at communities in the Yukon closest to the epicenter (about 350 km distance), IV across much of the Yukon Territory (distances of 350 to 750 km), III across much of northern British Columbia, to II in southern British Columbia and Alberta (about 2400 km distance). In many instances, people reported feeling nauseous or seasick and having trouble standing. The long-period ground motions generated by this earthquake (displacements greater than ±10 cm were recorded in the Yukon) caused water to spill from swimming pools, generated seiches in lakes and rivers, and affected wells (instances of dirty well water) to distances of 3500 km across western Canada.

Surface seiches in lakes of complex geometry

In lakes of small to medium size, the characteristic frequencies of free oscillations of the water surface (seiches) depend only on the basin geometry. In irregularly shaped basins, such as dendritic reservoirs and multibasin lakes, these characteristic frequencies are not easily determined with simple formulas. Clear Lake, a multibasin lake in Northern California, is presented here as a case in point. The signature of the seiches in Clear Lake were only revealed after solving the eigenvalue problem governing the structure and frequency of seiches derived from the linear and frictionless depth‐averaged shallow water equations in a nonrotating frame.

Lake level observations to detect crustal tilt: San Andreas Lake, California, 1979–1989

A pair of precision lake level gauging stations, installed in 1978, have been monitoring differential crustal uplift (crustal tilt) at San Andreas lake, California, near the suspected epicenter on the San Andreas fault of the M=8.3, 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The stations are installed in the lake with a 4.2 km station separation parallel to the San Andreas fault. The gauging stations use quartz pressure transducers that are capable of detecting intermediate to long‐term vertical displacements greater than 0.4 mm relative to a fluid surface. Differencing data from the two sites reduces the noise contributed by atmospheric pressure, temperature, and density changes, and isolates the relative elevation changes between the ends of the lake. At periods less than 20 minutes, the differenced data are dominated by lake seiches which have a fundamental mode at a period of 13±0.3 minutes. These seiche harmonics can be filtered or predicted and removed from the data. Wind shear, typically lasting several days, can generate apparent short term tilt of the lake and large seiche amplitudes. The tilt noise power spectrum obtained from these data decreases by about 15 dB/decade of frequency. Monthly averages of the data between 1979–1989 indicate a tilt rate of 0.02±0.08 microradians/yr (down S34°E). No measurable horizontal tilt has apparently occurred in this region of the San Andreas fault during the last decade, however, measurements of trilateration networks show this region to be undergoing a horizontal strain of 0.6±0.2 µstrain/yr.

On the damping of gravity oscillations in closed basins

An investigation is made on the damping of gravity oscillations in closed basins by using the singular perturbation method of Hukuda and Mysak. A perturbation solution, pivoting on a small bottom friction parameter ϵ, is derived for an arbitrary shaped basin with a sloping beach. It is shown that at 0(ϵ) the gravity oscillations are attenuated at a decay rate equal to the kinetic energy of 0(1) wave field. A simple law of decay rates is proposed for estimating the e-folding time of lake seiches, on the basis of calculations in both circular and elliptical basins with parabolic depth. The theoretical prediction is in good agreement with the long life cycle of a uninodal seiches observed in Lake Vättern, Sweden, as quoted in Defant.

Model for Lake-Bay Exchange Flow

Transient inflows and outflows of water between Lake Ontario and Hamilton Harbor, driven by lake seiches, can be parameterized as a two-directional exchange flow. Estimates of exchange flows made from current measurements by others result in unlikely values. A model is developed for exchange flow during summer stratification in which two distinct flow patterns exist — (i) lake water enters the harbour's hypolimnion, displacing an equal volume of hypolimnetic water to the epilimnion and then of epilimnetic water to the lake and (ii) lake water exchanges directly with the harbour's epilimnion. The temporal variation of exchange flows are estimated from a TDS budget and temperature data. They suggest that weekly estimates of epilimnetic exchange vary from 1 to 5 times Q (the average annual flow rate) while hypolimnetic exchange varies from 0 to 15 times Q for a 3-year period. The calculations suggest that stratification and lake seiches significantly increase the “pumping” action of exchange flow in summertime compared to the remainder of the year.

The source of the great Assam earthquake — an interplate wedge motion

The source of the Assam earthquake of Aug. 15, 1950 is revealed from amplitude observations of surface and body waves at Pasadena, Tokyo and Bergen. Seiches' amplitudes in Norway, initial P motions throughout the world, aftershocks and landslides distribution, PP/P ratio at Tokyo, R/L ratio and directivity at Pasadena, are also used. The ensuing fault geometry and kinematics is consistent with the phenomenology of the event and the known geology of the source area. It is found that a progressive strike-slip rupture with velocity 3 km/sec took place on a fault of length 250 km and width 80 km striking 330–337° east of north and dipping 55–60° to ENE. The use of exact surface-wave theory and asymptotic body-wave theory which takes into account finiteness and absorption, rendered an average shear dislocation of 35 m. A three-dimensional theory for the excitation of seiches in lakes by the horizontal acceleration of surface waves was developed. It is confirmed that Love waves near Bergen generated seiches with peak amplitude up to 70 cm depending strongly on the width of the channel. It is believed that the earthquake was caused by a motion of the Asian plate relative to the eastern flank of the Indian plate where the NE Assam block is imparted a tendency of rotation with fracture lines being developed along its periphery. Comparison with other well-studied earthquakes shows that although the magnitude of the Assam event superseded that of all earthquakes since 1950, its potency U 0d S (700,000 m × km 2) was inferior to that of Alaska 1964 (1,560,000 m × km 2) and Chile 1960 (1,020,000 m × km 2).

Diffraction and beam steering for surface-wave comb structures on anisotropic substrates: Kharusi, M.S., Farnell, G.W. Vol SU-18, No 1 (January 1971) pp35–42

The source of the Assam earthquake of Aug. 15, 1950 is revealed from amplitude observations of surface and body waves at Pasadena, Tokyo and Bergen. Seiches' amplitudes in Norway, initial P motions throughout the world, aftershocks and landslides distribution, PP/P ratio at Tokyo, R/L ratio and directivity at Pasadena, are also used. The ensuing fault geometry and kinematics is consistent with the phenomenology of the event and the known geology of the source area. It is found that a progressive strike-slip rupture with velocity 3 km/sec took place on a fault of length 250 km and width 80 km striking 330–337° east of north and dipping 55–60° to ENE. The use of exact surface-wave theory and asymptotic body-wave theory which takes into account finiteness and absorption, rendered an average shear dislocation of 35 m. A three-dimensional theory for the excitation of seiches in lakes by the horizontal acceleration of surface waves was developed. It is confirmed that Love waves near Bergen generated seiches with peak amplitude up to 70 cm depending strongly on the width of the channel.It is believed that the earthquake was caused by a motion of the Asian plate relative to the eastern flank of the Indian plate where the NE Assam block is imparted a tendency of rotation with fracture lines being developed along its periphery.Comparison with other well-studied earthquakes shows that although the magnitude of the Assam event superseded that of all earthquakes since 1950, its potency U0dS (700,000 m × km2) was inferior to that of Alaska 1964 (1,560,000 m × km2) and Chile 1960 (1,020,000 m × km2).

Observations on the effect of pressure ratio and upstream flow configuration on the acoustical response of closed pipes: Smetana, F.O., Daggerhart, J.A. Jr. Vol 49, No 2 (February 1971) pp399–401

The source of the Assam earthquake of Aug. 15, 1950 is revealed from amplitude observations of surface and body waves at Pasadena, Tokyo and Bergen. Seiches' amplitudes in Norway, initial P motions throughout the world, aftershocks and landslides distribution, PP/P ratio at Tokyo, R/L ratio and directivity at Pasadena, are also used. The ensuing fault geometry and kinematics is consistent with the phenomenology of the event and the known geology of the source area. It is found that a progressive strike-slip rupture with velocity 3 km/sec took place on a fault of length 250 km and width 80 km striking 330–337° east of north and dipping 55–60° to ENE. The use of exact surface-wave theory and asymptotic body-wave theory which takes into account finiteness and absorption, rendered an average shear dislocation of 35 m. A three-dimensional theory for the excitation of seiches in lakes by the horizontal acceleration of surface waves was developed. It is confirmed that Love waves near Bergen generated seiches with peak amplitude up to 70 cm depending strongly on the width of the channel.It is believed that the earthquake was caused by a motion of the Asian plate relative to the eastern flank of the Indian plate where the NE Assam block is imparted a tendency of rotation with fracture lines being developed along its periphery.Comparison with other well-studied earthquakes shows that although the magnitude of the Assam event superseded that of all earthquakes since 1950, its potency U0dS (700,000 m × km2) was inferior to that of Alaska 1964 (1,560,000 m × km2) and Chile 1960 (1,020,000 m × km2).

Large-scale motion in the Great Lakes

Large-scale motion in the Great Lakes can be assumed to be of small Rossby number, so that the equations of motion can be linearized and at the same time the variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude can be neglected. When applied to a two-layer lake model, the equations become identical with the equations governing the behavior of surface and internal seiches in lakes, but now ‘current-like,’ as well as ‘wave-like’ solutions to these equations become of interest. The four equations of motion in the horizontal (assuming hydrostatic pressure distribution in the vertical) and the two continuity equations can be reduced to two independent sets of equations for the principal ‘internal’ and ‘surface’ modes. The solutions of each of these comprise one stationary mode, possibly some very slow periodic modes akin to Kelvin waves (but only if the basin is large enough) and some faster periodic modes corresponding to surface and internal seiches which rotate around the basin. When applied to a circular basin, constant depth ‘model Great Lake’ (of dimensions and other characteristics appropriate to the Great Lakes) the theory suggests the existence of (1) baroclinic ‘coastal jets’ during the summer stratification; (2) slow counterclockwise rotating internal waves of a period many times the half-pendulum day; and (3) surface and internal seiches rotating in either direction and having a period of at most several hours (surface modes) or up to within a small fraction of the inertial period (internal modes). An examination of the available observational material indeed suggests that these features are detectable in the Great Lakes.

Shallow Water Waves in Canals of Variable Section

New theoretical solutions are derived for shallow water small amplitude waves in rectangular cross-sectional channels that have their depth and their width varying in the form of a polynomial. These solutions can closely approximate the long period seiches in shallow water canals, harbors, or lakes that are either open or closed at either end. The solutions are obtained by using the well-known linearized shallow water theory, shown to be best suited for studying the usual seiche in a lake or a harbor because of the fact that the fundamental standing wave that can be formed has a relatively small amplitude in comparison with its long wave length. The fundamental seiche usually has a long period and corresponds to the free oscillation of all of the contained water following a sudden impulse, such as that produced by an abrupt change in the atmospheric pressure or by an earthquake, or by resonance with tidal waves. These solutions may also be used to study the amplification of sea waves as they enter a shallow water canal or harbor. The new solutions that are presented allow a greater variation in the shape of the shallow body of water because they are applicable to any canals, harbors, or lakes that can have their depth and width approximated by polynomials. It is shown that all of the previously available theoretical solutions for varying rectangular cross sections are special cases of this new family of solutions.

Vertical Oscillations or Seiches in Lakes as a Factor in the Aquatic Environment

EcologyVolume 12, Issue 1 p. 156-163 Article Vertical Oscillations or Seiches in Lakes as a Factor in the Aquatic Environment Frederick H. Krecker, Frederick H. KreckerSearch for more papers by this author Frederick H. Krecker, Frederick H. KreckerSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1931 https://doi.org/10.2307/1932937Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume12, Issue1January 1931Pages 156-163 RelatedInformation

XII.—The Temperature Seiche. Part I. Temperature Observations in the Madüsee, Pomerania. Part II. Hydrodynamical Theory of Temperature Oscillations in Lakes. Part III. Calculation of the Period of the Temperature Seiche in the Madüsee. Part IV. Experimental Verification of the Hydrodynamical Theory of Temperature Oscillations

This paper is published at length in the Transactions of the Society, vol. xlvii., part iv., p. 619, and describes observations in the Madiisee, Pomerania, made by Professor Halbfass and Mr Wedderburn, with the view of testing the latter's theory of temperature seiches in lakes, arrived at from a consideration of the observations of the Scottish Lake Survey.

Some Experimental Results in connection with the Hydrodynamical Theory of Seiches

In a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in June 1905, on the Hydrodynamical Theory of Seiches, Professor Chrystal published a number of formulæ from which could be calculated the periods and positions of the nodes of seiches in lakes of various shapes.The solutions of the most general problems, involving variations of the three dimensions, are there made to rest ultimately upon certain typical cases in which the element of breadth remains constant while the depth is some defined function of the length. In the paper referred to, formulae are given immediately applicable to lakes of uniform breadth, whose longitudinal sections include concave and convex parabolas, quartic curves, and rectilinear shapes.