Lag Correlation Research Articles

Delays in New Drug Applications and Associated Factors for Orphan Anticancer Drugs in Japan Compared with the USA

The approval of orphan anticancer drugs is encouraged in Japan to meet high social demand. However, approval lag and its main component, submission lag, between the USA and Japan continues to be an issue for these drugs. We aimed to identify the main reasons for submission lags with orphan anticancer drugs, to compare these between orphan and non-orphan anticancer drugs, and to identify factors associated with the main reasons for submission lags for orphan anticancer drugs. We investigated anticancer drugs approved in Japan between April 2004 and December 2017 using publicly available information. We used Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient to identify correlations between submission lag and initiation lag or development-time lag, and we used the Mann–Whitney U test to compare contributors to submission lags for both orphan and non-orphan anticancer drugs. We used multiple regression analysis to identify potential factors associated with the main reasons for submission lags for orphan anticancer drugs at the indication level. Independent variables were selected using backward/forward stepwise selection according to the Akaike information criterion. In Japan, the number of approved indications for orphan anticancer drugs consistently increased between 2004–2007 and 2016–2017. The median submission lag for orphan anticancer drugs in 2016–2017 was 515.0 days [interquartile range (IQR) 182.0–999.0], and this lag was significantly correlated with the initiation lag (correlation coefficient 0.77, P < 0.001) but not with the development-time lag (correlation coefficient − 0.031; P = 0.82). The initiation lag was significantly longer for orphan than for non-orphan anticancer drugs [median 1428.0 (IQR 890.8–2655.8) vs. 1178.0 days (369.0–1874.0); P = 0.033]. Cytotoxic drugs were significantly associated with a longer initiation lag (coefficient 2011.8; P = 0.0023), whereas designation as a breakthrough therapy in the USA was significantly associated with a shorter initiation lag (coefficient − 1272.3; P = 0.020). The initiation lag for orphan anticancer drugs was the main factor affecting submission lag and was longer than that for non-orphan drugs. Of the factors associated with initiation lags, designation as a breakthrough therapy (or the possibility of such a designation) in the USA may lead to earlier initiation of clinical development of an orphan anticancer drug in Japan. In turn, this may reduce the submission lag.

Propagation Characteristics of BSISO Indices

AbstractThe spatial structure and propagation of tropical intraseasonal convection anomalies diagnosed with the outgoing longwave radiation‐based Madden‐Julian Oscillation index are examined in the boreal summer and winter seasons. It is shown that the outgoing longwave radiation‐based Madden‐Julian Oscillation index represents both northward and eastward propagation in summer and eastward propagation in winter in a manner consistent with Madden‐Julian Oscillation and Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation propagation as diagnosed in many previous studies. The outgoing longwave radiation‐based Madden‐Julian Oscillation index and three other widely used indices for tracking the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation are then compared in their lag correlation structure over selected reference areas, cross‐correlation coefficients of the two principal component time series, and time‐dependent phase angle composites. The outgoing longwave radiation anomalies from these different indices propagate differently according to these diagnostics. One of them exhibits little propagation at all, even though one would expect good propagation based on composites of the phases separately. This illustrates the general point that while composites of individual phases, presented in a sequence, are generally taken to imply that the phases tend to occur in that sequence in time, that need not be the case. It is suggested that propagation characteristics are relevant to the application of the indices and that smoother propagation is desirable.

Jitter Extraction in a Noisy Signal by Fast Fourier Transform and Time Lag Correlation

Jitter in an electronic signal is any deviation in, or displacement of, the signal in time. This paper investigates on decomposition of two types of jitter, namely, periodic and random jitter in noisy signals. Generally, an oscilloscope generates an eye diagram by overlaying sweeps of different segments of a long data stream driven by the reference clock signal. We use the fast Fourier transform with time lag correlation of the signal since we do not have a clock reference signal and apply this technique to simulated noisy signals. We separately injected a random jitter (of known amount), periodic jitter (with known frequency and amount), and both together to various modulation frequencies of sinusoidal signals. The approach is validated by several experiments with numerous values in jitter parameters. When we separately inject random jitter (5 ps) and periodic jitter (5 ps at 4.37 MHz) to the signal, we obtained the results (4.52±0.25 ps) and (4.93±0.04 ps at 4.40±0.04 MHz), respectively.

A comparison between scalp- and source-reconstructed EEG networks

EEG can be used to characterise functional networks using a variety of connectivity (FC) metrics. Unlike EEG source reconstruction, scalp analysis does not allow to make inferences about interacting regions, yet this latter approach has not been abandoned. Although the two approaches use different assumptions, conclusions drawn regarding the topology of the underlying networks should, ideally, not depend on the approach. The aim of the present work was to find an answer to the following questions: does scalp analysis provide a correct estimate of the network topology? how big are the distortions when using various pipelines in different experimental conditions? EEG recordings were analysed with amplitude- and phase-based metrics, founding a strong correlation for the global connectivity between scalp- and source-level. In contrast, network topology was only weakly correlated. The strongest correlations were obtained for MST leaf fraction, but only for FC metrics that limit the effects of volume conduction/signal leakage. These findings suggest that these effects alter the estimated EEG network organization, limiting the interpretation of results of scalp analysis. Finally, this study also suggests that the use of metrics that address the problem of zero lag correlations may give more reliable estimates of the underlying network topology.

Assessing the Pattern Differences between Satellite-Observed Upper Tropospheric Humidity and Total Column Water Vapor during Major El Niño Events

As part of the activities for the Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) water vapor assessment project, the consistency of satellite-observed upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) and total column water vapor (TCWV) is examined. The examination is focused on their respective patterns during major El Niño events. The analysis shows that the two datasets, consisting of one measurement of vertically averaged relative humidity in the upper troposphere and one of absolute water vapor integrated over the atmospheric vertical column with dominant contribution from the lower troposphere, are consistent over the equatorial central–eastern Pacific, both showing increases of water vapor during major El Niño events as expected. However, the magnitude of drying in the TCWV field over the western Pacific is much weaker than that of moistening over the central–eastern Pacific, while the UTH field exhibits equivalent magnitude of drying and moistening. Furthermore, the drying in the UTH field covers larger areas in the tropics. The difference in their patterns results in an opposite phase in the time series during a major El Niño event when a tropical average is taken. Both UTH and TCWV are closely correlated with major climate indices. However, they have significantly different lag correlations with the Niño 3.4 index in both the sign (positive or negative) and lag time over tropical oceans.

Influence of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on the East Asian summer monsoon

This study investigates the relationship between tropical Atlantic (TA) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), as well as the possible mechanism by which TA SST anomalies affect the EASM. We demonstrate a robust positive simultaneous correlation between the boreal summer TA SST anomalies and the EASM. Observational and model‐based studies identify an atmospheric teleconnection in which the summer TA warming can enhance convection and induce low‐level convergence in the Atlantic basin, which alters the Walker circulation and produces a sinking motion and divergence in the central Pacific. As a Rossby response to the anomalous divergence, an anomalous anticyclonic pair is generated over the western Pacific. As a result, the EASM is strengthened. Additionally, a significant lag correlation of the EASM with TA SST anomalies from the previous boreal spring is demonstrated, which implies potential applicability of the TA SST factor to the EASM prediction at seasonal time‐scales.

Google search patterns monitoring the daily health impact of heatwaves in England: How do the findings compare to established syndromic surveillance systems from 2013 to 2017?

One of the implications of climate change is a predicted increase in frequent and severe heatwaves. The impact of heatwaves on the health of the population is captured through real-time syndromic healthcare surveillance systems monitored daily in England during the summer months. Internet search data could potentially provide improved timeliness and help to assess the wider population health impact of heat by capturing a population sub-group who are symptomatic but do not seek healthcare. A retrospective observational study was carried out from June 2013 to September 2017 in England to compare daily trends in validated syndromic surveillance heat-related morbidity indicators against symptom-based heatwave related Google search terms. The degree of correlation was determined with Spearman correlation coefficients and lag assessment was carried out to determine timeliness. Daily increases in frequency in Google search terms during heatwave events correlated well with validated syndromic indicators. Correlation coefficients between search term frequency and syndromic indicators from 2013 to 2017 were highest with the telehealth service NHS 111 (range of 0.684–0.900 by search term). Lag analysis revealed a similar timeliness between the data sources, suggesting Google data did not provide a delayed or earlier signal in the context of England's syndromic surveillance systems. This work highlights the potential benefits for countries which lack established public health surveillance systems to monitor heat-related morbidity and the use of internet search data to assess the wider population health impact of exposure to heat.

Interpretation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation‐related precipitation anomalies in north‐western Borneo using isotopic tracers

AbstractWe examined rainfall anomalies associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in northern Sarawak, Malaysia, using the oxygen isotopic composition of rainfall. Two precipitation‐sampling campaigns were conducted for isotope analysis: (a) at the Lambir Hill National Park (4.2° N, 114.0° E) from July 2004 to October 2006 and (b) at the Gunung Mulu National Park (3.9° N, 114.8° E) from January 2006 to July 2008. The records from these campaigns were merged with a previously published rainfall isotope dataset from Gunung Mulu site to create a 7‐year‐long record of the oxygen isotopic composition of Sarawak rainfall. The record exhibits clear intraseasonal variations (ISVs) with periods ranging from 10 to 70 days. The ISVs of 10‐ to 90‐day band‐pass filtered oxygen isotopic composition are linked to the synoptic‐scale precipitation anomalies over the southern South China Sea (SCS). The lead–lag correlation map of precipitation with the filtered oxygen isotope anomalies shows that an anomalous wet condition responsible for the decrease in oxygen isotopic composition appears over the SCS in association with the passage of north‐eastward propagation of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) in the summer monsoon season. The anomalous wet condition in spring is connected with eastward‐propagating Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), whereas the sustained wet condition in winter is responsible for the occurrence of the Borneo vortex (BV) over the SCS. ENSO modulates the frequency of these synoptic conditions on a seasonal and longer time scale, showing a strong correlation between the seasonal isotopic anomalies and the Southern Oscillation index. We therefore discern, from the significant correlation between the isotope anomalies and area‐averaged Sarawak rainfall anomalies (R = −0.65, p &lt; 0.01), that ENSO‐related precipitation anomalies are linked to the seasonal modulation of the BSISO and MJO activity and BV genesis.

On the UV/Optical Variation in NGC 5548: New Evidence Against the Reprocessing Diagram

Abstract The reprocessing scenario is widely adopted in literature to explain the observed tight inter-band correlation and short lags in the UV/optical variations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In this work we look into the color variability of the famous Seyfert galaxy NGC 5548 with high-quality Swift multi-band UV/optical light curves. We find the color variation of NGC 5548 is clearly timescale-dependent, in a way that it is more prominent on shorter timescales. This is similar to that previously detected in quasar samples, but for the first time in an individual AGN. We show that while a reprocessing model with strict assumptions on the driving source and the disk size can apparently match the observed light curves and inter-band lags, it fails to reproduce the observed timescale dependency in the color variation. Such discrepancy raises a severe challenge to, and can hardly be reconciled under the widely accepted reprocessing diagram. It also demonstrates that the timescale dependency of the color variation is uniquely powerful in probing the physics behind AGN UV/optical variations.

What value can Google search data add to existing syndromic surveillance systems?

ObjectiveTo carry out an observational study to explore what added value Google search data can provide to existing routine syndromic surveillance systems in England for a range of conditions of public health importance and summarise lessons learned for other countries.IntroductionGlobally, there have been various studies assessing trends in Google search terms in the context of public health surveillance1. However, there has been a predominant focus on individual health outcomes such as influenza, with limited evidence on the added value and practical impact on public health action for a range of diseases and conditions routinely monitored by existing surveillance programmes. A proposed advantage is improved timeliness relative to established surveillance systems. However, these studies did not compare performance against other syndromic data sources, which are often monitored daily and already offer early warning over traditional surveillance methods. Google search data could also potentially contribute to assessing the wider population health impact of public health events by supporting estimation of the proportion of the population who are symptomatic but may not present to healthcare services.MethodsWe sought to determine the added public health utility of Google search data alongside established syndromic surveillance systems in England2 for a range of conditions of public health importance, including allergic rhinitis, scarlet fever, bronchitis, pertussis, measles, rotavirus and the health impact of heatwaves. Google search term selection was based on diagnostic and clinical codes underlying the syndromic indicators, with Google Trends3 used to identify additional related internet search terms. Daily data was extracted from syndromic surveillance systems2 and from the Google Health Trends Application Programming Interface (API) from 2012 to 2017 and a retrospective daily analysis undertaken during pre-identified public health events to identify a) whether signals were detected during these events and b) assess the correlation with analogous syndromic surveillance indicators through calculation of Spearman correlation coefficients and lag assessment to determine timeliness.ResultsWe detected increases in Google search term frequency during public health events of interest. Good correlation was seen with comparable syndromic surveillance indicators on a daily timescale for several health outcomes, including the search terms hayfever, scarlet fever, bronchiolitis and heatstroke. Weaker correlation was seen for conditions which occur in small numbers and are vaccine preventable such as measles and pertussis. Lag analysis showed similar timeliness between daily syndromic and Google data, suggesting that, overall, Google data did not provide an earlier or delayed signal compared to syndromic surveillance indicators in England.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge this is the first time trends in Google search data have been compared against syndromic data for a range of public health conditions in England. These findings demonstrate the potential utility of internet search query data in conjunction with existing systems in England, with syndromic surveillance data found to be as timely as Google data. These findings also have important implications for countries where there are no such healthcare-based syndromic surveillance systems in place. Factors to consider with analyses of Google search trend data in the context of disease surveillance have been highlighted, including the choice of search terms and interpretation of the reasons behind searching the internet.References1Nuti SV, Wayda B, Ranasinghe I, Wang S, Dreyer RP, Chen SI, Murugiah K. The use of google trends in health care research: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 22;9(10):e109583.2Public Health England. Syndromic surveillance: systems and analyses. 2017. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/syndromic-surveillance-systems-and-analyses3Google. 2017. Google Trends. Available online:https://trends.google.com/trends/

Cloud‐Scale Droplet Number Sensitivity to Liquid Water Path in Marine Stratocumulus

AbstractCloud droplet number concentration (Nc) is retrieved from remotely observed marine stratocumulus cloud liquid water path (LWP), cloud optical depth (τc), and cloud thickness, using an optical model that assumes liquid water content (LWC) increases linearly from cloud base. Assuming that LWC is vertically uniform would underestimate τc by 5% and Nc by 14%. Individual retrievals of Nc from 10‐min averages vary by orders of magnitude from long‐term averages. Surface cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration NCCN is weakly but significantly correlated with Nc (R = 0.3) for the day leading and 6 hr following Nc. Consistent with coalescence and drizzle scavenging cloud droplets, lag correlations show that Nc decreases for 1 hr after the peak area‐average rain rate. Greater observed LWP for lower Nc [d(log Nc)/d(log LWP) = −2.3] is consistent with enhanced entrainment drying of clouds with greater Nc and consistent with removal of Nc by thicker clouds with more coalescence and drizzle. Stronger precipitation in clouds with greater Nc is the opposite sensitivity as expected were LWP to be controlled by the “cloud lifetime” indirect aerosol effect. The strong sensitivity of Nc to LWP suggests that cloud dynamic and thermodynamic forcings drive macrophysical variability that controls Nc in southeastern tropical Pacific stratocumulus clouds. Regressions are relatively insensitive to assumptions about the covariance of errors among the sensors.

Development of early warning index in Korean shipping industry by using signal approach

ABSTRACTThe study aims to investigate and prevent shipping companies’ insolvency that can be derived from depressed market sentiment in the shipping industry. For this purpose, the paper focuses on developing an early warning index. The main factors that contribute to the change in the shipping industry are derived. Sixty independent variables were accounted in the development of early warning index, some of which are shipping, shipbuilding, and finance. Suggestions drew from the result of early warning index are described as below. Firstly, the results of a signal approach towards independent variables showed lowest the signal error value in newbuilding price of containership, bunker price, Commodity Research Bureau (CRB) commodity index, and order book of bulkship. These indicators have proven to be a high level of variation factor during shipping markets’ crisis. Secondly, the early warning index confirmed that it preceded by 6 months compared to probability of default. Thirdly, in order to validate the accuracy of the early warning index, the adequacy of the model was tested using a mean square error and time lag correlations. As a result of the verification, value proved to be at a high level of compliance at 0.097.

An analysis of the influence of the local effects of climatic and hydrological factors affecting new malaria cases in riverine areas along the Rio Negro and surrounding Puraquequara Lake, Amazonas, Brazil.

A study was conducted at three sampling regions along the Rio Negro and surrounding Puraquequara Lake, Amazonas, Brazil. The aim was to determine the influence of the local effects of climatic and hydrological variables on new malaria cases. Data was gathered on the river level, precipitation, air temperature, and the number of new cases of autochthonous malaria between January 2003 and December 2013. Monthly averages, time series decompositions, cross-correlations, and multiple regressions revealed different relationships at each location. The sampling region in the upper Rio Negro indicated no statistically significant results. However, monthly averages suggest that precipitation and air temperature correlate positively with the occurrence of new cases of malaria. In the mid Rio Negro and Puraquequara Lake, the river level positively correlated, and temperature negatively correlated with new transmissions, while precipitation correlated negatively in the mid Rio Negro and positively on the lake. Overall, the river level is a key variable affecting the formation of breeding sites, while precipitation may either develop or damage them. A negative temperature correlation is associated with the occurrence of new annual post-peak cases of malaria, when the monthly average exceeds 28.5°C. This suggests that several factors contribute to the occurrence of new malaria cases as higher temperatures are reached at the same time as precipitation and the river levels are lowest. Differences between signals and correlation lags indicate that local characteristics have an impact on how different variables influence the disease vector's life cycle, pathogens, and consequently, new cases of malaria.

Emergence and temporal structure of Lead–Lag correlations in collective stock dynamics

Understanding the correlations among stock returns is crucial for reducing the risk of investment in stock markets. As an important stylized correlation, lead–lag effect plays a major role in analyzing market volatility and deriving trading strategies. Here, we explore historical lead–lag relationships among stocks in the Chinese stock market. Strongly positive lagged correlations can be empirically observed. We demonstrate this lead–lag phenomenon is not constant but temporally emerges during certain periods. By introducing moving time window method, we transform the lead–lag dynamics into a series of asymmetric lagged correlation matrices. Dynamic lead–lag structures are uncovered in the form of temporal network structures. We find that the size of lead–lag group experienced a rapid drop during the year 2012, which signaled a re-balance of the stock market. On the daily timescale, we find the lead–lag structure exhibits several persistent patterns, which can be characterized by the Jaccard matrix. We show significant market events can be distinguished in the Jaccard matrix diagram. Taken together, we study an integration of all the temporal networks and identify several leading stock sectors, which are in accordance with the common Chinese economic fundamentals.

Experimental study of the fluctuations of gas medium parameters as early signs of fire

The results of the experimental study of fluctuations of dynamics of hazardous factors of gaseous medium at early ignition of combustible materials in the chamber, simulating pressurized premises, are presented. The authors considered a non-traditional approach to research into dynamics of hazardous factors, based on current window estimation of the Pearson lag correlations for fluctuations of the main parameters of gaseous medium as non-stationary processes. In contrast to the known approaches, a given approach makes it possible to perform reliable localization in time of an early ignition of materials in premises. It was established that early ignition of materials has a significant effect on correlations of temperature fluctuations, concentrations of carbon monoxide and smoke in gaseous medium. It was shown that correlations of fluctuations of carbon monoxide and smoke concentrations are most informative for localization of early ignitions. Temperature fluctuations are more informative at localization of early ignition of alcohol and paper. The results of current window evaluation of the Pearson lag correlations show that in the absence of ignitions, fluctuations can be considered uncorrelated. In this case, existence of ignition leads to occurrence of non-stationary fluctuations of correlations. It is indicated that fluctuations of parameters of gaseous medium in the general case are described by autoregression processes of higher order, depending both on the type of combustible material and the stage of ignition development. A sustainable sign of early ignition of combustible materials in the simulation chamber is a significant increase in the correlation interval of non-stationary temperature fluctuations, as well as concentrations of carbon monoxide and smoke in gaseous medium. In equilibrium of gas medium, fluctuations of its parameters have a much smaller correlation interval, characteristic for uncorrelated processes

Ultra-high-frequency lead–lag relationship and information arrival

To our knowledge, this paper is the first study on the effect of information arrival on the lead–lag relationship amongst related spot instruments. Based on a large data-set of ultra-high-frequency transaction prices time-stamped to the millisecond of the S&P500 index and its two most liquid tracking ETFs, we find that their lead–lag relationship is affected by the rate of information arrival whose proxy is the unexpected trading volume of these instruments. Specifically, when information arrives, the leadership of the leading instrument may strengthen or weaken depending on whether the leading or lagging instrument responds to that information. An increase in the unexpected volume of the leader strengthens its leadership whereas an increase in the unexpected volume of the lagger weakens this leadership. In addition to the strength of leadership, an increase in the unexpected volume in response to information arrival may also have opposite effects on the lead–lag correlation coefficient depending on whether that volume increase belongs to the leader or the lagger. Finally, we find that sophisticated investors have a more significant effect on the lead–lag relationship than non-sophisticated ones.

Transmission power control of wireless sensor networks based on optimal connectivity

To develop a short-term traffic load prediction model for satellite networks, a prediction algorithm based on spatiotemporal correlation and least square support vector machine (STLS-SVM) is presented. The prediction model fully exploits the regularity and periodicity of satellite constellations and uses the lag correlation coefficients to determine which satellite pairs have the highest spatiotemporal correlation. Then, the traffic time sequences of the most highly correlated satellites are taken as input feature vectors for training the LS-SVM for short-term traffic prediction. A simulation test shows that the algorithm has higher network flow prediction accuracy and that using the spatiotemporal correlation improves the predictive performance.

Pseudo-beam-Forming for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation with Difference Co-array of Co-prime Array

This paper focuses on direction finding using a co-prime array from the view of a difference co-array. According to the corresponding relationship between the correlation lag and virtual element position of the difference co-array, from the correlation matrix of the co-prime array, the desired correlation units are extracted as single-snapshot data of the virtual co-array elements of the co-prime array and are then coherently accumulated into a pseudo-beam pattern. Because the difference co-array of a co-prime array consists of a group of contiguous virtual elements and multiple non-uniform virtual elements, this paper considers pseudo-beam-forming using only contiguous virtual elements, as in existing studies, and all of the virtual elements. Compared with the existing sub-beam multiplication method, pseudo-beam-forming reduces the negative effect from grating lobes and resolves more uncorrelated sources than the number of physical elements. Moreover, application of non-uniform virtual elements improves the resolvable source number, angle resolution and noise immunity, which are analyzed quantitatively based on the proposed distribution characteristic of virtual elements. Finally, to suppress side-lobe interference caused by the non-uniform virtual elements, we introduce and evaluate three coherence weighting factors, namely coherence factor (CF), phase coherence factor (PCF) and sign coherence factor (SCF), where CF is proved to be ineffective and SCF is optimal in suppression and computation performance.

The IOD-ENSO precursory teleconnection over the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean: dynamics and long-term trends under global warming

The dynamics of the teleconnection between the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in the tropical Indian Ocean and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific Ocean at the time lag of one year are investigated using lag correlations between the oceanic anomalies in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean in fall and those in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean in the following winter-fall seasons in the observations and in high-resolution global ocean model simulations. The lag correlations suggest that the IOD-forced interannual transport anomalies of the Indonesian Throughflow generate thermocline anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, which propagate to the east to induce ocean-atmosphere coupled evolution leading to ENSO. In comparison, lag correlations between the surface zonal wind anomalies over the western equatorial Pacific in fall and the Indo-Pacific oceanic anomalies at time lags longer than a season are all insignificant, suggesting the short memory of the atmospheric bridge. A linear continuously stratified model is used to investigate the dynamics of the oceanic connection between the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. The experiments suggest that interannual equatorial Kelvin waves from the Indian Ocean propagate into the equatorial Pacific Ocean through the Makassar Strait and the eastern Indonesian seas with a penetration rate of about 10%–15% depending on the baroclinic modes. The IOD-ENSO teleconnection is found to get stronger in the past century or so. Diagnoses of the CMIP5 model simulations suggest that the increased teleconnection is associated with decreased Indonesian Throughflow transports in the recent century, which is found sensitive to the global warming forcing.

Orthopaedic Section Poster Presentations (Abstracts OPO1-OPO300).

These abstracts are presented here as prepared by the authors. The accuracy and content of each abstract remain the responsibility of the authors. In the identification number above each abstract, OPO designates an Orthopaedic Section poster presentation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48(1):A67-A202. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.48.1.A67.