Ladder Diagrams Research Articles

Loops in AdS: from the spectral representation to position space. Part III

We study loop amplitudes in anti de-Sitter space via the spectral representation. We consider loops of spinning fields and in particular gauge fields, and derive various identities connecting different families of loop diagrams, at different number of loops, different spins, different masses. Such identities are useful for the computation of Witten diagrams. Considering the theory of large-Nf conformal scalar QED defined on AdS space, we derive an analytic expression for the exact 4-point correlation function at sub-leading order in 1Nf\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\frac{1}{N_f} $$\\end{document}. Additionally, we derive analytic expressions for bulk 2-point functions and boundary 4-point functions for various families of diagrams, which we denote as “blob diagrams”. Finally we study 4-point ladder diagrams with spinning fields, and we derive integral expressions for the spectral representation of a k-loop ladder diagram.

Research on Pneumatic Manipulator Control Methods

With the rapid development of pneumatic technology, there has been an increasing focus on leveraging pneumatic manipulator equipment that offers a blend of affordability, high performance, and numerous advantages, catering to the diverse needs of modern production practices. Pneumatic manipulators stand out among controlled manipulators due to their cost-effectiveness, straightforward design, impressive power-to-volume ratio, environmentally friendly operation, and robust resilience to external interference. This paper delves into addressing significant control deviations encountered during the dynamic movement of pneumatic manipulators, aiming to optimize the manipulator s structure and devise an efficient pneumatic system circuit. Additionally, it harnesses PLC control technology to devise a comprehensive control ladder diagram for the pneumatic manipulator, thereby ensuring precise control over its motion. By validating the feasibility and accuracy of the designed motion control methods, this study contributes to enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of pneumatic manipulator systems in industrial settings.

DESIGN CONTROL SYSTEM OF MODULAR PRODUCTION SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION AND PICK AND PLACE STATION

The development of automation in the industry is accelerating rapidly. The presence of automation is a technology that is very helpful in increasing production. Automation cannot be separated from the existence of a control system to regulate or process an instruction or order. The Modular Production System is a station unit consisting of various types of stations that simulate production system designs on a small scale before being realized in real situations. The work process of the Modular Production System is controlled using a PLC. PLC needs to be programmed to manage the work process of the Modular Production System. The programming language commonly used in PLC programming is ladder diagrams. The existence of a control system on the Modular Production System using PLC will make the Modular Production System run automatically. It can communicate with other Modular Production Systems to become more efficient. Therefore this design discusses controlling the Modular Production System using a PLC with a ladder diagram. The distribution stations and pick and place stations are selected for the Modular Production System. With a control system on the Modular Production System distribution station and pick and place station, the Modular Production System can work automatically and communicate with each other between stations. The result of the design is an increase in the efficiency of the system cycle time and process accuracy.

Design and Construction of a Controlled Temperature Food Product Dryer Based on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

Drying food products using traditional methods relying on sunlight takes a relatively long time, especially with unpredictable weather conditions. Essentially, artificial drying using heat-based equipment provides several advantages, including: independence from weather conditions, adjustable drying capacity, controlled temperature, no need for extensive space, controlled drying conditions, and guaranteed and uniform drying quality. Therefore, this design aims to create a food drying apparatus with PLC control. PLC is used as the controller for this drying apparatus, allowing automatic drying of certain types of food. In this design, we connect a DC motor to rotate the drying cylinder with a PLC device by creating a ladder diagram and determining the inputs and outputs in the CX-Programmer application. The design utilizes three inputs and two outputs. It is important that the I/O is readable by the PLC so that the system operates according to the programmed instructions.

METHOD OF PROTOTYPING CONTROL UNITS BASED ON THE OPENPLC APPLICATION

The problem of designing control devices based on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) is their high cost and, as a rule, unavailability at the initial design stage. The purpose of the research is to reduce the time and cost of designing the system by creating prototypes of control units with the software implementation of control algorithms in the languages of the MEK 61131-3 standard and the execution of programs in the Arduino board. The research method consists in the decomposition of project models of operating and control automata of the control device and their implementation in the software environment of the OpenPLC application in the form of program organization components (POU) in Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram, Sequential Function Chart and Structured Text languages. The result of the study is a method of creating typical POU operating and control automata of the control system, which are executed in the Arduino board. An example of the application of the proposed methodology for the design of a prototype of the facility's temperature control system is given. The developed prototype was tested using a logical PLC and a physical prototype, which confirmed their functional compliance with the original and a reduction in the cost of the equipment by at least an order of magnitude.

Programmable logic controlled lithium-ion battery management system using passive balancing method

Advancements in electric vehicle technologies and the widespread adoption of electric vehicles have brought energy storage systems to the forefront. However, efficient and secure utilization of energy storage systems requires Battery Management Systems (BMS).BMSs are typically designed with power electronics, electronic cards, integrated circuits, and auxiliary hardware components. Nevertheless, BMSs designed with such microcontrollers can only control a limited number of battery cells and constrained current values. Furthermore, employing a separate controller for each battery pack exacerbates these issues.In this study, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) - based BMS proposal for lithium-ion batteries has been presented, aiming to address the challenges in existing BMSs. The developed system is a passive balancing BMS comprised of controller PLC modules and auxiliary hardware. The Ladder Diagram (LD) programming language was employed for programming the PLC.In the conducted research, the voltage levels of the cells comprising the battery pack were monitored, and a passive balancing method was employed to equalize the cell voltages. Passive balancing has been applied to cells with voltage values of 2.70 V, 2.40 V, and 2.80 V using the minimum reference voltage cell balancing method to equalize the voltage levels. The output voltage has been balanced according to the maximum reference charge voltage set at 6 V through the maximum reference charge voltage balancing method. Additionally, a cooling circuit was integrated into the system to safeguard the Battery Management System (BMS) against thermal hazards. The developed PLC controller and algorithm can effectively control multiple battery packs with a single controller and operate at higher current values. This advantage allows the PLC-controlled BMS to have a broader control capacity. The presented test results indicate the successful performance of the PLC-based BMS.

Single-particle spectroscopies of p-wave and d-wave interacting Bose gases in normal phase

Motivated by experiments with interacting quantum gases across high partial wave resonance, we investigate the thermodynamic properties and single-particle spectra of Bose gases in normal phase for different interaction strengths for both p- and d-wave interactions. The equation of state, contact density, momentum distributions and self-energies of single-particle Green’s functions are obtained in the spirit of ladder diagram approximations. The radio-frequency (RF) spectrum, as an important experimental approach for detecting Feshbach molecules or the interaction effect, is calculated at different temperatures. A reversed temperature dependence on the Bose–Einstein condensation side and Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer side is identified for both p- and d-wave interactions. An estimate for the signal of RF spectra under typical experimental conditions is also provided.

Soft graviton exchange and the information paradox

We show that there is a remarkable phase in quantum gravity where gravitational scattering amplitudes mediated by virtual gravitons can be calculated explicitly in effective field theory, when the impact parameter b satisfies LPl≪b≲RS, with RS being the Schwarzschild radius. This phase captures collisions with energies satisfying s≫γMPl (with γ∼MPl/MBH) near the horizon. We call this the black hole eikonal phase, in contrast to its flat space analog where collisions are trans-Planckian. Hawking’s geometric optics approximation neglects gravitational interactions near the horizon, and results in thermal occupation numbers in the Bogoliubov coefficients. We show that these interactions are mediated by graviton exchange in 2→2 scattering near the horizon, and explicitly calculate the S-matrix nonperturbatively in MPl/MBH. This involves a resummation of infinitely many ladder diagrams near the horizon, all mediated by virtual soft gravitons. The S-matrix turns out to be a pure phase upon this resummation and is agnostic of Planckian physics and any specific ultraviolet completion. In contrast to the flat-space eikonal limit, the black hole eikonal phase captures collisions of extremely low energy near the horizon. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Prezentacija algoritma upravljanja rashladnim sistemom u poslovnoj zgradi

This paper presents an algorithm for controlling and monitoring a cooling system in a business building by using the human-machine interface (HMI). The computer program for automatic control was implemented by using the ©SIEMENS TIA portal computer program. Based on the previously created hydraulic schema of the system, a ladder diagram was created, which was stored in the PLC with the aim of further automatic system control. In addition, a SCADA system was implemented to monitor all the processes of the cooling system under consideration. The control system is designed as a remote-control system with the possibility of adjusting and monitoring the system from a remote location via a computer or mobile device.

Sizzler: Sequential Fuzzing in Ladder Diagrams for Vulnerability Detection and Discovery in Programmable Logic Controllers

Sizzler: Sequential Fuzzing in Ladder Diagrams for Vulnerability Detection and Discovery in Programmable Logic Controllers

Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Projects Based Learning Pada Materi Forward Reverse Berbasis Zelio Untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Di SMKN 1 Kramatwatu

Education Is A Very Important Aspect In Efforts To Improve The Quality Of Intelligent Human Resources So That They Can Support The Progress Of The Nation And State In The Future. As One Of The National Development Sectors In An Effort To Make The Nation's Life Smarter, The Vision Of Education Is To Create An Education System As A Strong And Authoritative Social Institution To Empower All Indonesian Citizens To Become Quality Human Beings So That They Are Able And Proactive In Responding To The Challenges Of The Ever-Changing Times. Data Source Sampling Was Carried Out Purposively And Snowball, Data Collection Techniques Used Triangulation, Data Analysis Was Inductive/Qualitative, And Qualitative Research Results Emphasized Meaning Rather Than Generalization. The Descriptive Method Is A Method For Assessing The Status Of A Group Of People, Objects, Conditions, Systems Of Thought, Or Events In The Present. This Type Of Research Tries To Explain Certain Social Phenomena. In This Research, It Starts From Designing A Ladder Diagram. An Existing Ladder Diagram Is Then Made Into A Circuit And Given A Load In The Form Of An Electric Motor That Can Be Controlled With Forward/Reverse. 3-Phase Power Source, Power/Three-Phase Mcb, R/S/T Phase, 1-Phase Mcb, Zelio, Forward And Contact Contacts, 3-Phase Motor As Output From Three Phases, Pb Stop, Pb Forward, And Pb Reverse. The Control Circuit Has Three Main Components, Namely The Zelio Sr Block, Contactor Block And Control Panel. The Three Components Are Interconnected And Coordinated By Zelio Sr As A Pc-Based Control Device. The Zelio Sr Used Is The Sr2 B121fu Type Which Has 4 Output Terminals And Has A Working Voltage Of 220v. System Design Testing In The Research Using The Zelio Plc. A. Simulation In Software. The Image Below Is The Initial Display Of The Application. Education Is One Part Of Developing High Quality Education For All Indonesian People Towards Creating A Quality Indonesian People. The Impact Of Education Is Quite Broad In Various Aspects Of Life Starting From The Economic, Social, Political, Technological, Environmental, Cultural, Educational And So On.

Design Algorithm for Sequential Pneumatic and Electropneumatic Systems

This article presents an alternative automation algorithm for pneumatic sequences that enables the solution of complex sequential problems without the need to organize detection phases into groups. By not using groups to organize movements in detection phases, two benefits can be achieved: firstly, all the drawbacks associated with using groups are eliminated, such as design complexity, difficulty in debugging, increased cost, and difficulty in optimizing the circuit; secondly, it enables the use of logical functions to define each motion in pneumatic actuators. This opens up the possibility to solve logical functions using Boolean algebra techniques, and even their generalization into an algorithm that can be programmed in any language. To validate the proposed algorithm, MATLAB pseudocode is presented. This pseudocode allows obtaining the logical functions needed to build the ladder diagram of any sequence involving up to four double-acting cylinders with any number of phases in a work cycle.

Development of a Prototype of an Automated Dog Feeding System

In large kennels, canine services have difficulties in feeding dogs. Known dog feeding systems are studied and the development of an automated system using Omron PLC is described. The developed technological scheme is given. For simplification of installation, the equipment is divided into modules. A table of signal addresses used in Omron series industrial controllers is given. The system of logical equations for controlling the main modules of the equipment device drive is given. Purpose of the research: development of the project of the automated system of dog feeding in kennels. Materials and methods: the theory of finite automata, the theory of synthesis of logical equations and ladder diagram technique were used. The software was developed using Software CX’, ’One. Results: a laboratory bench prototype of the automated feeding system was developed. Practical significance: implementation of this system in departmental organizations will reduce the time spent on food dosing, reduce the probability of error associated with the human factor, as well as provide the process of feeding dogs while reducing the labor input of service personnel.

Out-of-time-order correlators and Lyapunov exponents in sparse SYK

We use a combination of analytical and numerical methods to study out-of-time order correlators (OTOCs) in the sparse Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. We find that at a given order of N, the standard result for the q-local, all-to-all SYK, obtained through the sum over ladder diagrams, is corrected by a series in the sparsity parameter, k. We present an algorithm to sum the diagrams at any given order of 1/(kq)n. We also study OTOCs numerically as a function of the sparsity parameter and determine the Lyapunov exponent. We find that numerical stability when extracting the Lyapunov exponent requires averaging over a massive number of realizations. This trade-off between the efficiency of the sparse model and consistent behavior at finite N becomes more significant for larger values of N.

Prototipe Papan Trainer PLC Sederhana Berbasis Arduino Uno Dengan Menggunakan Software Outsel Studio

PLC practicum is needed to support electrical engineering graduate students as a provision of experience operating PLC. To support the needs of PLC trainers in the electrical engineering laboratory at Universitas Islam Lamongan (Unisla), it is necessary to conduct a study that exploit the Arduino Uno as a control controller by making a prototype of a simple PLC trainer board based on the Arduino Uno using out seal Studio software. On the testing tool, the author uses an example of a logic gate ladder which then the ladder diagram will be created in the studio out seal software then will be uploaded to the Arduino Uno PLC and will be run on the trainer. In the mechanism, this tool uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller as a control center, an opt coupler circuit as a voltage separator between the input voltage and voltage on the Arduino, a relay opt coupler circuit as a voltage separator and an Arduino output voltage amplifier which is then flowed to the load. Switches, push buttons, and infrared sensors are used as examples of PLC input sensors. Red, yellow, green lights and 220v buzzers are used as output indicators as well as load examples. Conclusion on the experiment Arduino Uno PLC logic gate can work normally when operated

Beyond AdS2/dCFT1: insertions in two Wilson loops

We consider two-point correlators of local operator insertions in a system of two Wilson-Maldacena loops in N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory on both sides of the AdS/CFT correspondence. On the holographic side the correlator of two Wilson-Maldacena loops is given by a classical string world-sheet which in one phase connects two asymptotically AdS2 regions and in the other phase is given by two disconnected AdS2 caps; this configuration breaks supersymmetry as well as conformal invariance. We present a complete systematic account of the string world-sheet fluctuations, including the fermionic sector, and study the behavior of the holographic two-point correlators. On the field theory side we compute certain two-point correlators of local operator insertions by resumming sets of ladder diagrams. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of previously developed methods in tackling this non-conformal, non-susy regime.

Many-body theory calculations of positron scattering and annihilation in noble-gas atoms via the solution of Bethe–Salpeter equations using the Gaussian-basis code EXCITON+

Scattering phase shifts and annihilation rates for low-energy positrons interacting with noble gas atoms are calculated ab initio using many-body theory implemented in the Gaussian-orbital code EXCITON+. Specifically, we construct the positron–atom correlation potential (self-energy) as the sum of three classes of infinite series describing the screened polarization, virtual positronium formation, and positron-hole repulsion found via the solution of Bethe–Salpeter equations for the two-particle propagators. The normalization of the continuum states is determined using the shifted pseudostates method [A. R. Swann and G. F. Gribakin, Phys. Rev. A 101, 022702 (2020)]. Comparison with the previous sophisticated B-spline many-body approach, which is restricted to atoms [J. Ludlow, D. G. Green, and G. F. Gribakin, Phys. Rev. A 90, 032712 (2014)], validates the EXCITON+ code, which can be used for multicentered targets including molecules, clusters, and condensed matter. Moreover, the relative effects of higher-order diagrams are quantified. It is found that the screening of the electron–positron Coulomb interaction represented by the infinite ring-diagram series (random-phase approximation) is compensated effectively by the additional electron-hole attraction corrections to it (the Bethe–Salpeter equation approximation) and that the use of the screened Coulomb interaction (screened at BSE level) in place of the bare Coulomb interaction in the virtual positronium and positron-hole ladder diagrams has negligible effect on both the phase shifts and Zeff. Our scattering length for Ne and Kr is in improved agreement with the convergent close-coupling result, and for Ar, the scattering length is in better agreement with the experiment compared with the previous B-spline many-body approach.

Development of a PLC Based Automation Cell for Industry

In recent years there is a considerable growth and development of automation mainly in industrial sectors. This technological revolution is quickly reducing the need of humans to operate machines. To reduce cost and increase the production rate every industry tries to invent new technology. Bringing automation in the industrial sector is one of them. Automation in the industrial sector reduces human effort, makes the system smooth and also increases productivity. For this tendency every industry wants to design an automatic production process with minimal amount of cost (MAC). The main purpose of this paper is to give an idea about automatic shrink packaging of the final product and sorting technique which reduces the overall packaging and sorting time and also increases productivity. In this project a PLC based low-cost automation cell will be developed for industry. This automation cell combines two different types of work in one frame. One is shrinking packaging of final products and another one is sorting which is done by measuring the size of the product. The purpose of combining two different types of work in frame is to reduce the overall production time. Pneumatic system introduced here for sorting purpose. This pneumatic system works faster than an electric pusher which finally reduces the sorting time. This pneumatic system is also safe from fire hazard where there is a high chance of fire hazard in electric pusher. Sorting is done here by using a double acting cylinder acting as a pneumatic pusher and this cylinder is controlled by a 5/2 Solenoid valve. Here Sorting is done after finishing the packaging of the final product. To perform different tasks in one frame it will be helpful for industry because both labor cost and time will be reduced as well as increased the production rate of industry. By using the PLC whose model name is Siemens S7-200 and using the Micro-WIN software for making the ladder diagram, the entire system will be controlled. The experimental findings demonstrate that the system has high sorting accuracy, is reliable, and satisfies the design specifications.

Triplet Pairing in Neutron Matter

The presence of superfluidity in neutron star interiors can affect the cooling of neutron stars in intricate ways, enhancing certain mechanisms and suppressing others. Model calculations employing realistic nuclear potentials in Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory generally suggest the development of a 3P2–3F2 pairing gap, and therefore the presence of superfluidity in dense neutron star matter. Improved models that go beyond conventional mean-field calculations by including polarization effects suggest a suppression of the triplet gap. We have evaluated the pairing interaction by summing the “parquet” Feynman diagrams, which include both ladder and ring diagrams systematically, plus a set of important nonparquet diagrams, making this the most comprehensive diagram-based approach presently available. Our results suggest a radical suppression of the 3P2–3F2 triplet pairing gap and an enhancement of 3P0 pairing.

MODUL LATIH INVERTER SEBAGAI KENDALI KECEPATAN MOTOR INDUKSI MENGGUNAKAN HMI BERBASIS PLC

In the industrial world, we have definitely met with induction motors, both 1-phase and 3-phase voltage sources. Induction motors are widely used today, because they have simple construction, are inexpensive, relatively light, have high efficiency and are easy to maintain compared to DC motors. However, in terms of adjusting the speed and torque of this motor is not an easy problem, with the development of technology, this can be overcome by using an inverter. The inverter used is a Variable Speed Drive (VSD) Inverter type. This inverter can convert and regulate 3 phase voltage sources between 0 – 60 Hz depending on the specifications of the inverter used. In this study the ladder diagram program was designed using TIA Portal V15.1 on a Programable Logic Controller (PLC) which is used to control the speed of a 3 phase induction motor through the Human Machine Interface (HMI) which is connected to the inverter. The controlled frequency is 0 – 50 Hz and the resulting rotation is 0 – 1400 rpm. The greater the frequency data that is set, the speed of the induction motor will be faster.